Annual Report 2024

Central Bank of Sudan
The Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024
P.O. Box 313 Tel: 1870566058
Website: http://www.cbos.gov.sd
Email: publications@cbos.gov.sd

Central Bank of Sudan

The Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan i Foreword In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Central Bank of Sudan is pleased to present its Sixty-Fourth Annual Report for the year 2024 to all stakeholders, including researchers, academics, and specialists in banking, financial, and economic affairs, from local, regional, and international institutions and bodies. We hope it meets their needs. On behalf of the Central Bank of Sudan, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the ministries, institutions, and government units for their cooperation in providing the necessary data and statistics for the preparation of this report. I also cannot miss extending my thanks to the committee that reviewed and edited the report, and to everyone who contributed effort to its preparation.

And Allah is the Grantor of success.
Amina Al-Tom Hassan Mirghani
Governor, Central Bank of Sudan

The Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan ii Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Sudan As of 31/12/2024

Mr. Ali Al-Siddig Barai / Governor - Chairman of the Board of Directors Mr. Khidir Sheikh El-Din Salih / Deputy Governor - Member Mr. Khair Mohamed Ahmed Osman Mohamed / Deputy Governor - Member Mr. Ali Ibrahim Abdallah / Undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance - Member\

Central Bank of Sudan – Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024 The current account to GDP ratio recorded a slight increase in industrial countries as a whole, from 5.7% to 5.8%. The current account to GDP ratio in industrial countries as a whole also slightly improved from 0.0% to 0.2%, as the current account ratio slightly improved due to a decrease in imports and strong productivity in industrial countries, with the exception of the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

2.3.1 Growth, Inflation, and Current Account Indicators in Developing Countries:
Table (2-1) shows the indicators of growth rates, inflation, and the current account to GDP ratio in developing countries during 2023 and 2024. Figure (2-1) shows the actual performance of these indicators during 2024.

Table (2-1)
Growth, Inflation, and Current Account Indicators in Developing Countries during 2023 and 2024

Indicators	Countries	Growth Rates %	Inflation Rates %	Current Account as % of GDP
		2023*	2024	2023*	2024	2023*	2024
Developing Countries as a Whole	4.7	4.3	8.0	7.7	0.7	0.9
Sub-Saharan African Countries	3.6	4.0	17.6	18.3	-2.6	-1.7
Asian Countries	6.1	5.3	2.4	2.0	1.0	1.5
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan Countries	2.2	2.4	15.5	14.4	3.9	2.0
Latin American and Caribbean Countries	2.4	2.4	14.8	16.6	-1.1	-0.9
European Countries	3.6	3.4	17.1	16.8	-0.3	0.0

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2025 – International Monetary Fund *Adjusted data Preliminary data

Central Bank of Sudan – Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024

Figure (2-1)
Growth, Inflation, and Current Account Indicators in Developing Countries during 2024

[Chart showing Growth Rates %, Inflation Rates %, and Current Account as % of GDP for Developing Countries as a Whole, Sub-Saharan African Countries, Asian Countries, Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan Countries, Latin American and Caribbean Countries, and European Countries for 2024. The Y-axis ranges from -5.0% to 20.0%]

It is observed from Table (2-1) that developing countries as a whole experienced a decrease in economic growth rates, as GDP growth decreased from 4.7% in 2023 to 4.3% in 2024. Regions showed variation in growth, with growth decreasing in both emerging and developing Asia and emerging and developing Europe, while growth increased in the remaining regions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where its growth rose from 3.6% to 4.0%. This decrease in growth was also accompanied by a decrease in inflation rates, with the rate for developing countries as a whole falling from 8.0% to 7.7%. Emerging and developing Asia and emerging and developing Europe also saw a decrease in inflation rates, falling from 2.4% to 2.0% and 17.1% to 16.8% respectively. Meanwhile, the remaining regions experienced an increase in inflation rates, with the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, from 17.6% to 18.3%. The current account recorded a significant improvement in all developing regions except the Middle East and Central Asia, where the current account surplus decreased from 3.9% to 2.0% as a percentage of GDP, due to lower production and oil prices.

Table (3-1) shows the performance of some external debt indicators in developing countries:

Central Bank of Sudan – Sixty-Fourth Annual Report 2024

Table (3-1)
External Debt and its Service as a Percentage of GDP in Developing Countries at the End of 2023 and 2024

Indicator	2023*	2024
External Debt to GDP (%)	29.2	28.7
External Debt Service to GDP (%)	10.1	9.9

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2025 – International Monetary Fund *Adjusted data Preliminary data

The ratio of external debt to GDP in developing countries decreased from 29.2% in 2023 to 28.7% in 2024. The ratio of external debt service to GDP also decreased from 10.1% to 9.9%.

3.3.1 Economic Performance in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan Region:

Table (4-1)
Growth, Inflation, and Current Account Indicators in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan at the End of 2023 and 2024

Statement	Indicators	Countries as a Whole	Oil-Importing Countries	Oil-Exporting Countries
		2023	2024*	2023	2024*	2023	2024*
Real GDP Growth Rate (%)	2.2	2.4	4.9	4.4	2.5	2.8
Inflation - Annual Average (%)	15.5	14.4

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 30

The weighted average purchase rate for authorized banks in foreign exchange continues to be determined by the Central Bank of Sudan.

Table (3-2) and Figure (3-2) illustrate the developments in the parallel and organized market exchange rates during the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (3-2): Exchange Rate Developments in the Parallel and Organized Markets During 2023 and 2024

Year	Organized Market	Parallel Market	Difference Between Rates (SDG)	Gap Between Rates (%)
2023
January	583.9	589.5	5.6	1.0
February	591.0	595.7	4.7	0.8
March	597.7	601.8	4.2	0.7
April	601.5	601.9	0.3	0.1
May	605.1	606.5	1.4	0.2
June	609.6	615.3	5.6	0.9
July	617.2	633.1	15.9	2.6
August	626.7	655.5	28.7	4.6
September	641.3	749.5	108.3	16.9
October	694.8	926.2	231.4	33.3
November	766.1	1,036.3	270.2	35.3
December	835.3	1,102.5	267.2	32.0
2024
January	966.8	1,156.4	189.6	19.6
February	1,017.9	1,242.4	224.5	22.1
March	1,112.5	1,307.1	194.7	17.5
April	1,139.7	1,321.2	181.5	15.9
May	1,252.2	1,599.1	346.9	27.7
June	1,549.0	1,851.6	302.6	19.5
July	1,872.3	2,284.1	411.8	22.0
August	2,008.8	2,635.7	626.9	31.2
September	2,126.0	2,700.0	574.0	27.0
October	2,081.7	2,562.2	480.5	23.1
November	2,024.5	2,441.5	417.0	20.6
December	2,077.3	2,415.2	338.0	16.3

Source: Policy Department - Central Bank of Sudan

Figure (3-2): Exchange Rate Developments in the Parallel and Organized Markets During 2023 and 2024

The exchange rate of the national currency witnessed a sharp deterioration during 2023 and 2024, particularly during the year, taking an upward trend. The value of the Sudanese Pound against the Dollar dropped from 835 to 2,073 by the end of 2024.

The average price in the organized market increased from SDG 648 at the end of 2023 to SDG 1,602 during 2024, representing a decrease rate of 149%. Meanwhile, the average price in the parallel market increased from SDG 726 during 2023 to SDG 1,960 during 2024, representing an increase rate of 170%.

The gap between prices in the parallel and organized markets widened during 2023 by 10.7%, compared to 21.9% during 2024.

To address this situation and restore exchange rate stability, the Central Bank of Sudan took a package of monetary measures aimed at facilitating trade flow and meeting the growing demand for imports in the local market, especially after the cessation of many. These measures included directing banks to resume work using export documents, temporarily through branches in safe states, and while resuming work with technical banking systems.

3.2 Financial Stability Axis

1.3.2 Axis Objectives

This axis policies aimed to enhance the capacity of the monetary apparatus to absorb the shock of the war of ten days starting from April 2023, and thereby ensure the continuity of providing banking services to various economic sectors:

(a) Strengthening financial and non-financial institutions: By complying with the minimum capital adequacy ratio, strengthening the centers of financial institutions and banks at any time before the Central Bank of Sudan, encouraging the establishment of foreign currency centers among banks, activating the interbank market, encouraging foreign shareholderships and mergers, adjusting the liquidity management fund rules to meet bank needs, activating the deposit guarantee fund, complying with quantitative and qualitative liquidity requirements according to organized regulations, complying with international regulatory standards issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision regarding Islamic financial services, and complying with other accounting standards and regulations.

(b) Developing frameworks, mechanisms, and tools for comprehensive risk-based supervision and control: Through adopting risk-based policies and monitoring and managing systemic risks, activating internal governance and control systems and strengthening them, evaluating the necessary controls and internal audits for banks, continuing efforts to complete the transition to risk-based supervision, and complying with compliance with risk-based supervision.

(c) Strengthening financial infrastructure and updating banking systems and alternative plans: Through adopting operational risk policies, especially in information technology and technical banking, implementing backup operations, maintaining them with (Backups), continuing the use of the digital banking number (IBAN) and the basic international banking number (BBAN), accelerating the digitization of services, encouraging banks to provide payment and transfer systems and technological infrastructures, establishing alliances among themselves to enable shared solutions, enhancing the role of banks in mitigating cyber security risks in the sector, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of systems and operations through guidelines and controls, and strengthening and protecting payment systems and compliance with international organized standards for electronic payments.

Through enforcing compliance with applying preventive measures to combat money laundering and financing of proliferation and terrorism: Through continuing to develop systems compatible with FATF recommendations and requirements, using effective systems in the field of combating money laundering and financing of proliferation and terrorism, developing follow-up and monitoring mechanisms, and recovering stolen funds.

2.3.2 Actual Performance

(a) Deposits: Total deposits in the monetary apparatus reached SDG 7,842,793.9 million by the end of 2024.

Demand deposits accounted for 61.3% of total deposits in the monetary system by the end of 2024, followed by savings deposits, then investment deposits which represented 4.4%, while margins represented 2%.

(b) Financing: The balance of financing granted by operating banks increased from SDG 2,387,444.2 million in 2023 to SDG 3,699,347.3 million in 2024, at a rate of 55.0%.

(c) Financial Soundness Indicators: Table (4-2) illustrates the financial soundness indicators for the monetary apparatus for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (4-2): Financial Soundness Indicators for the Monetary Apparatus for 2023 and 2024

Statement	2023	2024	Analysis Compared to Minimum Standards
Financial Soundness Indicators - 1
Capital Adequacy Ratio	2.1%	1.5%	Indicates weakness in the ability of the monetary apparatus to absorb losses (12%) under Basel III criteria, which is very low.
Average Return on Assets	0.75%	4.2%	Significant improvement in return on assets.
Average Expense-to-Income Ratio	28%	26%	Improvement in the average expense-to-income ratio from 28% to 26%.
Average Deposit-to-Financing Ratio - 2
	34%	34%	Indicates that 34% of deposits were utilized, which is relatively low as a percentage of financing.
Final Classification of the Monetary Apparatus According to CAL Quarterly Report - 3
Net Losses	Not Available	40,133.06 (SDG Million)	Indicates a shift from average performance to instability, reflecting large net losses.
Available Equity Capital and Reserves - 4
	Not Available	1,339,139.42 (SDG Million)	Reflects the size of total equity capital.

Source: General Administration of Banking Supervision - Central Bank of Sudan

4.2 Financial Inclusion Axis

1.4.2 Axis Objectives

The objective of this axis is to achieve financial inclusion, ensuring ease and efficiency of access to financial and banking services for all categories of society, through a group of measures including:

(a) Enhancing the supply side of traditional and electronic/digital products and restoring electronic banking services: Through activating mobile and electronic banking services, encouraging the use of banking applications, especially in relatively unsafe areas, facilitating ownership procedures, and using electronic payment means for different customers.

(b) Expanding in granting micro and small financing: By committing to a percentage not less than 12% of the micro and small financing portfolio. This can be achieved through direct or wholesale financing to micro and small financing institutions, or through cooperative organizations, associations, and joint savings. Increasing financing opportunities for youth, women, farmers, livestock producers, artisans, and persons with disabilities affected by the war of ten days starting from April 2023. Reviewing micro and small financing ceilings, expanding the use of the Micro and Small Financing Guarantee Agency, strengthening micro and small financing companies and institutions, and encouraging financial institutions to rapidly transform digitally.

(c) Strengthening systems and procedures for protecting users of financial services: By committing to transparency, credibility, financial education and awareness, increasing the effectiveness and speed of resolving disputes between financial and non-financial institutions and their clients.

2.4.2 Actual Performance

(a) Payment Systems Performance Indicators (2020-2024): The period witnessed notable growth in payment and settlement systems and financial technology, resulting in an increase in transaction volumes due to the diversification and strengthening of electronic payment channels and tools. Demand for electronic payment means increased as they are cheaper compared to paper money and accepted as a medium of exchange. The number of banking applications and mobile payments reached approximately 38 applications in 2022.

The decision to lift sanctions on Sudan and the US enabled the sector to also benefit from payment systems. Sudan's registration was reactivated in the middle of 2020 in international payment networks and SWIFT. This led to accepting IBAN internationally and officially recognizing external financial transactions. Additionally, Sudanese banks dealt with international payment companies like Visa and Mastercard, enabling them to receive international card payments for their customers and issue cards to their clients.

The outbreak of the war of ten days starting from April 2023 led to negative effects on the banking infrastructure and electronic payment systems, such as electricity and communication interruptions and fuel shortages. The Central Bank of Sudan决心 to confront this crisis by taking several controls and technical banking measures to overcome challenges, including:

Solving the problem of network connectivity restrictions and electronic payment system issues through close coordination with banks to complete the electronic payment system restoration.
Banks electronically and effectively restored their operations, notably Al-Amman National Bank, National Bank of Sudan, Al-Baraka Bank, Al-Islami Bank, and Nilein Bank.
In addition to that, 37 branches resumed their work until September 2024.
The number of active exchange offices in relatively safe states reached 7 exchange offices.
A network of 23 branches connected to 34 original branches of operating banks in the states was established by the end of 2024.
The Central Bank retrieved data from all branches of the system where banks had been unable to operate since September 2023.
The Saraf immediate settlements system was launched on September 11, 2023, after ensuring the completion of all banking arrangements and testing its readiness.
The SWIFT system launch was completed technically.

Table (4-2) and Figure (5-2) illustrate Saraf system transactions during 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-2): Saraf System Transactions During 2023 and 2024

Item	2023	2024	Change
Number of Saraf System Transactions	39,207	157,289	301%
Saraf System Transaction Amounts (SDG Million)	1,378,403	5,131,519	272%

Source: General Administration of Payment Systems - Central Bank of Sudan

Figure (4-2): Saraf System Transactions During 2023 and 2024

Saraf system growth recorded a notable increase in the number of transactions from 39,207 in 2023 to 157,289 transactions, representing a growth rate of 301%. The volume of transactions also increased from SDG 1,378.4 million to SDG 5,131.5 million, representing a rate of 272% compared to 2023. The Saraf system was restored to operation after the events of the war of ten days starting from April 2023. This growth positively supports efforts to achieve financial inclusion and enhance financial awareness.

Table (6-2) illustrates electronic payment means in 2023 and 2024.

Table (6-2): Electronic Payment Means in 2023 and 2024 (Number)

Statement	2023	2024
ATMs	1,523	Not Available
Banking Cards	6,522,124	Not Available
Point of Sale (POS)	44,846	Not Available
Electronic Wallet Cards	2,288,773	Not Available

Source: General Administration of Payment Systems - Central Bank of Sudan

Note: Statistics on electronic payment means do not exist for the number of transactions suspended since the national switch malfunctioned on April 2023. All ATMs and POS currently operate.

Table (7-2) illustrates banking operations using electronic payment means during the period from 2022 to September 2024.

Table (7-2): Banking Operations Using Electronic Payment Means During the Period from 2022 to September 2024

Statement	2022	2023	September 2024
Number of Banking Operations Using Electronic Payment Means	17,703,261	5,991,162	169,659

Source: General Administration of Payment Systems - Central Bank of Sudan

Represents banks that received data.

Note: The above table (7-2) shows a sharp decrease in the number of banking operations using electronic payment means, declining from 5,991,162 operations in 2023 to 169,659 operations in September 2024, equivalent to a decrease rate of 97% due to the repercussions of the war of ten days starting from April 2023.

(b) Micro and Small Financing:
Performance data for the micro and small financing sector:

Table (8-2) illustrates the outstanding financing volume held by each of the 12 institutions and banks covering micro and small financing by the end of 2024.

Table (8-2): Outstanding Financing Held by Each of the Micro and Small Financing Institutions and Banks by the End of 2024 (SDG Million)

Item	Banks	Institutions	Total
Financing Volume	46,178.24	72,186.36	118,364.60
Percentage of Total Outstanding Financing in the Sector	39%	61%	100%

Source: Micro and Small Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

Total outstanding financing contributed by each of the micro and small financing institutions and banks reached SDG 118,364 million. The largest share was contributed by banks amounting to SDG 72,186 million, representing 61% of the total, while institutions contributed SDG 46,178 million, representing 39% of the total outstanding financing.

1. Details of Outstanding Financing in the Micro and Small Financing Sector by its Two Components by the End of 2024.

Table (9-2) illustrates the details of outstanding financing in the micro and small financing sector by its two components by the end of 2024.

Table (9-2): Details of Outstanding Financing in the Micro and Small Financing Sector by its Two Components by the End of 2024 (SDG Million)

Item	Micro Financing	Small Financing	Total
Financing Volume	99,732.07	18,632.53	118,364.60
Percentage of Total Outstanding Financing in the Sector	84%	16%	100%

Source: Micro and Small Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

The total outstanding financing volume in the micro and small financing sector reached SDG 118,364 million in December 2024. The majority of this amount, amounting to SDG 99,732 million, represents 84% of the total, while the small financing volume amounts to only SDG 18,632 million, representing 16% of the total outstanding financing.

2. Number of Beneficiaries by Sector.

Table (10-2) illustrates the total number of beneficiaries of micro and small financing services during 2024.

Table (10-2): Total Number of Beneficiaries of Micro and Small Financing Services During 2024

Item	Number
Active Micro and Small Financing Customers	285,730
Existing Groups	6,971
Existing Operations	131,935

Source: Micro and Small Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

3. Outstanding Financing by Sector.

Table (11-2) illustrates outstanding financing by micro and small financing sectors during 2024.

Table (11-2): Outstanding Financing by Micro and Small Financing Sectors (SDG Million)

Item	2024	Percentage
Agricultural and Livestock Sector	43,990.66	37%
Industrial and Artisanal Sector	3,668.81	3%
Commercial Sector	4,191.57	4%
Service Sector (including housing improvement, mining, etc.)	54,757.77	46%
Other Sectors	11,755.80	10%
Total	118,364.60	100%

Source: Micro and Small Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

The structure of outstanding financing showed a significant focus on the service sector (46%) and the agricultural and livestock sector (37%), which together constitute 83% of total financing, while covering the remaining sectors with limited percentages.

4. Utilizing Resources from Partnerships with Various Funds.

Table (12-2) illustrates the volume of resources utilized from partnerships with various funds during 2024.

Table (12-2): Volume of Resources Utilized from Partnerships with Various Funds

Statement	2024
Available Financial Resources (SDG Million)	800
Outstanding Financing to Micro Financing Institutions via Partnerships (SDG Million)	1,744
Number of Beneficiary Institutions	17
Number of Active Partnerships with Funding Entities	3

Source: Micro and Small Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

While available financial resources through partnerships reached SDG 800 million, outstanding financing to micro financing institutions via partnerships reached SDG 1,744 million.

5.2 Green Financing Axis

1.5.2 Axis Objectives

The objective of this axis is to contribute to creating a conducive environment for sustainable and green financing and responding to climate change challenges and risks, by issuing principles and guidelines for sustainable and green financing, promoting concepts and principles of financial sustainability and supporting the transition to a green economy, and financing solar energy processes for both industrial and residential sectors.

Integrating green and sustainable financing principles into the activities of banks and non-financial institutions.
Encouraging banks and financial institutions to innovate new financial and banking products and services with sustainable impact that are environmentally friendly.
Applying governance and risk management principles to climate-related risks and other green financing products, including hedging associated risks.

2.5.2 Actual Performance

It is worth noting that there were no efforts during this axis in 2024 due to the repercussions of the war of ten days starting from April 2023, which prevented progress in this framework.

Central Bank of Sudan

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3.3 Introduction

This section addresses the financial statements of the Central Bank of Sudan, consisting of the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, and Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, which were reviewed by the Audit Bureau before submission to the National Audit Office. These statements were prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The presentation of the statements complies with IFRS for SMEs and the general presentation and disclosure requirements of IAS 1, as well as the requirements of the general presentation and disclosure related to financial statements. As it is still in the establishment phase, these standards determine how to account for changes in accounting policies, errors, and estimates. These financial statements consist of:

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Changes in Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Accounting Policies Explanatory Notes
Necessary disclosures to present the financial results and cash flows of the Center at a minimum level.

2.3 Balance Sheet

The balance sheet is a financial statement that shows the assets, liabilities, and equity rights of the entity towards third parties at a specific date.

Table (1-3) illustrates the details of the Balance Sheet items.

Table (1-3): Balance Sheet as of 31/12/2024 (SDG Thousand)

Statement	2023	2024
Assets
Total Government Debt	13,666,698,171	27,993,986,294
External Assets	27,993,986,294	27,993,986,294
Short-term Investments	5,614,666,629	919,264,950
Long-term Investments	231,756,177	306,470,337
Other Receivables	308,225,229	467,871,801
Fixed Assets	8,336,514	494,473,580
Construction in Progress	38,108	14,703,033
Total Assets	15,417,403,276	31,040,147,794
Liabilities
Circulating Currency	1,828,954,381	1,733,244,091
Current Accounts	4,543,291,753	10,334,383,131
External Liabilities	6,917,082,691	14,615,673,222
Other Liabilities	3,080,884,427	6,041,165,940
Provisions and Accruals	236,104,840	225,552,665
Total Partial Liabilities	16,606,318,092	32,950,019,049
Equity
Capital	384,000	384,000
Reserves	2,219,011	2,219,011
Total Deficit	(1,191,517,827)	(1,912,474,266)
Total Partial Equity	(1,188,914,816)	(1,909,871,255)
Total Liabilities and Equity	15,417,403,276	31,040,147,794
Regular Accounts	7,495,503,578	15,448,918,486

Regular accounts include all stocks of printed currency, letters of credit, and guarantees issued.

Mohammed Saty Al-Rahman Al-Siddiq
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Head of Finance General Director of Public Accounts and Affairs

Note:

Numbers in parentheses indicate negative numbers according to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.

Analysis of Assets

Assets are defined in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as resources controlled by the entity as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.

During the analysis of the Balance Sheet, the following observations were noted:

Total Assets: Increased from SDG 15,417,403 million at the end of 2023 to SDG 31,040,148 million by the end of 2024, representing a rate of 101.3%.
- Government Debt: Increased from SDG 13,666,698 million to SDG 27,993,986 million, representing a rate of 104.8%, due to increases in foreign exchange rate differences and amounts due to the government for temporary advances and loans, petroleum debt to the Government of South Sudan, and accrued interest, totaling SDG 285,308 million. Government debt constituted 90.2% of total assets.
- External Assets: Increased from SDG 919,265 million to SDG 1,762,605 million, representing a rate of 91.7%, due to increases in correspondent accounts abroad and gold reserves amounting to SDG 191,752 million and SDG 639,604 million respectively.
- Short-term Investments: Increased from SDG 283,084 million to SDG 306,470 million, representing a rate of 8.3%, due to increases in Murabahas for projects and institutions amounting to SDG 1,520 million and financing speculation and micro-finance amounting to SDG 19,002 million.
- Long-term Investments: Increased from SDG 231,756 million to SDG 467,872 million, representing a rate of 101.8%, attributed mainly to increases in shareholders' funds in foreign and corporate banks amounting to SDG 65,586 million and investments in equity capital amounting to SDG 129,670 million.
- Other Receivables: Increased from SDG 308,225 million to SDG 494,438 million, representing a rate of 60.4%, due to increases in Sudan Cotton Company facilitation, cotton contracts liquidation, gold agents' trusts, and others amounting to SDG 19,328 million and SDG 19,593 million respectively.
- Fixed Assets: Increased from SDG 8,337 million to SDG 14,703 million, representing a rate of 76.4%, attributed mainly to increases in machinery and equipment amounting to SDG 3,309 million and technical projects amounting to SDG 1,924 million.

Central Bank of Sudan – Annual Report 2024 – 46

2.2.3. Liabilities and Equity

The liabilities are defined as international financial reporting standards for past events, resulting in an obligation to transfer resources outside the project, which represents economic benefits that materialize in the form of outflows required to settle the obligation, and the remaining assets after the project's launch represent the owner's share in equity. The most prominent changes in liabilities and equity for 2024 compared to 2023 are as follows:

An increase in the balance of current accounts with local banks, institutions, and government units from 4,543,292 million pounds to 10,334,383 million pounds, at a rate of 127.5%.
An increase in the balance of external liabilities from 6,917,083 million pounds to 14,615,673 million pounds, at a rate of 111.3%, due to increases in deposits and short-term facilities by 6,114,835 million pounds, and other liabilities including accounts with foreign correspondents by 1,268,359 million pounds.
An increase in total liabilities from 3,080,884 million pounds to 9,122,050 million pounds (calculated as 3,080,884 + 6,041,166), at a rate of 96.1%, due to increases in provisions for guarantees by 676,932 million pounds, and commercial bank facilities by 138,238 million pounds.
A decrease in the balance of circulating currency from 1,828,954 million pounds to 1,733,244 million pounds, at a rate of 5.2%, where the issued currency reached 967,593 million pounds during 2024, and 216,444 million pounds were withdrawn.
A decrease in the balance of provisions from 236,105 million pounds to 225,553 million pounds, at a rate of 4.5%.

Equity represented by capital and reserves amounted to 2,603 million pounds, while the accumulated losses balance reached 1,912,474 million pounds at the end of 2024, leading to the erosion of equity.

3.3. Income Statement

The income statement is a statement prepared as a result of the entity's activities to determine a profit or loss. Table (2-3) shows the Income Statement for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Table (2-3)
Income Statement for the year ended 2024/12/31 (In thousands of pounds)

Statement	2024	2023
Revenues
Foreign currency revenues	16,453,404	521,970
Investment revenues	2,177,471	183,068
Banking operations revenues	15,515,149	181,483
Other revenues	3,505,627	400
Total Revenues	37,651,651	921,111
Expenses
Currency expenses	(50,177,463)	(200,485,999)
Administrative and general expenses	(369,967,713)	(203,757,435)
Depreciation expenses	(794,836)	(1,678,827)
Total Expenses	(420,940,012)	(405,922,261)
Total Deficit	(383,288,361)	(293,973,340)
Non-recurring items	(509,318,143)	(476,994)
Total Deficit after Non-recurring items	(739,450,334)	(892,606,504)

Fateh Al-Rahman Satti Muhammad
Acting Governor and Chairman of the Board of Directors Director General of General Accounts and Affairs

The number in parentheses indicates a negative number, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard No. 1 on Presentation of Disclosures.

The following details the changes in the Income Statement items:

3.3.1. Revenues
Revenues are defined as the increase in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or increases in assets, resulting in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from participants.

Note:
Total revenues increased from 37,652 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 111,949 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 197%, due to:

An increase in foreign currency operations revenues from 16,453 million pounds to 78,522 million pounds, at a rate of 377%, due to increases in external deposit profits by 32,536 million pounds, exchange rate profit differences by 23,327 million pounds, and foreign currency guarantee letters by 5,604 million pounds.
An increase in investment revenues from 2,177 million pounds to 7,183 million pounds, at a rate of 230%.
An increase in banking operations revenues from 15,515 million pounds to 26,181 million pounds, at a rate of 69%, due to increases in shareholders' funds profits by 5,056 million pounds, administrative borrowing costs by 3,780 million pounds, and a decrease in guarantee letter commissions by 14,830 million pounds.

3.3.2. Expenses
Expenses are defined as the decrease in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletion of assets, resulting in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to participants.

Note:
Total expenses and provisions decreased from 420,940 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 405,922 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 3.6%, attributed to a decrease in administrative and general expenses by 166,210 million pounds, and an increase in currency expenses by 150,309 million pounds. The total deficit in the Income Statement (after non-recurring items, i.e., war losses) decreased from 892,606 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 739,450 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 17%.

4.3. Changes in Equity
Table (3-3) shows the changes in equity at the end of 2024, including retained earnings and reserves, compared to the previous two years, 2022 and 2023.

Table (3-3)
Changes in Equity for the year ended 2024/12/31 compared to previous years (In thousands of pounds)

Statement	Share Capital	General Reserve	Substitution Reserve	Asset Valuation Reserve	Other Reserves	Retained Earnings	Total
Balance at 2022/12/31	(296,324,734)	(298,927,745)	122,191	1,777,485	7,000	312,335	384,000
Prior years adjustments	16,422	16,422	-	-	-	-	-
2023 Deficit	(383,288,361)	(383,288,361)	-	-	-	-	-
Non-recurring items	(509,318,143)	(509,318,143)	-	-	-	-	-
Balance at 2023/12/31	(1,188,914,816)	(1,191,517,827)	122,191	1,777,485	7,000	312,335	384,000
Prior years adjustments	18,493,895	18,493,895	-	-	-	-	-
2024 Deficit	(293,973,340)	(293,973,340)	-	-	-	-	-
Non-recurring items	(445,476,994)	(445,476,994)	-	-	-	-	-
Balance at 2024/12/31	(1,909,871,255)	(1,912,474,266)	122,191	1,777,485	7,000	312,335	384,000

Fateh Al-Rahman Satti Muhammad
Acting Governor and Chairman of the Board of Directors Director General of General Accounts and Affairs

5.3. Cash Flows
Table (4-3) shows the cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the years 2024 and 2023, illustrating the changes in cash balances during the various activities.

Table (4-3)
Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 2024/12/31 (In thousands of pounds)

Statement	2024	2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Total Deficit	(739,450,334)	(892,606,504)
Adjustments to arrive at:
Depreciation of fixed assets	1,678,827	794,836
Provision for end-of-service benefits	22,444,319	194,225,265
Paid end-of-service benefits	(32,996,494)	(8,941,939)
Increase in loans granted to the Government	(14,327,288,123)	(5,796,893,213)
Increase in other receivable accounts	(186,212,351)	(168,799,208)
Increase in current account balances	5,791,091,378	1,980,207,132
Increase in external liabilities	7,698,590,531	3,055,004,828
Increase in other liabilities	2,960,281,513	1,376,422,364
Increase in circulating currency	751,148,107	411,095,144
Prior years adjustments	18,493,895	16,422
Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities	1,957,781,268	150,525,127
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of fixed assets	(8,046,551)	(4,310,328)
Decrease in fixed assets	1,205	1,937,598
Decrease in construction in progress	(35,786)	258,908
Increase in short-term investments	(23,386,210)	(45,521,214)
Increase in long-term investments	(236,115,624)	(94,843,725)
Net Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities	(267,582,966)	(142,478,761)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net Cash Flows Used in Financing Activities	0	0
Net Increase/Decrease in Cash Balances during the Year	1,690,198,302	8,046,366
Cash Balances at Beginning of Year	985,346,824	977,300,458
Cash Balances at End of Year	2,675,545,126	985,346,824

Fateh Al-Rahman Satti Muhammad
Acting Governor and Chairman of the Board of Directors Director General of General Accounts and Affairs

The number in parentheses indicates a negative number, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard No. 1 on Presentation of Disclosures.

Central Bank of Sudan – Annual Report 2024 – 51

Independent Auditor's Report

To the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Sudan:

Opinion
We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the Central Bank of Sudan, which comprise the balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, and the income statement, statement of changes in equity, and cash flow statement for the year then ended, and notes to the financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies.

In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank as of December 31, 2024, and its financial performance and cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards for Islamic Financial Institutions and the auditing standards issued by the Auditing and Accounting Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, and in conformity with applicable laws and regulations.

Mohamed Al-Hafiz Mohamed
Deputy Auditor General for Banks and Companies Republic of Sudan 02/09/2025 AH 10/01/1447

Central Bank of Sudan – Annual Report 2024 – 52

Central Bank of Sudan – Annual Report 2024 – 53

Cover

Annual Report 2024

Central Bank of Sudan – Annual Report 2024 – 54

Introduction

1.4. Introduction
This chapter reviews the most important developments in the money supply, in addition to the factors affecting it. The year 2024 witnessed a significant increase in the money supply growth rate, with the monetary multiplier and velocity of money deepening. The Central Bank of Sudan contributed to a monetary expansion in banks by a percentage greater than the 90.6% recorded in 2024, due to the deterioration in the average exchange rate, which led to a large increase in the revaluation of assets and liabilities by 124.3%. The total monetary expansion represented 63.5% of payments to the Central Government by the Central Bank, with a contribution of 11.0% to financing the private sector. Meanwhile, the net effect of foreign assets was a contraction of 125.6% of total expansion.

The Central Bank of Sudan's policies for 2024 targeted achieving monetary stability through reducing inflation rates to a level below 48.8%, and targeting a money base growth rate of 46.9% at the end of the year, with an average inflation rate within 155% limits. The outbreak of the Fifth of October war in April 2023 led to a decline in economic activity, both generally and in the banking sector specifically, negatively affecting monetary stability and exchange rate stability.

2.4. Money Supply (M2)
Figure (1-4) shows the factors affecting the money supply and its components at the end of 2024 and 2023, and Table (1-4) shows the annual growth rates.

Table (1-4)
Factors Affecting Money Supply at the End of 2024 and 2023 (In millions of pounds)

Item	2024 *	2023	Growth Rate	% Contribution to Money Supply Growth
A. Money Supply (M2) [2+1]	14,480,589.23	7,595,400.01	90.6	100.0
1. Means of Payment (M1)	4,808,127.42	3,355,549.23	43.3	21.1
1.1 Currency in Public Hands	1,729,492.29	1,614,730.28	-6.6	-1.7
2.1 Demand Deposits	3,193,397.13	1,626,056.93	96.4	22.8
2. Quasi-Money	9,672,461.82	4,239,850.78	128.1	78.9
1.2 Local Currency	5,168,752.77	2,323,568.42	122.4	41.3
2.2 Foreign Currency	4,503,709.05	1,916,282.36	135.0	37.6
B. Factors Affecting Money Supply [3+2+1]	14,480,589.23	7,595,400.01	90.6	100.0
1. Net Foreign Assets	(16,253,466.38)	(7,602,620.63)	113.8	-125.6
2. Revaluation	17,724,458.05	9,168,757.35	93.3	124.3
3. Net Domestic Assets	13,009,597.56	6,029,263.29	115.8	101.4
1.3 Banking System Claims on General Government	9,632,968.08	4,499,622.28	114.1	74.6
1.1.3 Central Government (Net)	8,063,343.63	3,690,781.17	118.5	63.5
2.1.3 Public Institutions	1,569,624.45	808,841.11	94.1	11.0
2.3 Banking System Claims on Private Sector	2,693,054.47	1,937,970.48	39.0	11.0
3.3 Other Net Items	683,575.01	(408,329.47)	-267.4	15.9
Total (B) = (A)	14,480,589.23	7,595,400.01	90.6	100.0
C. Money Supply Components %
% Currency in Public Hands / Money Supply	22.8	11.2
% Demand Deposits / Money Supply	21.4	22.1
% Quasi-Money / Money Supply	55.8	66.8
D. Contribution of Factors to Money Supply %
% Net Foreign Assets / Money Supply	-100.1	-112.2
% Revaluation / Money Supply	120.7	122.4
% Net Domestic Assets / Money Supply	79.4	89.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

Adjusted data
Preliminary data

Includes deposits in the Central Bank of Sudan with governments (central, local, and state) and public institutions, and current deposits in banks.
Includes foreign currency deposits (investment, savings, and current) against local currency.
Includes financing the private sector by non-banking financial institutions and private sector.
Note: All foreign currencies are valued in Sudanese Pounds.

Figure (1-4)
Money Supply Components Percentages at the End of 2024 and 2023

It is evident from Table (1-4) and Figure (1-4) that the money supply increased from 7,595,400.01 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 14,480,589.23 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 90.6%, compared to a 54.1% rate in 2023. This was due to an increase in quasi-money by 128.1% and means of payment by 43.3%. The change in the money supply was driven by the deterioration in the average exchange rate from 1,001.9 pounds per dollar at the end of 2023 to 2,081.0 pounds per dollar at the end of 2024, contributing 78.9% to the change. Meanwhile, the means of payment component increased by 21.1% due to an increase in demand deposits.

It is also noted that the quasi-money component percentage increased from 55.8% in 2023 to 66.8% in 2024. The demand deposits component percentage increased from 21.4% in 2023 to 22.1% in 2024. The currency in public hands component percentage decreased from 22.8% in 2023 to 11.2% in 2024, primarily due to the currency substitution operation, which led to a reduction in the volume of circulating currency through the withdrawal of old currency at the end of 2024, encouraging the use of electronic payment methods.

On the other hand, the net foreign assets component (foreign currency assets minus foreign currency liabilities) increased from a deficit of 7,602,620.63 million pounds in 2023 to a deficit of 16,253,466.38 million pounds in 2024, at a rate of 113.8%, due to the deterioration in the exchange rate of the dollar against the pound.

[Chart Image: Money Supply Components Percentages]

The net domestic assets component increased from 6,029,263.29 million pounds in 2023 to 13,009,597.56 million pounds in 2024, at a rate of 115.8%, attributed to a net increase in direct financing to the Central Government by 118.5%.

Figure (2-4)
Money Supply Growth Rate During the Period (2020-2024)

Figure (2-4) shows the trend of the money supply growth rate during the period (2020-2024), which witnessed a significant increase in 2021 and 2020 due to structural changes in the exchange rate system and large increases in government borrowing from the banking system. It then decreased in 2022 due to exchange rate stabilization policies, and stabilized relatively in 2023 due to the Central Bank's measures. In 2024, it rose again due to the deterioration in revenues and the widening of the general budget deficit following the outbreak of the Fifth of October war in April 2023, and the movement of the foreign exchange market.

3.4. Main Sources of Monetary Expansion
Table (2-4) shows the main sources of monetary expansion at the end of 2024 and 2023.

Table (2-4)
Main Sources of Monetary Expansion at the End of 2024 and 2023 (In millions of pounds)

Statement	2024	2023	Growth Rate	% Contribution to Expansion
Central Bank of Sudan	26,350,011.08	12,840,765.55	105.2	196.2
1. Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities	18,659,912.75	9,313,587.95	100.4	135.7
2. Temporary Borrowing from Government	4,414,238.47	1,874,871.62	135.4	36.9
3. Payments for Government Obligations	2,712,651.72	1,342,231.88	102.1	19.9
4. Financing Public Institutions	563,208.14	310,074.10	81.6	3.7
Banks	3,873,689.03	2,617,727.25	48.0	18.2
1. Financing Private Sector	2,684,198.12	1,935,885.64	38.7	10.9
2. Self-Resources (excluding Central Bank Deficit Window)	183,074.60	183,074.60	0.0	0.0
3. Financing Public Institutions	1,006,416.31	498,767.01	101.8	7.4

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department Preliminary data

Excludes assets and liabilities of non-bank banks; Central Bank of Sudan revaluation of assets and liabilities only.

The Central Bank of Sudan contributed to the total monetary expansion by a percentage of 135.7%, with the revaluation of assets and liabilities at the Central Bank side reaching an increase of 9,346,324.80 million pounds, at a rate of 100.4%, attributed to the deterioration in the exchange rate. The temporary borrowing from the Central Government contributed by a percentage of 36.9%, with an increase of 2,539,366.85 million pounds, at a rate of 135.4%. The payments for government obligations contributed by 19.9%, with an increase of 1,370,419.84 million pounds, at a rate of 102.1%, reflecting increased government spending. The Central Bank of Sudan also contributed to financing public institutions by 3.7%, with an increase of 253,134.04 million pounds, at a rate of 81.6%.

The contribution of banks to the private sector reached 10.9% of total monetary expansion, with an increase of 748,312.48 million pounds, at a rate of 38.7%. It is worth mentioning that the volume of private sector financing declined during the year due to the war conditions the country is living through, leading to a weakness in financial activity. The financing of public institutions by banks reached 7.4% of total expansion, with an increase of 507,649.30 million pounds, at a rate of 101.8%.

4.4. Monetary Base (Reserve Money)
The monetary base represents the liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan, consisting of circulating currency outside the bank and reserves of banks at the Central Bank, plus deposits included in the money supply and currency held by the public at the Central Bank side.

Table (3-4) shows the factors affecting the monetary base and its components at the end of 2024 and 2023.

Table (3-4)
Factors Affecting Monetary Base at the End of 2024 and 2023 (In millions of pounds)

Item	2024	2023	Growth Rate	% Contribution to Base
A. Assets [3+2+1]	11,020,057.10	5,817,684.70	89.4	100.0
Factors Affecting Monetary Base
1. Net Foreign Assets	(18,661,476.72)	(8,647,029.83)	115.8	-192.5
2. Revaluation	18,659,912.75	9,313,587.95	100.4	179.7
3. Net Domestic Assets	11,021,621.07	5,151,126.58	114.0	112.8
1.3 Net Claims on Government (Deposits-Claims)	8,067,886.44	3,677,514.88	119.4	84.4
1.1.3 Claims on Central Government	9,350,076.35	4,363,290.35	114.3	95.9
2.1.3 Deposits with Central Government	1,282,189.91	685,775.47	87.0	11.5
3-2 Claims on Banks	317,452.99	290,578.50	9.2	0.5
3-3 Claims on Public Institutions	563,208.14	310,074.10	81.6	4.9
3-4 Liquidity Management Tools (Shahab)	1,450.00	1,250.00	16.0	0.0
3-5 Other Net Items	2,071,623.50	871,709.10	137.7	23.1
B. Liabilities [3+2+1]	11,020,057.10	5,817,684.70	89.4	100.0
Monetary Base Components
1. Circulating Currency	1,733,244.09	1,828,954.38	-5.2	-1.8
1.1 Currency in Public Hands	1,614,730.28	1,729,492.29	-6.6	-2.2
2.1 Currency at Banks	118,513.81	99,462.09	19.2	0.4
2. Reserves of Banks at Central Bank of Sudan	7,836,295.98	3,297,251.52	137.7	87.2
3. Deposits Included in Money Supply at Central Bank of Sudan	1,450,517.03	691,478.79	109.8	14.6

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department Preliminary data

Includes Legal Monetary Reserve and Current Account Balance at Central Bank of Sudan side.
Includes deposits with governments (central, local, and state) and public institutions at Central Bank of Sudan side.

Figure (3-4)
Monetary Base Components Percentages at the End of 2024 and 2023

4.4.1. Assets
Assets backing the monetary base increased from 5,817,684.70 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 11,020,057.10 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 89.4%, due to an increase in net domestic assets from 5,151,126.58 million pounds, at a rate of 114.0%, and the revaluation component from 9,313,587.95 million pounds to 18,659,912.75 million pounds, at a rate of 100.4%. Despite this, the net foreign assets component witnessed a large deficit increase from 8,647,029.83 million pounds to 18,661,476.72 million pounds, at a rate of 115.8%, due to changes in the exchange rate of the national currency against other currencies, at a rate of 107.7%.

4.4.2. Liabilities
Liabilities (Legal Monetary Reserve and Current Account Balance at Central Bank of Sudan side) and bank reserves increased from 3,297,251.52 million pounds at the end of 2023 to 7,836,295.98 million pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 137.7%, due to an increase in current account balances at banks at the Central Bank of Sudan side by 183.2%, to meet their increasing obligations, despite the repercussions of the war spreading from Khartoum State and the transfer of banks to work in branches in other states and cities in Sudan.

Circulating currency, which includes currency in public hands and at banks, decreased from 1,828,954.38 million pounds to 1,733,244.09 million pounds, at a rate of 6.6%, due to a decrease in the volume of currency in public hands by 31.4% due to the currency substitution operation.

[Chart Image: Circulating Currency, Bank Reserves, Deposits in Money Supply]

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The impact of negative balances on deposit accounts through banking controls aimed at monetary control and strengthening financial inclusion by the end of 2024 (500,500 pounds). Due to the war and the looting of banks and citizens by the armed forces.

The monetary multiplier is an indicator that measures the ability of banks to generate money by dividing the broad money supply by the monetary base. It is defined as the number of times a monetary unit is exchanged for money. The velocity of money circulation is defined as the number of times money is exchanged for money. The broad money supply is measured by dividing the nominal gross domestic product by current prices over a specific period to settle transactions and economic exchanges during that period.

The depth of money refers to the extent to which the public interacts with financial institutions. This indicator is linked to the ability of financial institutions to attract the public. It is affected by several factors, including the level of individual income, the volume of total savings, the return on deposits, the degree of banking penetration, the spread of modern payment methods, and the spread of banking awareness among the public through more methods.

The following are used to measure monetary depth:

i. The ratio of broad money supply to nominal gross domestic product.
This indicator reflects the extent to which the banking sector can absorb economic activities. Since these activities are not covered by banking, an increase in this ratio means that unlisted or existing economic activities will be covered. This ratio is considered a positive indicator.

ii. The ratio of total deposits to nominal gross domestic product.
This indicator reflects the extent to which the banking sector can absorb the public and its ability to attract deposits. An increase in this ratio is considered positive, as it indicates that the volume of bank deposits has risen at a faster rate than the increase in nominal gross domestic product, leading to increased public trust and banking awareness.

Table (4-4) and Figures (4-4), (5-4), and (6-4) illustrate the monetary multiplier, money velocity, and monetary depth during the period (2020-2024).

Table (4-4)
Monetary Multiplier, Money Velocity, and Monetary Depth During the Period (2020-2024) (Million Sudanese Pounds)

Item | Years
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024*
Money Supply | 1,302,229.61 | 3,296,958.85 | 4,927,294.01 | 7,595,400.01 | 14,480,589.23 Monetary Base | 1,034,142.46 | 2,697,792.25 | 3,635,497.67 | 5,817,684.70 | 11,020,057.10 Nominal Gross Domestic Product 1 | 4,386,387.00 | 18,703,277.00 | 30,768,013.00 | 26,316,114.00 | 40,257,517.00 Public Currency Holdings | 560,312.26 | 905,705.61 | 1,245,561.93 | 1,729,492.29 | 1,614,730.28 Bank Deposits 2 | 683,086.91 | 2,156,570.05 | 3,358,379.54 | 5,275,328.00 | 11,653,302.89 Monetary Multiplier 3 | 1.2592 | 1.2221 | 1.3553 | 1.3056 | 1.3140 Money Velocity (Times) 4 | 3.3684 | 5.6729 | 6.2444 | 3.4647 | 2.7801 Monetary Depth Indicators 5 a) Nominal GDP / Money Supply (%) | 29.7 | 17.6 | 16.0 | 28.9 | 36.0 b) Nominal GDP / Deposits (%) | 15.6 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 20.0 | 28.9

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

Preliminary data
1 Adjusted data
2 Includes all deposits in local and foreign currencies 3 Monetary Base / Broad Money Supply = Monetary Multiplier 4 Broad Money Supply / Nominal GDP at Current Prices = Money Velocity 5 Calculated by both methods (a) and (b)

Figure (4-4)
Monetary Multiplier During the Period (2020-2024)

[Chart showing values: 2020: 1.2592, 2021: 1.2221, 2022: 1.3553, 2023: 1.3056, 2024: 1.3140]

It is clear from Figure (4-4) that there was a relative decrease in the monetary multiplier at the end of 2020, followed by a continuous increase in 2021, which was greater than the rate of increase in the monetary base due to the currency unification policy. This was followed by a change in the exchange rate from 55.1 to 437.9 Sudanese pounds, leading to a balance of inflation obligations. The Central Bank of Sudan adopted this policy in 2022, and the monetary multiplier rose again due to the holding of foreign currencies by the central government, banks, and the Central Bank of Sudan. Then, in 2023, it decreased significantly, attributed to the direct stabilization of the exchange rate. As for 2024, the monetary multiplier rose again, with the monetary base increasing at a greater rate than the money supply due to the consequences of the April 15 war. This, in turn, enhanced the banks' ability to create money through deposits and lending by increasing the volume of funds held within the banking system.

Figure (5-4)
Money Velocity During the Period (2020-2024)

[Chart showing values: 2020: 3.3684, 2021: 5.6729, 2022: 6.2444, 2023: 3.4647, 2024: 2.7801]

Figure (5-4) illustrates that money velocity continued to increase throughout the period (2020-2024). In 2020, 2021, and 2022, it decreased due to the increase in nominal GDP being less than the rate of increase in money supply. As for 2023, it decreased further due to the increase in money supply being greater than the negative growth rate of nominal GDP at current prices. This indicates an increase in the use of funds on non-productive spending and rising uncertainty in 2024, which continued to decline during that period.

Figure (6-4)
Monetary Depth During the Period (2020-2024)

It is observed from Table (4-4) and Figure (6-4) that the two indicators were consistent. They were high at the end of 2020, decreased in 2021 and 2022, and then rose again in 2023 and 2024.

3.6.4 Money Supply and Inflation

Inflation is considered a monetary phenomenon characterized by a continuous rise in the general price level. An increase in the money supply leads to a rise in prices and a decrease in the purchasing power of money, resulting in a decrease in the level of economic activity.

Table (5-4)
Money Supply Growth Rate and Inflation Rate During the Period (2020-2024)

Item | Years
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024
Money Supply Growth Rate (%) | 88.8 | 153.2 | 49.4 | 54.1 | 90.6 End-of-Year Inflation Rate (%) | 269.3 | 318.2 | 87.4 | 92.7 | 187.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Central Agency for Statistics Preliminary data

Figure (7-4) illustrates the money supply growth rate and inflation during the period (2020-2024).

[Chart showing values: 2020: Money Supply 88.8%, Inflation 269.3%; 2021: Money Supply 153.2%, Inflation 318.2%; 2022: Money Supply 49.4%, Inflation 87.4%; 2023: Money Supply 54.1%, Inflation 92.7%; 2024: Money Supply 90.6%, Inflation 187.8%]

Both indicators witnessed a significant rise in 2020, with the inflation rate reaching 269.3% as an inevitable consequence of the cumulative monetary expansion in 2018 and 2019, followed by an increase in input prices and exchange rate fluctuations. This was due to the adoption of inflation and money supply growth policies by the Central Bank of Sudan. In 2021, there was a significant rise in both indicators. Then, they decreased significantly in 2022 due to the Central Bank's adoption of the currency unification policy, raising the exchange rate from 55.1 to 437.9 Sudanese pounds. In 2023, they rose slightly due to the shock caused by the war that spread across the country and the Central Bank's monetary consolidation policy. Then, they continued to rise in 2024 as an inevitable consequence of the war's continuation and its impact on economic activities and productive sectors.

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1.5. Introduction

This chapter addresses the most important developments related to the financial sector in Sudan during 2024, including all financial institutions whose main activity is limited to providing financial intermediation services or assisting in financial operations, including commercial and non-commercial financial institutions.

It is noted that the values in the tables included in this chapter are nominal and do not take into account the inflation rate, which reached 187.8% by the end of 2024, compared to an inflation rate of 92.7% at the end of 2023. This is an extension of the Central Bank of Sudan's policies aimed at stabilizing the exchange rate, starting with the adoption of exchange rate unification policies in February 2021, followed by exchange rate structure reforms in March 2022, and finally moving to a free exchange rate system where banks and exchange companies announce buying and selling prices without Central Bank intervention. In addition to the consequences of the April 15 war, most banks resumed their operations in their branches in cities and states, reflecting on the banking sector. This also caused a temporary halt in the activity of some banks due to the structure of some consolidated balance sheet items of commercial banks and the impact on non-commercial financial institutions, such as deposits and financial funding, which were concentrated in Khartoum state, leading to difficulties in relocating their activities to other states in safe Sudan due to their geographical weakness or absence.

2.5. The Banking System

2.5.1. Central Bank of Sudan

The tasks of the Central Bank of Sudan, according to the 2002 law amended in 2012, include maintaining exchange rate stability, achieving financial and monetary stability, issuing and regulating currency types, implementing monetary policy, supervising and regulating banking work, and overseeing and developing its efficiency to help achieve national economic goals. Additionally, it acts as the government's agent and advisor in monetary and financial affairs. As a result of the consequences of the April 15 war, nine branches of the Central Bank of Sudan were damaged. As of the end of 2024, the Central Bank of Sudan continued its activity in ten branches operating in safe cities and states, compared to 17 branches at the end of 2022 and 2023.

2.4.1. Central Bank of Sudan Balance Sheet

Table (1-5) illustrates the Central Bank of Sudan balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, according to the international Monetary Fund classification for monetary statistics purposes.

Table (1-5)
Central Bank of Sudan Balance Sheet as of the End of 2024 and 2023 (Million Sudanese Pounds)

Statement | 2023/12/31 | 2024/12/31 | % of Total | Change Rate % Total Assets | 16,454,098.6 | 16,675,325.7 | 100.0 | 101.3 Foreign Exchange Reserves and Balances with Correspondents 1 | 1,900,427.5 | 1,256,507.7 | 9.5 | 66.1

Foreign Securities | 163,048.3 | 170,529.6 | 1.0 | 104.6
Financing and Advances to Banks | 283,937.5 | 26,874.5 | 0.9 | 9.5
Temporary Advances to Government (Direct Borrowing) | 1,874,871.6 | 2,539,366.8 | 13.3 | 135.4 Long-term Financing to Government | 192,645.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 Gold Revenue Differences and Allocation Purchase Price for Central Government 2 | 36,092.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 Financing and Advances to Public Institutions | 248,062.8 | 187,548.0 | 1.3 | 75.6
Share Capital in Local Banks | 0.0 | 6,641.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
Other Contributions | 62,068.8 | 65,586.0 | 0.4 | 105.7
Fixed Assets | 8,374.6 | 6,399.5 | 0.0 | 76.4
Revaluation Account | 9,312,085.9 | 9,345,049.7 | 56.3 | 100.4 Other Accounts | 2,365,842.1 | 3,077,463.9 | 16.4 | 130.1 Total Liabilities | 16,454,098.6 | 16,675,325.7 | 100.0 | 101.3 Currency in Circulation and Coinage | 1,828,954.4 | (95,710.3) | 5.2 | (5.2) Sight Liabilities 4 | 4,674,505.8 | 5,894,497.1 | 31.9 | 126.1
Central Government | 685,775.5 | 596,414.4 | 3.9 | 87.0
Local and State Governments | 216,757.2 | 251,702.1 | 1.4 | 116.1
Public Institutions | 474,721.6 | 507,336.1 | 3.0 | 106.9
Banks | 3,297,251.5 | 4,539,044.5 | 23.7 | 137.7
Correspondents Abroad | 475,060.0 | 289,433.8 | 2.3 | 60.9
Long-term Liabilities | 2,115,468.1 | 2,567,634.6 | 14.1 | 121.4
Payment Agreements | 24,221.9 | 25,962.7 | 0.2 | 107.2
Capital and Reserves | 0.0 | 2,603.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
Other Accounts | 7,333,285.4 | 7,993,507.8 | 46.3 | 109.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department

Preliminary data
1 Includes contributions in foreign banks
2 The Central Bank of Sudan stopped differences in gold revenue allocation and purchase price for the central government, ensuring historical balances shown in the table and values after central government borrowing due to exchange rate liberalization policies 3 Contributions in local public institutions 4 Includes local banks, central government, and public institutions accounts

Total assets of the Central Bank of Sudan rose from 16,454,098.6 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 16,675,325.7 million Sudanese pounds in 2024, at a rate of 101.3%. This rise was attributed to an increase in the Revaluation Account item at a rate of 100.4%, temporary advances to the government for covering the state budget deficit at a rate of 135.4%, and foreign exchange reserves and balances with correspondents abroad at a rate of 66.1% due to the depreciation of the Sudanese pound against other currencies. Other accounts also rose at a rate of 130.1%. The rise in liabilities was primarily due to an increase in government and institutional accounts (Sight Liabilities item), with bank liabilities rising at a rate of 126.1%, local and state government liabilities at 116.1%, and public institution liabilities at 106.9%. Long-term liabilities also rose at a rate of 121.4% due to exchange rate changes. Payment agreements rose at a rate of 107.2%, while currency in circulation and coinage decreased at a rate of 5.2% due to the replacement of some currency denominations and war losses in processing bank vaults.

2.2.5. Operating Banks

Banks are generally classified into commercial and specialized banks, with their capital classified into government banks, joint banks, foreign banks, and mixed banks.

Table (2-5) illustrates the operating banks in Sudan as of the end of 2024 and 2023.

Table (2-5)
Operating Banks in Sudan as of the End of 2024 and 2023 (Number of Banks)

Statement | 2023 | 2024

Specialized Banks | 5 | 5

Joint | 3 | 3
Government | 2 | 2

Commercial Banks | 33 | 29

Joint | 24 | 24
Government | 1 | 1
Foreign | 8 | 4
Total (1) + (2) | 38 | 34

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Banking Regulation and Development - Banking Affairs Management

The number of operating banks decreased from 38 at the end of 2023 to 34 at the end of 2024 due to the cessation of activity of 4 banks, equivalent to 10.5% of the total banks, due to the consequences of the April 15 war.

Table (3-5) illustrates the geographical distribution of operating banks by states, including branches, agencies, representative offices, and windows, as of the end of 2024 and 2023.

Table (3-5)
Geographical Distribution of Banks as of the End of 2024 and 2023

Sennar | 25 (Branches: 25, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 26 (Branches: 25, Windows: 1, Rep Offices: 0) | 7.1
Blue Nile State | 16 (Branches: 16, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 17 (Branches: 16, Windows: 1, Rep Offices: 0) | 4.6 White Nile State | 37 (Branches: 37, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 43 (Branches: 37, Windows: 2, Rep Offices: 0) | 11.7 Eastern States | 91 (Branches: 91, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 124 (Branches: 91, Windows: 6, Rep Offices: 17) | 31.1
Gedaref | 38 (Branches: 38, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 32 (Branches: 38, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 10.9
Kassala | 20 (Branches: 20, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 22 (Branches: 20, Windows: 2, Rep Offices: 0) | 6.0
Red Sea State | 33 (Branches: 33, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 51 (Branches: 33, Windows: 3, Rep Offices: 16) | 14.2
Northern States | 84 (Branches: 84, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 93 (Branches: 84, Windows: 2, Rep Offices: 6) | 25.2
Northern State | 47 (Branches: 47, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 47 (Branches: 47, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 13.4
River Nile State | 37 (Branches: 37, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 46 (Branches: 37, Windows: 2, Rep Offices: 4) | 11.8
Kordofan States | 74 (Branches: 74, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 30 (Branches: 74, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 20.2
North Kordofan | 39 (Branches: 39, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 20 (Branches: 39, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 11.5
South Kordofan | 15 (Branches: 15, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 10 (Branches: 15, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 4.6
West Kordofan | 15 (Branches: 15, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 0 (Branches: 15, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 0.0
Darfur States | 322 (Branches: 322, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 309 (Branches: 322, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 100.0
North Darfur | 0 | 0 | 0.0
South Darfur | 0 | 0 | 0.0
West Darfur | 0 | 0 | 0.0
Central Darfur | 0 | 0 | 0.0
East Darfur | 1 (Branches: 1, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 1 (Branches: 1, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 0.0
Total | 366 (Branches: 322, Windows: 16, Rep Offices: 28) | 309 (Branches: 309, Windows: 0, Rep Offices: 0) | 100.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Banking Regulation and Development - Institutions Management Note: The number of branches reached 322 at the end of the first quarter of 2023, compared to 858 branches at the end of 2023.

At the end of 2024, Sudanese banks concentrated in the Eastern States at a rate of 40.1%, followed by the Northern States at 30.1%, the Central States at 18.4%, Kordofan States at 9.7%, Khartoum State at 1.3%, and Darfur States at 0.3%.

Table (3-5) shows a decrease in the number of operating bank branches in Sudan's states from 366 at the end of 2023 to 309 at the end of 2024, attributed to the consequences of the April 15 war on the banking sector and the relocation of bank activities from other states to safe states.

2.2.1.5. Consolidated Balance Sheet of Operating Banks

Table (4-5) illustrates the consolidated balance sheet of operating banks as of the end of 2024 and 2023, classified according to the international Monetary Fund monetary and financial statistics guide.

Table (4-5)
Consolidated Balance Sheet of Operating Banks as of the End of 2024 and 2023 (Million Sudanese Pounds)

Statement | 2023/12/31 | 2024/12/31 | % of Total | Change Rate % Total Assets | 8,742,376.6 | 9,617,292.0 | 100.0 | 110.0 Local Currency | 99,462.1 | 19,051.7 | 0.6 | 19.2 Balances with Central Bank of Sudan | 3,327,305.5 | 5,444,063.8 | 47.8 | 163.6 Balances with Other Banks | 582,432.9 | 575,054.5 | 6.3 | 98.7 Balances with Correspondents Abroad 1 | 1,377,894.4 | 2,005,557.8 | 18.4 | 145.6 Total Financing 2 | 2,419,946.6 | 1,263,630.0 | 20.1 | 52.2

Central Government Financing (Non-Direct) 3 | 3,683,576.5 | 1,263,630.0 | 20.1 | 52.2
Other Accounts 3 | 935,335.2 | 309,934.3 | 6.8 | 33.1 Total Liabilities | 8,742,376.6 | 9,617,292.0 | 100.0 | 110.0 Deposits of Residents 4 | 3,703,215.5 | 4,123,906.5 | 42.6 | 111.4
Public | 3,545,525.4 | 4,090,963.1 | 41.6 | 115.4
Government | 30,106.7 | 70,396.0 | 0.5 | 233.8
Public Institutions | 127,583.5 | (37,452.6) | 0.5 | (29.4)
Liabilities to Banks 5 | 977,646.2 | 1,266,689.9 | 12.2 | 129.6
Central Bank of Sudan | 319,213.1 | 366,277.6 | 3.7 | 114.7
Other Banks | 325,926.9 | 258,496.9 | 3.2 | 79.3
Correspondents Abroad | 332,506.1 | 641,915.5 | 5.3 | 193.1
Capital and Reserves | 900,792.7 | 606,466.8 | 8.2 | 67.3 Other Accounts | 3,160,722.2 | 3,620,228.7 | 36.9 | 114.5

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department

Preliminary data
1 Includes foreign currency balances with correspondents abroad and local currency 2 Includes central government financing (non-direct) 3 Includes other accounts 4 Includes central government, local governments, and public institutions 5 Includes inter-bank accounts

Total assets and liabilities of operating banks rose from 8,742,376.6 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 9,617,292.0 million Sudanese pounds in 2024, at a rate of 110.0%. This was due to an increase in balances with the Central Bank of Sudan at a rate of 163.6%, balances with correspondents abroad at a rate of 145.6% due to exchange rate deterioration, and balances with other banks at a rate of 98.7%. This reflects the reliance of the financial sector on banks, despite the cessation of activity of most non-commercial financial institutions during the war period in safe states, while some institutions assisted in resuming activities.

On the liabilities side, government deposits rose at a rate of 233.8% and public deposits at 115.4% due to the increase in demand for banking services from the public sector to manage all transactions and also from the household sector to facilitate revenue collection and fulfill government obligations. Deposits of public institutions decreased at a rate of 29.4% to facilitate revenue collection and fulfill current government obligations. Balances with correspondents abroad rose at a rate of 193.1% due to exchange rate fluctuations, and liabilities to the Central Bank of Sudan rose at a rate of 114.7% due to the increase in demand for banking services from the public sector to manage all transactions and from the household sector to facilitate revenue collection and fulfill government obligations.

Table (5-5) illustrates the total bank deposits as of the end of 2024 and 2023.

Table (5-5)
Total Bank Deposits as of the End of 2024 and 2023 (Million Sudanese Pounds)

Statement | Central Government | State Institutions | Public Sector | Total Current Deposits 2023 | 28,504.3 | 106,826.9 | 1,254,246.7 | 1,389,577.9 Current Deposits 2024 | 99,704.1 | 59,154.6 | 2,518,911.6 | 2,677,770.3 Change Rate % | 249.8 | (44.6) | 100.8 | 92.7 Savings Deposits 2023 | 23.8 | 174.5 | 1,952,665.4 | 1,952,863.7 Savings Deposits 2024 | 30.2 | 284.6 | 4,803,585.3 | 4,803,900.1 Change Rate % | 27.1 | 63.1 | 146.0 | 146.0 Investment Deposits 2023 | 1,556.0 | 20,317.3 | 333,709.0 | 355,582.3 Investment Deposits 2024 | 768.3 | 30,691.7 | 312,518.3 | 343,978.3 Change Rate % | (50.6) | 51.1 | (6.4) | (3.3) Other Deposits 2023 | 22.6 | 264.7 | 12,442.1 | 12,729.4 Other Deposits 2024 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17,145.2 | 17,145.2 Change Rate % | (100.0) | (100.0) | 37.8 | 34.7 Total Deposits 2023 | 30,106.7 | 127,583.5 | 3,553,063.1 | 3,710,753.2 Total Deposits 2024 | 100,502.6 | 90,130.9 | 7,652,160.4 | 7,842,793.9 Change Rate % | 233.8 | (29.4) | 115.4 | 111.4

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department 1 Includes resident deposits only in local and foreign currencies 2 Includes public deposits, companies, and non-commercial financial institutions

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 69

The 75th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Total deposits from operating banks rose from 3,710,753.2 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 7,842,793.9 million Sudanese pounds, representing an increase of 111.4% compared to a 14.9% increase in 2023. This resulted from an increase in current deposits at a rate of 92.7%, savings deposits at a rate of 146.0%, and other deposits (including investment deposits, letters of guarantee, and letters of credit) at a rate of 61.3%, which contributed 34.7% to total deposits. Meanwhile, investment deposits decreased at a rate of 3.3% due to the repercussions of the war on savings patterns.

2.2.2.5 Banking Financing

Total banking financing granted to the private sector and institutions in Sudan includes banking financing. Banking financing represents the balance of banking financing in local and foreign currencies, and local and state governments, granted to various economic sectors by banks until the date of maturity or repayment, whichever comes first, or because it is not yet due for repayment, or because it is not considered due for repayment due to being non-performing. Banking financing flow reflects the volume of banking financing granted by banks to various economic sectors over a specific period. For the purposes of this report, data is not available for a specific single year.

Table (5-6) shows the total balance of banking financing granted by operating banks at the end of each economic activity based on (5-6) for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-6)
Banking Financing Balance in Local and Foreign Currencies By Economic Activity at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

Sector	2023	% of Total	2024	% of Total	% Change
Agriculture	417,658.6	17.5	819,509.3	22.2	96.2
Industry	513,755.0	21.5	689,688.8	18.6	34.2
Local Trade	277,859.4	11.6	675,189.9	18.3	143.0
Export	223,178.9	9.3	333,717.2	9.0	49.5
Import	197,457.5	8.3	279,433.4	7.6	41.5
Transport and Storage	130,686.5	5.5	150,456.5	4.1	15.1
Construction 1	109,115.0	4.6	82,915.5	2.2	(24.0)
Mining	53,996.3	2.3	50,117.8	1.4	(7.2)
Non-financial Institutions	30,557.1	1.3	31,704.9	0.9	3.8

1 See Appendix No. (2) which shows the flow of banking financing in local currency by economic activity during the years 2021 and 2022. 2 See Appendix No. (1) which shows the forms of banking financing in local currency during the years 2021 and 2022.

The 76th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Sector	2023	% of Total	2024	% of Total	% Change
Local and State Governments	2,084.8	0.1	8,856.4	0.2	324.8
Others 2	431,095.0	18.1	577,757.7	15.6	34.0
Total Financing	2,387,444.2	100.0	3,699,347.3	100.0	55.0

Source: Statistics Department - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Central Bank of Sudan

1 Includes financing directed to development projects and infrastructure.
2 Includes financing balances in the sectors mentioned above for the non-banking services sector.

Note: Financing data in local and foreign currencies does not include financing to the federal government.

The balance of banking financing granted by operating banks increased from 2,387,444.2 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 3,699,347.3 million Sudanese pounds in 2024, an increase of 55.0%. This increase resulted from a rise in the balance of financing granted to local and state governments by 324.8%, compared to a 0.1% decrease in 2023. Financing also increased to sectors such as agriculture and local trade at rates of 96.2% and 143.0% respectively, and to the export, import, industry, transport and storage, non-financial institutions, and mining sectors at rates of 41.5%, 49.5%, 34.2%, 15.1%, 3.8%, and 3.6% respectively. Meanwhile, the financing balance for the construction and mining sectors decreased at rates of 24.0% and 7.2% respectively. Financing granted to the agriculture, industry, and export sectors represents 51.2% of total granted financing, while financing granted to transport and storage, import, mining, and construction represents 4.1%, 7.6%, 2.2%, and 4.1% respectively of the total balance of banking financing at the end of 2024.

3.2.5 Financial and Budgetary Unity Indicators for Banks

The Central Bank of Sudan aims to preserve banking safety and achieve financial stability by ensuring the efficiency of the banking system. It activates supervisory and regulatory procedures in line with international systems and standards to reduce credit risks. The financial safety indicators for operating banks are 1.3.2.5 based on Basel Committee requirements.

These indicators include the quality and efficiency of assets, capital adequacy, and the extent to which banks use indicators of liquidity, profitability, and stability to protect depositors and enhance the stability of the banking device. They also address the principles and guidelines of Basel II and Basel III regarding capital adequacy to confront risks threatening bank operations. Sudan complies with the application of Basel I, but there is no difference in the simplified ratio of capital adequacy, as the principles applied in Sudan are limited only to Pillar I. Basel II includes risk-weighted assets, making the calculation of the ratio more realistic. Basel standards indicated that the minimum allowed capital adequacy ratio should not be less than 8%, in addition to operational, credit, and market risks. The minimum ratio for capital adequacy was stricter at 12%. The regulatory authorities in Sudan have adopted Basel III, which addresses liquidity and leverage risks. However, Sudan has not yet applied these standards.

The 77th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

The importance of these indicators lies in taking into account that financial risks are among the most important risks, such as exchange rate risk, due to their impact on the financial system and financing.

International standards consider capital adequacy as a measure of the degree of credit, market, and operational risks among banks. Capital adequacy indicators include the capital adequacy ratio, the ratio of total liabilities to total financing, and the ratio of provisions for non-performing financing to non-performing liabilities.

Capital adequacy indicators depend on the extent of financial risk in the opposite direction; assets, the quality of assets, and the ability of the financial institution to convert assets into liquidity. In addition to the quality of assets, which are mostly non-banking and banking, the quality of assets is considered when evaluating financing risk. Liquidity indicators are used to measure the extent to which the bank can meet its short-term obligations. They include the ratio of liquid assets to total assets.

Profitability indicators measure the extent of profitability. The decrease in the ratio indicates the existence of challenges facing operating banks, while the increase in the ratio indicates the effectiveness of the policies adopted by banks in investing in financial assets. Profitability indicators include the return on assets and the return on equity, which are less risky.

The most important indicators for measuring the degree of financial safety are as follows:

1.1.3.2.5 Capital Adequacy Ratio

The capital adequacy ratio (a) means the ability of the bank to hold qualified capital (regulatory capital) to face banking risks. It is calculated by dividing capital by risk-weighted assets. Capital consists of basic capital, which includes basic qualified capital and supplementary capital. Basic qualified capital includes legal reserves, additional reserves, and disclosed profits from the current year. Supplementary capital consists of 45% of the fixed asset reserve, 1.25% of uncollected shareholder loans, and foreign currency assets. The denominator consists of the higher of risk-weighted assets or general provisions for financing, plus operational and market risks.

(b) The ratio of total non-performing liabilities to total financing measures the volume of non-performing financing (bad financing) out of total financing. This indicator explains the extent of asset quality.

The indicator is measured by dividing non-performing financing by total financing. It consists of various financing forms classified as non-performing, such as participations, murabahas, letters of guarantee, and letters of credit, in addition to other forms. The denominator consists of the total financing portfolio of the bank, including various financing forms. Non-performing financing includes direct and indirect financing in short-term financial instruments (Sukuk).

(c) Provisions for non-performing liabilities to non-performing financing means setting aside profits to cover potential losses arising from financing default. This ratio reflects the bank's ability to face risks of collecting non-performing and doubtful financing. The indicator is measured by dividing provisions for non-performing financing by total non-performing financing. The denominator consists of the actual provisions made by the bank for financing classified as non-performing, including various financing forms such as participations, murabahas, letters of guarantee, and letters of credit.

2.1.3.2.5 Liquidity Indicators

The ratio of liquid assets to total assets is considered one of the most important indicators showing the extent to which the bank holds liquid assets and assets that can be easily converted into cash, especially in cases of financial insolvency. The indicator is measured by dividing total liquid assets by total assets of the bank. Liquid assets include cash and balances of current accounts with the Central Bank that are under the bank's control. The denominator consists of total assets of the bank, including investments in deposits and securities issued by the bank or the state or the Central Bank.

3.1.3.2.5 Profitability Indicators

(a) Return on Assets is calculated by dividing net profit before tax by total assets of the bank. It indicates the bank's ability to achieve profits from utilizing its assets.

(b) Return on Equity means the bank's ability to generate profits on each unit of shareholders' equity. An increase in the ratio before tax due to a decrease in capital or an increase in net profit indicates an increase in the investor's ability to purchase assets or an increase in production capacity for the purpose of increasing capital. A decrease in the ratio indicates a decrease in net profit or an increase in capital due to the purchase of new assets or a restructuring of capital structure or the sale of some assets.

The 79th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Table (5-7) and Figure (5-1) show the most important financial safety indicators for operating banks at the end of 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-7)
Financial Safety Indicators for Operating Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

Source: Banking Supervision Department - General Administration of Banking Supervision - Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data
Preliminary data

The standard applied before the Islamic Financial Services Board takes into account the characteristics of Islamic financial systems.
The capital adequacy ratio for 2022 is calculated from the data of the third quarter of the same year.
Data includes branches of Sudanese banks inside and outside Sudan.

Indicator	2023	2024	% Change
Capital Adequacy Ratio (%)
Regulatory Capital	147,659	75,477	2.1	1.5
Risk-Weighted Assets	6,899,464	5,127,855
Total Non-Performing Liabilities to Total Financing (%)
Total Non-Performing Financing	256,155	727,945	10.1	16.5
Total Financing Portfolio	2,540,081	4,403,319
Provisions for Non-Performing Financing to Non-Performing Liabilities (%)
Provisions for Financing	165,623	317,833	64.7	43.6
Total Non-Performing Financing	256,155	727,945
Return on Assets (%)
Net Profit Before Tax	286,979	659,935	3.6	4.1
Total Assets	7,981,430	16,148,981
Return on Equity (%)
Net Profit Before Tax	286,979	659,935	40.0	49.3
Shareholders' Equity (and Reserves)	717,802	1,339,139
Liquid Assets to Total Assets (%)
Liquid Assets	4,822,043	10,926,357	60.4	67.7
Total Assets	7,981,430	16,148,981

The 80th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Figure (5-1)
Financial Safety Indicators for Operating Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024

The capital adequacy ratio decreased from 2.1% in 2023 to 1.5% in 2024, resulting from a decrease in risk-weighted assets by 25.7% compared to the standard ratio of 12%. The ratio of total non-performing liabilities to total financing increased from 10.1% in 2023 to 16.5% in 2024, resulting from an increase in the volume of non-performing financing by 184.2% compared to an increase in the total financing portfolio by 73.4%, thereby exceeding the standard ratio of 6%. The ratio of provisions for non-performing financing to non-performing liabilities decreased from 64.7% in 2023 to 43.6% in 2024, resulting from an increase in total non-performing financing by 184.2% compared to an increase in financing provisions by 91.9%, while remaining within the standard limits ranging between 60-70%.

The return on assets increased from 3.6% in 2023 to 4.1% in 2024, due to an increase in net profit before tax by 130.0% compared to an increase in total assets by 102.3%, thereby exceeding the standard ratio of 1.25%.

Islamic Financial Services Board

The 81st Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

The return on equity increased from 40.0% in 2023 to 49.3% in 2024, due to an increase in net profit before tax by 130.0% compared to an increase in total shareholders' equity (and reserves) by 86.6%. The ratio of liquid assets to total assets increased from 60.4% in 2023 to 67.7% in 2024, exceeding the general standard, due to an increase in liquid assets by 126.6% compared to an increase in total assets by 102.3%, within the range of 30-40%.

2.3.2.5 Budgetary Unity Indicators for Banks

These indicators include ratios related to the funding structure of capital, including shareholders' equity and depositors' funds. They are:

(a) The ratio of total deposits to total liabilities is an indicator of the bank's reliance on depositors' funds. It consists of total bank deposits, including current, savings, and investment deposits, letters of guarantee, and letters of credit, divided by total liabilities, which include all types of deposits and loans and other obligations.

(b) The ratio of capital (shareholders' equity) and reserves to total liabilities shows the extent of shareholders' equity contribution. A decrease in this ratio indicates an increase in risks borne by depositors. It consists of total shareholders' equity, including paid-up capital, additional reserves, retained profits, and reserves, divided by total liabilities, which include all types of deposits and loans and other obligations.

(c) The ratio of total financing to total assets reflects the extent of asset utilization (granting financing). It consists of the total financing portfolio, which includes all forms of financing, divided by total assets of the bank, including financial instruments (Sukuk).

(d) The ratio of total financing to total deposits indicates the extent to which depositors' funds were used in granting financing. It consists of the total financing portfolio, which includes all forms of financing, including financial instruments (Sukuk), divided by total bank deposits, including current, savings, and investment deposits, letters of guarantee, and letters of credit.

Table (5-8) shows the budgetary unity indicators for operating banks at the end of 2023 and 2024.

The 82nd Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Table (5-8)
Budgetary Unity Indicators for Operating Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

Indicator	2023	2024	% Change
1. Total Deposits to Total Liabilities (%)
Total Deposits	3,710,753.2	7,842,793.9	111.4	42.4	42.7
Total Liabilities	8,742,376.6	18,359,668.6	110.0
2. Capital and Reserves to Total Liabilities (%)
Capital and Reserves	900,792.7	1,507,259.5	67.3	8.2	10.3
Total Liabilities	8,742,376.6	18,359,668.6	110.0
3. Total Financing to Total Assets (%)
Total Financing	2,387,444.2	3,699,347.3	55.0	20.1	27.3
Total Assets	8,742,376.6	18,359,668.6	110.0
4. Total Financing to Total Deposits (%)
Total Financing	2,387,444.2	3,699,347.3	55.0	47.2	64.3
Total Deposits	3,710,753.2	7,842,793.9	111.4

Source: Statistics Department - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data
Estimated data

The ratio of total deposits to total liabilities increased from 42.4% at the end of 2023 to 42.7% at the end of 2024, due to an increase in total deposits by 111.4% compared to an increase in total liabilities by 110.0%. The ratio of capital and reserves to total liabilities decreased from 10.3% in 2023 to 8.2% in 2024, due to an increase in capital and reserves by 67.3% compared to an increase in total liabilities by 110.0%. The ratio of total financing to total assets decreased from 27.3% in 2023 to 20.1% in 2024, resulting from an increase in total financing by 55.0% compared to an increase in total assets by 110.0%. The ratio of total financing to total deposits decreased from 64.3% in 2023 to 47.2% in 2024, resulting from an increase in total financing by 55.0% compared to an increase in total deposits by 111.4%.

4.2.5 Smaller Financing

The number of active smaller financing clients in banks decreased from 619 thousand at the end of 2023 to 548 thousand at the end of 2024, representing a decrease of 11.5% due to the continued repercussions of the negative effects of the Fifth of April war in 2023.

1.4.2.5 Smaller Financing Granted by Banks

The Central Bank of Sudan continued to implement its policies aimed at employing a ratio of at least 12% of the total financing portfolio for smaller financing, whether through wholesale financing to smaller financing institutions or direct financing to their clients, or through cooperative associations.

Table (5-9) shows the volume of smaller financing granted by banks at the end of 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-9)
Volume of Smaller Financing Granted by Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

Indicator	2023	2024	% Change
Total Banking Financing	2,387,444.2	3,699,347.3	55.0
Targeted Smaller Financing Volume according to Policy	286,493.3	443,921.7	55.0
Actual Smaller Financing Volume through Institutions	38,787.3	31,119.7	(19.8)
Actual Smaller Financing Volume through Banks for Small and Direct Clients	132,229.3	72,186.4	(45.4)
Actual Smaller Financing as a % of Targeted Smaller Financing Total	59.7	23.3	23.3
Smaller Financing as a % of Total Banking Financing	7.2	2.8	2.8

Source: Smaller Financing Unit - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics - Central Bank of Sudan

Preliminary/Estimated data

The Central Bank of Sudan's policies targeted employing a ratio of at least 12% of the total financing portfolio for smaller financing for the years 2023 and 2024.

The actual volume of smaller financing through institutions decreased from 38,787.3 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 31,119.7 million Sudanese pounds in 2024, a decrease of 19.8%. The actual volume of smaller financing for small and direct clients through banks decreased from 132,229.3 million Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 72,186.4 million Sudanese pounds in 2024, a decrease of 45.4%. It is noted that the ratio of actual smaller financing to targeted smaller financing total decreased from 59.7% at the end of 2023 to 23.3% at the end of 2024, an increase of 1.2% in 2023. The performance ratio of actual smaller financing to total banking financing also decreased from 7.2% in 2023 to 2.8% in 2024. All of this is attributed to the continued repercussions of the negative effects of the Fifth of April war in 2023, and the transfer of banking activities to their branches through relatively safe states.

The 84th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Figure (5-2) shows the volume of smaller financing granted by banks at the end of 2023 and 2024.

Figure (5-2)
Volume of Smaller Financing Granted by Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024

2.4.2.5 Smaller Financing Granted through Smaller Financing Institutions

The number of smaller financing companies and institutions remained at 51 institutions at the end of 2024, as it was at the end of each of the years 2022 and 2023. Table (5-10) shows the sources of financing for smaller financing institutions at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-10)
Sources of Financing for Smaller Financing Institutions at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

Source	2023	% of Total 2023	2024	% of Total 2024	% Change
Central Bank of Sudan	228.3	0.5	228.3	0.6	0.0
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development	664.4	1.4	664.4	1.7	0.0
Banks	43,842.5	94.1	37,390.1	93.1	(14.7)
Islamic Development Bank in partnership with Jeddah	350.7	0.8	350.7	0.9	0.0
Sahel and Sahara Bank - Tunisia	1,520.0	3.3	1,520.0	3.8	0.0
Total	46,605.9	100.0	40,153.5	100.0	(13.8)

Source: Smaller Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data
Estimated data

Note: The exit of the Central Bank of Sudan from the financing process for smaller financing institutions began in 2023. The Sahel and Sahara Bank - Tunisia started financing smaller financing institutions in the same year.

The 85th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

The total balance of smaller financing granted through smaller financing institutions decreased from 46,605.9 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2023 to 40,153.5 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2024, a decrease of 13.8%. This decrease resulted from a decrease in the total financing granted in the banking sector, with the amount reaching 37,390.1 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2024, compared to 43,842.5 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2023, a decrease of 14.7%.

Figure (5-3) shows the contribution percentages of sources of financing for smaller financing institutions at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Figure (5-3)
Contribution Percentages of Sources of Financing for Smaller Financing Institutions at the end of 2023 and 2024

Banks contributed to the total balance of smaller financing granted through smaller financing institutions with a ratio of 93.1% in 2024. The contribution ratio of Sahel and Sahara Bank - Tunisia reached 3.8%, and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development reached 1.7%, and the Islamic Development Bank in partnership with Jeddah reached 0.9%, and the Central Bank of Sudan reached 0.6%.

Table (5-11) shows the non-performing smaller financing in smaller financing institutions and banks at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

The 86th Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan

Table (5-11)
Non-Performing Smaller Financing in Smaller Financing Institutions and Banks at the end of 2023 and 2024 (In million Sudanese pounds)

	2023	% of Total	2024	% of Total	% Change
1. Institutions
Existing Smaller Financing	51,051.8	27.6	46,178.2	30.6	(9.5)
Non-Performing Smaller Financing	26,945.0	95.2	17,950.0	39.2	(33.4)
Default Ratio in Institutions		52.8	38.9
2. Banks
Existing Smaller Financing	133,992.4	72.4	104,957.4	69.4	(21.7)
Non-Performing Smaller Financing	1,359.0	4.8	27,810.7	60.8	1,946.5
Default Ratio in Banks		1.0	26.5
3. Total
Existing Smaller Financing	185,044.2		151,135.7		(18.3)
Non-Performing Smaller Financing	28,303.9		45,760.7		61.7
Smaller Financing Default Ratio		15.3	30.3

Source: Smaller Financing Unit - Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data
Estimated data

The smaller financing default ratio increased from 15.3% in 2023 to 30.3% in 2024, due to an increase in the default ratio in banks from 1.0% in 2023 to 26.5% in 2024, while the default ratio in institutions decreased from 52.8% in 2023 to 38.9% in 2024. This is due to the continued negative effects of the Fifth of April war in 2023.

5.2.5 Credit Scoring and Classification Agency

The activity of the Credit Scoring and Classification Agency consists of providing credit information to clients (Credit Scoring). This is done through collecting demographic data and data for clients, smaller financing institutions, leasing companies, and banks. This helps the Central Bank of Sudan in the form of credit reports to analyze and evaluate the creditworthiness of clients. The agency also helps financing-granting institutions identify potential risks, such as default on obligations (default).

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Based on an analysis of customers' historical behavior, new financing operations are conducted based on an evaluation of information that helps customers obtain financing. This includes adding information about customers on the existing black list to the data agency.

The agency's activity ceased on May 5, 2023, due to the outbreak of the Ten-Day War in April 2023. The system was reactivated in April 2024 after updating the data of financial institutions and banks. The following reviews the agency's performance in issuing credit codes to customers during the year 2024.

Table (12-5) shows the status of issuing credit codes to customers at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (12-5)
Status of Issuing Credit Codes to Customers at the End of 2023 and 2024

Statement	2023	2024*	Change Rate %
Individuals	1,740,476	1,797,260	3.3
Companies	30,483	35,014	14.9
Organizations	33,367	34,346	2.9
Total	1,804,326	1,866,620	3.5

Source: Credit Reference Agency

Adjusted data

Organizations include voluntary organizations such as mosques, cooperatives, and associations, which do not have a commercial register or tax number, as well as neighborhood service committees, clubs, and unions.

The total number of credit codes issued by the agency increased from 1,804,326 codes at the end of 2023 to 1,866,620 codes at the end of 2024, at a rate of 3.5% during the year 2024.

6.2.5 Electronic Banking Services Company (EBS)

The Electronic Banking Services Company (EBS) was established in 1999 as a joint-stock company specifically between the Central Bank of Sudan and the Sudanese Telecommunications Union in May 2000. The company aims to develop the electronic clearing system and provide the inter-bank linking service between Sudanese banks and the Central Bank of Sudan, known as Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) or SIRG (Sudanese Inter-bank Real Time Gross Settlement).

See Appendix (3) for the number of credit inquiries for customers at the end of each of the years 2021 and 2022.

Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
Sudanese Inter-bank Real Time Gross Settlement (SIRG)

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 88

The company contributed to pushing the wheel of banking technology in Sudan forward during the development of electronic payment systems, including facilitating the use of the SWIFT system for external electronic payments, in addition to other electronic payments such as ATMs, POS terminals, electronic banking cards, and electronic wallets.

The activity of the Electronic Banking Services Company was negatively affected by the Ten-Day War in April 2023.

Non-financial financial institutions include exchange companies, the Sudan Financial Services Company, and the Limited Company. These institutions include insurance companies, the Khartoum Stock Exchange, the Sudanese Deposit and Guarantee Fund for Financial Investment, the Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency, the Interbank Liquidity Management Fund, the Export and Finance Insurance Agency, and microfinance institutions.

As mentioned previously, the non-financial financial institutions were affected by the Ten-Day War in April 2023 due to the lack or weakness of their geographical spread until the end of the year, where their activity was concentrated largely in Khartoum State, making it difficult to transfer their activity to other states, except for the Sudanese Deposit and Guarantee Fund and the Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency.

1.3.5 Exchange Companies

Table (13-5) shows the resources and uses of exchange companies during the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (13-5)
Resources and Uses of Exchange Companies During 2023 and 2024

Statement	2023	2024	Change Rate %
Total Available Resources	-	24,248,173.51	-
Total Uses	-	1,191,083.60	-

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Policies, Research and Statistics

Preliminary data

2.3.5 Deposit Insurance Fund

The Deposit Insurance Fund was established in 1996 by a law for the guarantee of bank deposits, with contributions from each of the Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, and the Central Bank of Sudan. The fund aims to insure bank deposits and enhance trust in the banking system, especially when the banking authority takes decisions to liquidate, merge, or revoke licenses, particularly for small depositors. It is a branch of the Financial System Safety Device for the Banking System, which works to strengthen trust in the banking network. It also plays a remedial or corrective role in improving the situation of weak banks, in addition to its preventive role, complementing the supervisory role of the Central Bank of Sudan to achieve financial system safety.

The fund works to ensure stability and safety of banks subject to the fund's guarantee and to strengthen trust in them through regular analysis of their centers, especially small depositors. It helps in taking early corrective measures to ensure the effectiveness of its preventive role in discovering weaknesses in any bank through joint coordination committees held in consultation with the Central Bank of Sudan, ensuring that the deposit guarantee is a complementary role to the Central Bank's supervision. While the Central Bank explicitly guarantees bank deposits through supervision, policies, monetary directions, preventive guidelines, inspections, restructuring, and determining ratios and provisions, the ultimate decision to merge or liquidate is made by the Central Bank of Sudan, after which the Deposit Insurance Fund pays the depositors according to the law.

Table (14-5) shows the volume of shareholders' contributions to the Deposit Insurance Fund at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (14-5)
Volume of Shareholders' Contributions to the Deposit Insurance Fund at the End of Each of the Years 2023 and 2024

Statement	2023 Shareholders % of Total	2023 Amount (Million SDG)	2024 Shareholders % of Total	2024 Amount (Million SDG)	Change Rate %
Banks	10.7	1,348.0	23.7	1,390.7	(3.1)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning	10.3	1,300.0	10.3	1,300.0	3.4
Central Bank of Sudan	10.3	1,300.0	10.3	1,300.0	3.4
Investment Deposit Owners	68.6	8,622.5	69.5	4,085.6	1
Total	100.0	12,570.5	100.0	5,876.3	113.9

Source: Deposit Insurance Fund

Adjusted data
Preliminary data

Deducting the principal of their deposits from those deposit owners through the banks on their behalf.
According to paragraph (a) of Article 19 of the 1996 Law for the Guarantee of Bank Deposits, insured banks pay an amount equivalent to two in ten thousand (0.002) of their total current and savings deposits annually.

The ratio was raised to three in ten thousand (0.003) according to paragraph (c) of the same article, which states that investment account owners pay an amount equivalent to two in ten thousand (0.002) of their total investment deposits annually. The Board of Directors may, in consultation with the shareholders, modify the contribution ratios according to Article 5 of the Law, which stipulates that "the annual contribution rate is variable according to what the Board deems necessary."

The volume of contributions to the Deposit Insurance Fund increased from 5,876.3 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2023 to 12,570.5 million Sudanese pounds at the end of 2024, at a rate of 113.9% during the year 2024. This is due to the increase in the volume of insured deposits in the banking system, where the annual contribution rate is a percentage of the total average insured deposits in the banking system.

3.3.5 Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency (Taysir)

The Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency (Taysir) was established in 2013 pursuant to a law issued by the National Council in that year. It began its activity in 2015. It is a Sudanese financial institution of general benefit that works to provide wholesale guarantees to obtain banking financing. It aims to implement policies related to reducing and supporting poverty within or outside Sudan, by activating the role of banks and other financial institutions in the field of microfinance in Sudan and encouraging their entry into this field, according to the ratio determined by the Central Bank of Sudan.

The agency's tasks and competencies are as follows:

a. To assist banks and microfinance institutions in obtaining funds from national, regional, and international financial institutions. b. To work to promote and develop the microfinance industry through raising awareness and developing the capacities of the target groups, and to provide markets for microfinance projects.
c. To issue guarantee documents for banks and institutions for microfinance according to the provisions of the agency's law.
d. To work on the spread of small projects by providing guarantee facilities for microfinance institutions.

Table (15-5) shows the guarantee letters issued by the Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency (Taysir) according to beneficiaries at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (15-5)
Guarantee Letters Issued by the Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency According to Beneficiaries at the End of Each of the Years 2023 and 2024

Statement	2023	2024
	Number of Letters	Amount (Million SDG)	% of Total	Number of Letters	Amount (Million SDG)	% of Total
Banks	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Federal Institutions	14	1,406.3	96.4	0	0.0	0.0
State Institutions	2	52.5	3.6	0	0.0	0.0
Rural Institutions	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Total	16	1,458.8	100.0	0	0.0	0.0

Source: Microfinance Facilitation and Guarantee Agency (Taysir)

The total number of guarantee letters issued in 2023 reached 16 letters with an amount of 1,458.8 million Sudanese pounds. No guarantee letters were issued during the year 2024.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 92
Central Bank of Sudan

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 93
Chapter Six

National Accounts and Demographic Changes for the Year 2024

1.6 Introduction

This chapter deals with the total domestic product at current prices and per capita, aggregate demand, and the current account, reflecting the inflation rates. It also deals with demographic changes, including population size, age structure, and unemployment rate.

National Accounts are considered a systematic accounting framework that allows for the collection and presentation of macroeconomic information. This information is used to evaluate and monitor economic performance, identify imbalances in the economy, and prepare economic policies, plans, and programs. It also provides a comprehensive view of the economy from various aspects, such as measuring production, income distribution and generation among sectors, and then addressing them. These accounts are prepared according to the System of National Accounts (SNA) issued by the International Monetary Fund in 1968.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the sum of the values of market goods and services produced domestically during a specific period of time. Three methods are used to calculate it (usually annually):

The Production Method (Value Added or Output Method): The total domestic product equals the sum of value added in all economic sectors. This is done by aggregating the value of products (goods and services) by economic sectors (activities) at current prices, excluding the value of intermediate goods and services.
The Income Method: The total domestic product equals the sum of income from production factors. This includes wages and employee compensation, interest, capital consumption allowances, profits, rents, and other incomes, plus subsidies minus taxes on production.
The Expenditure Method: The total domestic product equals the sum of private consumption expenditure, government investment, private investment, and net foreign trade.
System of National Accounts
The Central Statistical Organization follows the first two methods for preparing national accounts.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 94

2.6 Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices by Economic Activities

Table (1-6) and Figure (1-6) show the total domestic product at constant prices by sector for the years 2023 and 2024, calculated on the basis of 1981/1982 prices.

Table (1-6)
Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices by Economic Activities for 2023 and 2024

Base: 1981/1982 Prices
(Thousand SDG)

Sector	2023 *	2024 *
	Value	Growth Rate %	Contribution %	Value	Growth Rate %	Contribution %
Agriculture Sector 1	7,439.7	(4.4)	31.8	7,782.7	14.9	34.8
Agricultural Crops	(16.2)	1,896.8	8.9	(38.0)	2,263.6	9.3
Livestock	0.4	5,422.6	25.4	0.7	5,402.3	22.1
Forestry	3.0	20.6	0.1	(6.5)	20.0	0.1
Fishing	3.0	99.7	0.5	(9.1)	96.8	0.4
Industry Sector 2	4,207.3	(26.4)	19.7	5,715.0	(25.8)	23.4
Mining and Quarrying	0.1	354.5	1.7	(32.6)	354.1	1.4
Manufacturing Industries	(40.3)	2,325.2	10.9	(28.0)	3,895.4	15.9
Electricity, Gas and Water	9.3	964.9	4.5	(19.5)	883.0	3.6
Construction	(3.4)	562.8	2.6	(13.6)	582.5	2.4
Services Sector	9,703.4	(11.5)	45.4	10,961.8	(38.5)	44.8
Trade, Hotels and Restaurants	(4.9)	2,269.2	10.6	(22.0)	2,386.8	9.8
Transport and Communications	2.9	3,047.3	14.3	(18.0)	2,960.2	12.1
Banking and Insurance Companies, Real Estate	(19.7)	3,066.9	14.4	(26.6)	3,819.4	15.6
Government Sector	(37.4)	651.5	3.1	(80.0)	1,040.8	4.3
Non-Profit Services	(11.4)	668.5	3.1	1.6	754.6	3.1
Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices	21,350.4	(12.7)	100.0	24,459.5	(29.4)	100.0
GDP Deflator	1,885,562.7			1,075,905.6
Total Domestic Product at Current Prices	40,257,517.0	(14.5)	53.0	26,316,114.0		(75.3)

(Million SDG)

Source: Central Statistical Organization

Estimated data

Agriculture Sector includes Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing.
Industry Sector includes Extractive Industries, Manufacturing Industries, and Handicrafts.
See Table (3-6) for more details.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 95

Figure (1-6)
Growth Rate of Sectors for 2023 and 2024

It is noted from Table (1-6) and Figure (1-6) that the growth rate of the total domestic product at constant prices improved from a negative rate of 29.4% in 2023 to a negative rate of 12.7% in 2024. This is attributed to the improvement in the growth rate of the Services Sector from a negative rate of 38.5% to a negative rate of 11.5%, and the improvement in the growth rate of the Agricultural Sector from a negative rate of 14.9% to a negative rate of 4.4%. Meanwhile, the growth rate of the Industrial Sector decreased from a negative rate of 25.8% to a negative rate of 26.4%.

The growth rate of the Agricultural Sector improved due to the improvement in the growth rate of most of its sub-sectors. The growth rate of Agricultural Crops rose from a negative rate of 38.0% in 2023 to a negative rate of 16.2% in 2024. Forestry rose from a negative rate of 9.1% to a positive rate of 3.0%. Fishing rose from a negative rate of 6.5% to a positive rate of 0.4%. Meanwhile, the growth rate of Livestock decreased from 0.7% to 0.4%.

The growth rate of the Services Sector improved due to the improvement in the growth rate of most of its sub-sectors. The Government Sector rose from a negative rate of 80.0% in 2023 to a negative rate of 37.4% in 2024. Trade, Hotels and Restaurants rose from a negative rate of 22.0% to a negative rate of 4.9%. Transport and Communications rose from a negative rate of 18.0% to a positive rate of 2.9%.

The growth rate of the Industrial Sector decreased due to the decrease in the growth rate of Manufacturing Industries from a negative rate of 28.0% in 2023 to a negative rate of 40.3% in 2024. Despite the rise in the growth rate of Mining and Quarrying from a negative rate of 32.6% to a positive rate of 0.1%, and the rise in the growth rate of Electricity, Gas and Water from a negative rate of 19.5% to a positive rate of 9.3%, the growth rate of Construction improved from a negative rate of 13.6% to a negative rate of 3.4%.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 96

1.2.6 Contribution of Economic Sectors to GDP

Figure (2-6) shows the contribution of economic sectors to the total domestic product at constant prices for the years 2023 and 2024.

Figure (2-6)
Contribution of Economic Sectors to Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices for 2023 and 2024

It is noted from Figure (2-6) that the contribution of the Agricultural Sector to the total domestic product increased from 31.8% in 2023 to 34.8% in 2024. This is due to the increase in the contribution of Livestock from 22.1% to 25.4%, and Fishing from 0.4% to 0.5%. Meanwhile, the contribution of Agricultural Crops decreased from 8.9% to 9.3%, and Forestry remained stable at 0.1% for both years 2023 and 2024.

The contribution of the Services Sector to the total domestic product also increased from 44.8% in 2023 to 45.4% in 2024. This is due to the increase in the contribution of Trade, Hotels and Restaurants from 9.8% to 10.6%, and Transport and Communications from 12.1% to 14.3%.

Meanwhile, the contribution of the Industrial Sector to the total domestic product decreased from 23.4% in 2023 to 19.7% in 2024. Despite the increase in the contribution of Mining and Quarrying from 1.4% to 1.7%, and Manufacturing Industries from 10.9% to 15.9%, the contribution of Electricity, Gas and Water decreased from 3.6% to 4.5%, and Construction from 2.4% to 2.6%.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 97

2.2.3 Growth Rate of Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices

Table (2-6) and Figure (2-6) show the growth rate of the total domestic product at constant prices during the period (2020-2024), calculated on the basis of 1981/1982 prices.

Table (2-6)
Growth Rate of Total Domestic Product at Constant Prices During the Period (2020-2024)

Statement	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024*
GDP Growth Rate %	(1.6)	(1.9)	(0.8)	(29.4)	(12.7)

Source: Central Statistical Organization

Estimated data

Figure (3-6)
Trend of GDP Growth Rate for the Period (2020-2024)

It is shown from Table (2-6) and Figure (3-6) that the general trend of the GDP growth rate during the period (2020-2024) reached negative rates, reaching a negative rate of 29.4% in 2023 due to the Ten-Day War in April 2023, which had major economic repercussions, including the disruption of productive and service activities and the disruption of supply chains. Despite this, the growth rate showed a relative improvement, reaching a negative rate of 12.7% in 2024.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 98

3.6 Total Domestic Product at Current Prices by Economic Activities

Table (3-6) shows the total domestic product at current prices by economic activities (Value Added or Output Method) for the years 2023 and 2024. Figures (4-6) and (5-6) also show the contribution of sectors to the total domestic product and the growth rate for the years 2023 and 2024 at current prices.

Table (3-6)
Total Domestic Product at Current Prices by Economic Activities for 2023 and 2024

(Million SDG)

Sector	Year	Value	Growth Rate %	Contribution %
Agriculture Sector 1	2023	11,960,239	56.7	29.7
	2024	7,633,372	(5.9)	29.0
Agricultural Crops	2023	4,142,518	52.7	10.3
	2024	2,712,925	(16.2)	10.3
Livestock	2023	7,539,465	58.2	18.7
	2024	4,766,155	0.2	18.1
Forestry	2023	19,016	30.6	0.0
	2024	14,560	(23.3)	0.1
Fishing	2023	259,240	85.5	0.6
	2024	139,732	48.0	0.5
Industry Sector 2	2023	8,526,182	51.3	21.2
	2024	5,636,451	(17.5)	21.4
Mining and Quarrying	2023	1,646,064	39.9	4.1
	2024	1,176,977	152.8	4.5
Manufacturing Industries	2023	5,272,683	84.2	13.1
	2024	2,862,527	(40.3)	10.9
Electricity, Gas and Water	2023	1,058,475	3.8	2.6
	2024	1,019,477	4.8	3.9
Construction	2023	548,960	(4.9)	1.4
	2024	577,470	(3.4)	2.2
Services Sector	2023	19,771,095	51.5	49.1
	2024	13,046,291	(17.6)	49.6
Trade, Hotels and Restaurants	2023	4,445,553	50.3	11.0
	2024	2,957,911	9.0	11.2
Transport and Communications	2023	7,448,565	99.9	18.5
	2024	3,726,688	16.4	14.2
Banking and Insurance Companies, Real Estate	2023	5,134,480	26.4	12.8
	2024	4,060,643	(12.5)	15.4
Government Sector	2023	1,601,356	10.4	4.0
	2024	1,449,908	(68.6)	5.5
Non-Profit Services	2023	1,141,140	34.1	2.8
	2024	851,141	29.2	3.2
Total Domestic Product at Current Prices	2023	40,257,517	53.0	100.0
	2024	26,316,114	(14.5)	100.0

Source: Central Statistical Organization

Estimated data

Agriculture Sector includes Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing.
Industry Sector includes Extractive Industries, Manufacturing Industries, and Handicrafts.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 99

Figure (4-6)
Growth Rate of Sectors for 2023 and 2024

It is noted from Table (3-6) and Figure (4-6) that the growth rate of the total domestic product at current prices rose from a negative rate of 14.5% in 2023 to a positive rate of 53.0% in 2024. This is attributed to the rise in the growth rate of the Services Sector from a negative rate of 17.6% to a positive rate of 51.5%, and the Industrial Sector from a negative rate of 17.5% to a positive rate of 51.3%, and the Agricultural Sector from a negative rate of 5.9% to a positive rate of 56.7%.

The rise in the growth rate of the Agricultural Sector is attributed to the rise in the growth rates of all its sub-sectors. The growth rate of Agricultural Crops rose from a negative rate of 16.2% in 2023 to a positive rate of 52.7% in 2024. Forestry rose from a negative rate of 23.3% to a positive rate of 30.6%. Fishing rose from a positive rate of 48.0% to a positive rate of 85.5%. Livestock also rose from a positive rate of 0.2% to a positive rate of 58.2%.

The rise in the growth rate of the Services Sector is attributed to the rise in the growth rates of all its sub-sectors. The Government Sector rose from a negative rate of 68.6% in 2023 to a negative rate of 10.4% in 2024. Trade, Hotels and Restaurants rose from a negative rate of 9.0% to a positive rate of 50.3%. Transport and Communications rose from a negative rate of 12.5% to a positive rate of 26.4%.

The rise in the growth rate of the Industrial Sector is attributed to the rise in the growth rate of Manufacturing Industries from a negative rate of 40.3% in 2023 to a positive rate of 84.2% in 2024.

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 100

Figure (5-6)
Contribution of Economic Sectors to Total Domestic Product at Current Prices for 2023 and 2024

It is shown from Table (3-6) and Figure (5-6) that the contribution of the Industrial Sector to the total domestic product at current prices decreased from 21.4% in 2024 to 21.2% in 2023. This is due to the decrease in the contribution of Electricity, Gas and Water from 3.9% to 2.6%, and Construction from 2.2% to 1.4%. The contribution of the Services Sector to the total domestic product at current prices also decreased from 49.6% in 2024 to 49.1% in 2023. This is due to the decrease in the contribution of the Government Sector from 5.5% to 4.0%, and Banking and Insurance Companies, Real Estate from 15.4% to 12.8%.

Meanwhile, the contribution of the Agricultural Sector to the total domestic product at current prices increased from 29.0% in 2024 to 29.7% in 2023. This is due to the increase in the contribution of Livestock from 18.1% to 18.7%.

4.6 Total Domestic Product at Current Prices by Expenditure Method

Table (4-6) shows the total domestic product at current prices by the Expenditure Method for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (4-6)
Total Domestic Product at Current Prices by Expenditure Method for 2023 and 2024

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 101

2024 Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 102

Current GDP at current prices 2023 and 2024
(Million Sudanese Pounds)
Sector
Year
2023 *
2024 *
Growth Rate %
Value % Contribution
Growth Rate %
Value % Contribution
Consumption Expenditure
96.4
61.6
38,796,604
91.2
(15.6)
24,012,142
Government Expenditure
6.4
53.0
2,564,839
6.4
(54.6)
1,676,621
Private Expenditure
90.0
62.2
36,231,765
84.9
(9.8)
22,335,521
Investment Expenditure
9.1
(2.3)
3,668,482
14.3
35.5
3,753,423
Net Foreign Trade in Goods and Services
(5.5)
52.3
(2,207,570)
(5.5)
215.7
(1,449,452)
Exports of Goods and Services
9.3
53.0
3,737,153
9.3
39.3
2,442,956
Imports of Goods and Services
14.8
52.7
5,944,723
14.8
75.9
3,892,408
Current GDP
100.0
53.0
40,257,517
100.0
(14.5)
26,316,114
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data

Table (4-6) shows that the current GDP growth rate rose from a negative 14.5% in 2023 to a negative 53.0% in 2024. As a result, consumption expenditure rose from 24,012,142 million Sudanese pounds to 38,796,604 million Sudanese pounds at a growth rate of 61.6%. Meanwhile, the net foreign trade deficit in goods and services rose from a negative 1,449,452 million Sudanese pounds to a negative 2,207,570 million Sudanese pounds. Despite this, total investment expenditure increased from 3,668,482 million Sudanese pounds to 3,753,423 million Sudanese pounds, at a growth rate of negative 2.3%.

The following is a detailed explanation of the components of current GDP by the expenditure method:

Consumption Expenditure
Consumption expenditure is divided into government expenditure and private expenditure, such that government expenditure includes all current expenses, while private consumption includes compensation of employees, purchases of goods and services, and transfers to state institutions, whereas household consumption includes the consumption of all families and individuals.

Figure (6-6) illustrates the annual growth rate of consumption expenditure in current GDP for 2023 and 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 103

Figure (6-6)
Annual Growth Rate of Consumption Expenditure in Current GDP for 2023 and 2024

Table (4-6) and Figure (6-6) reflect that the growth rate of government expenditure rose from a negative 15.6% in 2023 to a negative 54.6% in 2024, and the growth rate of private sector expenditure rose from a negative 9.8% to 9.8%.

Figure (6-7)
Contribution of Consumption Expenditure to Current GDP for 2023 and 2024

Table (4-6) and Figure (6-7) reflect that the contribution of consumption expenditure in current GDP rose from 91.2% in 2023 to 96.4% in 2024, and the contribution of private sector expenditure rose from 84.9% to 90.0%.

Figure (6-8) shows the general trend of the average annual growth rate of total consumption expenditure during the period (2020-2024).

Figure (6-8)
General Trend of the Average Annual Growth Rate of Total Consumption Expenditure During the Period (2020-2024)

It is observed from Figure (6-8) that the general trend of the average annual growth rate of total consumption expenditure decreased during the period (2020-2024), rising from 139.9% in 2020 to 289.7% in 2021, then falling to 64.5%, then falling to a negative 15.6% in 2023 due to the outbreak of the Five Days War in April 2023, then rising again to 61.6% in 2024, indicating the beginning of stabilization despite the continuation of economic challenges in aggregate demand.

Investment Expenditure
Investment expenditure is defined as capital expenditure on new projects in public infrastructure and transport sectors, in addition to economic activities related to projects in productive and service sectors such as industry, agriculture, tourism, education, health, and housing. Total investment is defined as the change in the total market value of new establishments, plus the change in the value of fixed assets and inventories at business establishments.

Figure (6-9) shows the general trend of the average annual growth rate of investment expenditure during the period (2020-2024).

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 104

Figure (6-9)
General Trend of the Average Annual Growth Rate of Investment Expenditure During the Period (2020-2024)

It is observed from Figure (6-9) that the general trend of the average annual growth rate of total investment expenditure decreased during the period (2020-2024), rising from a negative 2.3% in 2020 to 515.4% in 2021, then falling to 64.5%, then rising to 35.5% in 2022 and 2023 due to the outbreak of the Five Days War in April 2023, which directly affected the investment climate in production and the environment. The growth rate continued to fall to a negative 2.3% in 2024, reflecting the challenges facing investment activity under a state of instability.

Net Foreign Trade in Goods and Services
Net foreign trade in goods and services equals the local counter value of exports of goods and services minus the local counter value of imports of goods and services.

Table (4-6) shows that the growth rate of the net trade deficit decreased during the year. This is due to the fact that the growth rate of imports of goods and services fell from 215.7% in 2023 to 52.3% in 2024, despite the rise in the growth rate of exports of goods and services from 39.3% to 75.9%, and the growth rate of imports of goods and services from 52.7% to 53.0%.

5.6 Aggregate Demand and Per Capita GDP
Aggregate demand is defined as the sum of government, private, and public investment expenditure (including changes in inventories and fixed assets).

Table (5-6) illustrates the per capita GDP from aggregate demand for 2023 and 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 105

Table (5-6)
Per Capita GDP from Aggregate Demand for 2023 and 2024

Year
2023 *
2024 *
Growth Rate %
Value % Change
Growth Rate %
Value
Aggregate Demand (Million Sudanese Pounds)
52.9
14,699,521.0
42,465,086
(11.1)
27,765,565
Total Consumption Expenditure (Million Sudanese Pounds) 61.6 14,784,462.0 38,796,604 (15.6) 24,012,142 Total Investment Expenditure (Million Sudanese Pounds) 1 (2.3) (84,941.0) 3,668,482 35.5 3,753,423 Current GDP (Million Sudanese Pounds) 53.0 13,941,403 40,257,517 (14.5) 26,316,114 Population (Million) 2.6 1,275,070.0 49,474,856 2.7 48,199,786 Per Capita GDP (Sudanese Pounds) 49.0 267,716.0 813,696 (16.7) 545,980 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data
1 Investment expenditure is defined as the formation of fixed assets (including changes in inventories).

Table (5-6) shows that the growth rate of aggregate demand rose from a negative 11.1% in 2023 to 52.9% in 2024. As a result, the growth rate of total consumption expenditure rose from a negative 15.6% in 2023 to 61.6% in 2024. Per capita GDP from current GDP rose from 545,980 Sudanese pounds in 2023 to 813,696 Sudanese pounds in 2024 at a rate of 49.0%.

6.6 Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Inflation Rates
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a statistical measure used to measure changes in the prices of purchased goods and services. It is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a basket of consumer goods and services. Due to changes in economic patterns and the substitution of goods for others for daily life purposes, it is possible to replace some consumer goods with others. The index measures the relative change in prices that occurs in the components of the consumer basket, with a specific year as the base year, called the base year.

Inflation is defined as the continuous rise in the level of prices of goods and services during a specific time period.

Inflation is classified as follows:

Headline Inflation: It is known as the overall inflation, which monitors all changes in the prices of goods included in the consumer basket. The Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics conducted a price survey in 2007 to obtain the indices and their weights. The statistical sampling steps begin with selecting the price index basket, which has a sample size of 3,036 items. The basket includes groups of food and beverages, clothing and footwear, tobacco, beverages, equipment and household supplies, housing, transport, communications, health, education, recreation and culture, hotels and restaurants, and other groups. The indices are calculated for each group using the specified weights.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 106

Core Inflation: It is known as the underlying inflation, which monitors the general level of price changes. It is attributed to changes in aggregate demand (excluding the food group) which is affected by changes in the money supply.
Imported Inflation: It is known as imported inflation, which is the rise in prices resulting from the transfer of inflation from partner countries to the state through imports.

1.6.6 Standard Indices by Consumer Price Groups
Table (6-6) illustrates the standard indices by consumer price groups and inflation rates for 2023 and 2024 (Base Year 2007).

Table (6-6)
Standard Indices by Consumer Price Groups and Inflation Rates for 2023 and 2024 (Base Year 2007)

Price Groups
2024
2023
Expenditure Weight %
Average Standard Index
Average Inflation Rate %
Average Standard Index
Average Inflation Rate %
Food and Beverages
52.9
147.2
116,999.9
39.8
47,337.3
Tobacco
0.7
118.5
116,255.3
117.8
53,202.4
Clothing and Footwear
4.5
85.1
88,629.8
22.9
47,872.7
Housing
14.2
243.1
528,593.4
365.8
154,074.2
Household Equipment
6.9
85.3
85,472.6
33.1
46,116.4
Health
1.0
147.5
78,627.4
46.9
31,772.7
Transport
8.3
184.7
1,132,132.5
42.0
397,672.9
Communications
1.7
135.4
60,152.0
33.4
25,558.0
Recreation and Culture
2.2
102.2
287,883.4
25.9
142,413.6
Education
2.7
51.1
44,603.8
67.3
29,520.4
Hotels and Restaurants
2.3
153.8
140,181.9
30.5
55,243.0
Other
2.6
132.4
101,897.5
19.9
43,850.6
Average
100.0
176.9
257,152.1
66.6
92,860.3
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Table (6-6) shows that the transport group recorded the highest average standard index, rising from 397,672.9 points in 2023 to 1,132,132.5 points in 2024, with an average inflation rate of 184.7%. Meanwhile, the education group recorded the lowest average standard index, reaching 29,520.4 points in 2023 and 44,603.8 points in 2024. The housing group recorded the highest inflation rates in 2024, with an average inflation rate of 51.1%, due to the displacement of populations to safe areas as a result of the outbreak of the Five Days War in April 2023.

2.6.6 Inflation Rates
Table (7-6) illustrates the inflation rates for 2023 and 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 107

Table (7-6)
Inflation Rates for 2023 and 2024

Year
Month
Headline Inflation %
Imported Inflation %
Core Inflation %
2023
January
83.6
54.9
97.2
February
63.3
47.2
67.6
March
47.8
32.2
53.2
April
48.3
22.7
53.4
May
48.3
18.3
55.4
June
51.6
15.1
61.1
July
68.2
16.3
84.2
August
71.0
21.2
89.5
September
65.1
22.2
78.3
October
71.4
22.3
85.9
November
78.5
24.9
94.8
December
92.7
24.6
113.9
2024
January
127.9
51.1
152.4
February
129.1
55.3
147.9
March
128.8
59.5
143.7
April
131.1
67.5
148.4
May
139.8
86.1
148.9
June
158.2
97.2
170.4
July
193.9
121.3
208.3
August
218.2
130.0
229.2
September
215.5
142.8
222.4
October
211.5
148.8
217.9
November
198.2
149.3
201.5
December
187.8
156.0
188.2
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Figure (10-6) illustrates the inflation rates for 2023 and 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 108

Figure (10-6)
Inflation Rates for 2023 and 2024

Table (7-6) and Figure (10-6) illustrate the Headline, Imported, and Core Inflation rates for 2023 and 2024:

Headline Inflation reached its highest level in August 2024, reaching 218.2%, following the outbreak of the Five Days War. Meanwhile, the lowest headline inflation rate was recorded in March 2023, reaching 47.8%. Headline inflation continued to rise, reaching 187.8% by the end of December 2024, since April 2023.
Core inflation recorded its highest rate in August 2024, reaching 229.2%, and its lowest rate in March 2023, reaching 53.2%.
Imported inflation recorded its highest rate in December 2024, reaching 156.0%, and its lowest rate in June 2023, reaching 15.1%.

3.6.6 General Trend of the Average Annual Headline Inflation Rate
Figure (11-6) shows the general trend of the average annual headline inflation rate during the period (2020-2024).

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 109

Figure (11-6)
General Trend of the Average Annual Headline Inflation Rate During the Period (2020-2024)

Figure (11-6) shows that the average headline inflation rate rose from 163.3% in 2020 to 359.1% in 2021, due to the decline in aggregate production and the Corona pandemic, in addition to the removal of commodity subsidies for fuel and wheat, and adjustments to the exchange rate. It then fell to 138.8% and 66.6% in 2022 and 2023 respectively, then rose to 176.9% in 2024.

4.6.6 Average Headline Inflation Rate by State
Table (8-6) shows the average headline inflation rate by state for 2023 and 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 110

Table (8-6)
Average Headline Inflation Rate by State for 2023 and 2024

State
2024
2023
Average Year
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average Year
Kassala
391.8
292.7
326.4
429.7
528.2
649.8
700.6
283.1
260.0
272.1
274.2
275.2
272.9
122.5
Northern
328.0
81.3
158.4
222.4
285.6
381.0
536.3
605.5
678.4
775.2
782.6
774.9
771.4
209.1
River Nile
325.8
385.5
446.3
495.2
363.1
404.2
413.1
202.2
185.0
183.8
163.3
163.7
162.6
69.9
Gedaref
300.2
458.6
421.3
397.7
405.9
422.4
402.7
201.1
160.4
1118.6
116.6
110.2
105.8
46.2
South Kordofan
227.4
118.7
218.5
245.6
251.4
264.8
248.8
256.6
243.7
284.8
224.8
247.7
248.2
122.8
Sennar
218.7
357.7
273.6
289.2
306.1
328.9
142.4
135.2
84.6
98.3
100.7
97.7
203.0
133.4
West Darfur
208.4
276.4
276.3
282.5
288.4
203.2
164.5
175.7
166.9
151.4
160.8
148.8
143.4
40.9
Blue Nile
197.3
197.7
218.9
248.1
202.2
181.0
213.1
201.9
139.0
172.7
172.7
173.1
176.9
119.1
North Kordofan
164.3
121.4
146.9
154.3
171.8
181.7
203.0
218.4
165.4
163.2
162.5
158.9
156.5
71.6
North Darfur
156.9
172.5
171.8
209.7
212.6
209.4
175.8
144.6
124.5
113.2
105.7
92.5
71.1
53.1
White Nile
154.9
262.0
183.9
194.2
196.1
196.2
175.3
142.9
129.7
72.1
72.4
71.5
64.3
47.8
Gezira
146.7
178.4
183.1
195.1
180.7
159.4
87.0
98.9
115.7
110.7
111.0
129.6
127.4
70.5
East Darfur
136.1
136.6
133.9
146.4
188.3
189.6
149.6
138.4
127.3
114.0
87.7
101.1
81.7
52.1
South Darfur
116.7
141.1
136.3
132.7
141.3
142.0
120.1
116.1
100.9
88.9
86.6
85.3
80.0
45.9
Red Sea
115.3
90.8
96.7
105.6
121.1
122.5
121.3
119.1
103.5
127.0
151.1
135.2
120.3
103.5
Central Darfur
111.5
76.5
80.9
86.9
126.9
146.9
124.8
125.9
113.5
109.2
131.8
131.1
128.0
44.2
West Kordofan
93.2
67.9
74.6
80.6
102.8
108.5
114.4
96.9
102.9
106.3
99.5
95.2
91.2
67.6
Khartoum
90.4
111.0
114.1
106.0
110.2
114.6
105.1
92.3
77.6
59.5
60.0
58.1
48.9
35.5
Average Inflation Rate
176.9
187.8
198.2
211.5
215.5
218.2
193.9
158.2
139.8
131.1
128.8
129.1
127.9
66.6
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Table (8-6) shows that inflation rates in Sudan's states recorded their highest average in 2024, with Kassala state recording the highest average inflation rate of 391.8%, followed by Northern state with an average of 328.0%, then River Nile state with an average of 325.8%. Meanwhile, Khartoum state recorded the lowest inflation rate of 90.4% in 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 111

5.6.6 Average Headline Inflation Rate for Rural and Urban Areas
Table (9-6) illustrates the average headline inflation rate for rural and urban areas for 2023 and 2024.

Table (9-6)
Average Headline Inflation Rate for Rural and Urban Areas for 2023 and 2024

% Annual Change Rate
2024
2023
Average Year
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average Year
Urban Inflation Rate
72.1
157.9
158.6
158.9
175.2
183.2
189.4
181.7
155.9
127.7
130.4
132.2
130.8
125.1
Rural Inflation Rate
63.0
189.5
207.7
225.9
236.5
237.7
237.7
202.3
159.4
147.4
130.7
125.5
127.1
128.7
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Table (9-6) shows that the average annual urban inflation rate rose from 72.1% in 2023 to 157.9% in 2024, and the average annual rural inflation rate rose from 63.0% in 2023 to 189.5% in 2024.

7.6 Demographic Developments
1.7.6 Population Growth Rates and Numbers
Table (10-6) illustrates the population growth rates and number estimates for the period (2020-2024).

Table (10-6)
Population Growth Rates and Number Estimates for the Period (2020-2024) (Million) Total Females Males Year 44,433,485 21,934,182 22,499,303 2020 45,678,376 22,556,056 23,122,320 2021 2022 * 46,934,522 23,183,374 23,751,148 2023 * 48,199,786 23,815,061 24,384,725 2024 49,474,856 24,451,445 25,023,411 * Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 112

Figure (12-6) illustrates the estimated numbers of males and females for the period (2020-2024).

Figure (12-6)
Estimated Numbers of Males and Females for the Period (2020-2024)

Table (10-6) and Figure (12-6) reflect that the population size rose from 44,433,485 in 2020 to 49,474,856 in 2024, at an average annual increase of 2.6% during the period (2020-2024). The number of males reached 25,023,411 in 2024, representing 50.6% of the population, and the number of females reached 24,451,445 in 2024, representing 49.4% of the population.

2.7.6 Age Distribution of the Population
Table (11-6) illustrates the age distribution of the population for 2024.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 113

Table (11-6)
Age Distribution of the Population for 2024 *
(Million)
Age Group
Cumulative %
Total %
Females %
Males %
0-4
14.3
14.3
7,090,126
7.1
3,509,786
7.2
3,580,340
5-9
27.5
13.1
6,494,117
6.5
3,218,797
6.6
3,275,320
10-14
39.5
12.0
5,957,772
6.0
2,952,211
6.1
3,005,561
15-19
49.7
10.2
5,023,139
4.9
2,439,503
5.2
2,583,636
20-24
58.7
9.1
4,483,675
4.4
2,163,106
4.7
2,320,569
25-29
66.7
8.0
3,940,170
3.8
1,900,045
4.1
2,040,125
30-34
73.6
6.9
3,433,657
3.4
1,668,593
3.6
1,765,064
35-39
79.6
5.9
2,942,691
3.0
1,465,425
3.0
1,477,266
40-44
84.6
5.1
2,502,875
2.6
1,265,582
2.5
1,237,293
45-49
88.8
4.2
2,070,451
2.1
1,062,044
2.0
1,008,407
50-54
92.2
3.4
1,683,542
1.8
868,006
1.6
815,536
55-59
94.9
2.6
1,304,733
1.3
663,059
1.3
641,674
60-64
96.8
2.0
981,745
1.0
494,697
1.0
487,048
65-69
98.2
1.4
677,336
0.7
337,774
0.7
339,562
70-74
99.1
0.9
442,585
0.4
219,755
0.5
222,830
75-79
99.6
0.5
257,090
0.3
127,823
0.3
129,267
80+
100.0
0.4
189,152
0.2
95,239
0.2
93,913
Total
100
49,474,856
49.4
24,451,445
50.6
25,023,411
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 114

Figure (13-6) illustrates the population pyramid by sex and age for Sudan for 2024.

Figure (13-6)
Population Pyramid for 2024

Table (11-6) and Figure (13-6) show that males represent 50.6% of the population, while females represent 49.4%. The age group (0-14) represents 39.5% of the population, and the total percentage of the elderly (65+) in Sudan reached 3.2%. The age group (15-64) represents 57.3% of the population.

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Table (12-6) illustrates the sex distribution of the population by state for Sudan for 2024.

Table (12-6)
Sex Distribution of the Population by State for Sudan for 2024 * (Million) State Total Females Males % Percentage Number % Percentage Number % Percentage Number Khartoum 19.0 9,420,017 18.5 4,528,662 19.5 4,891,355 Central States 25.3 12,512,095 26.1 6,378,766 24.5 6,133,329 Gezira 12.1 6,006,213 12.6 3,081,120 11.7 2,925,093 White Nile 5.9 2,938,783 6.1 1,492,737 5.8 1,446,046 Sennar 4.6 2,260,981 4.7 1,155,470 4.4 1,105,511 Blue Nile 2.6 1,306,118 2.7 649,439 2.6 656,679 Darfur States 22.5 11,116,924 22.3 5,445,849 22.7 5,671,075 South Darfur 8.9 4,393,480 8.7 2,115,260 9.1 2,278,220 North Darfur 5.5 2,716,151 5.5 1,342,420 5.5 1,373,731 East Darfur 3.9 1,914,546 3.8 923,963 4.0 990,583 West Darfur 2.4 1,202,286 2.5 611,192 2.4 591,094 Central Darfur 1.8 890,461 1.9 453,014 1.7 437,447 Eastern States 14.8 7,317,304 14.3 3,488,280 15.3 3,829,024 Kassala 6.0 2,968,490 5.7 1,390,140 6.3 1,578,350 Gedaref 5.3 2,602,356 5.3 1,305,896 5.2 1,296,460 Red Sea 3.5 1,746,458 3.2 792,244 3.8 954,214 Kordofan States 12.6 6,223,874 13.0 3,189,393 12.1 3,034,481 North Kordofan 6.0 2,948,001 6.2 1,517,421 5.7 1,430,580 West Kordofan 3.8 1,856,898 3.9 946,642 3.6 910,256 South Kordofan 2.9 1,418,975 3.0 725,330 2.8 693,645 Northern States 5.8 2,884,642 5.8 1,420,495 5.9 1,464,147 River Nile 3.6 1,781,075 3.6 877,126 3.6 903,949 Northern 2.2 1,103,567 2.2 543,369 2.2 560,198 Total 100.0 49,474,856 100.0 24,451,445 100.0 25,023,411 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 116

Table (12-6) shows the population distribution by sex in each of Sudan's states for 2024. Khartoum state recorded the highest number of inhabitants, reaching 9,420,017, representing 19.0% of the total population, followed by Gezira state with 12.1%, then South Darfur state with 8.9%. Meanwhile, Central Darfur state recorded the lowest number of inhabitants, reaching 890,461 in 2024.

Figure (14-6) illustrates the percentage of males and females by state for 2024.

Figure (14-6)
Percentage of Males and Females by State for 2024

3.7.6 Unemployment Rate
Table (13-6) and Figure (15-6) show the unemployment rate for the period (2020-2024).

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 117

Table (13-6)
Unemployment Rate for the Period (2020-2024)

Statement
2024 *
2023
2022
2021
2020
Unemployment Rate %
60.8
47.6
32.1
28.3
26.8
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook Report, April 2025

Preliminary data

Figure (15-6) illustrates the general trend of the unemployment rate for the period (2020-2024).

Figure (15-6)
General Trend of the Unemployment Rate for the Period (2020-2024)

Table (13-6) and Figure (15-6) show that the general trend of the unemployment rate increased during the period (2020-2024), rising from 26.8% in 2020 to 32.1% in 2022, then rising to 47.6% and 60.8% in 2023 and 2024 respectively. This is attributed to the Five Days War in April 2023, which affected economic activity and productivity sectors.

Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan – 2024/2025 118

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 119

Page

Chapter

Trade

For the Year 2024

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 120

External Trade for the Year 2024

1.7 Introduction

This chapter covers the details of the volume of trade exchange between the Republic of Sudan and the world, including exports and imports. It also reviews Sudan's trade position within external blocs, namely the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for East and South Africa (COMESA).

Reference should be made to the fact that data for the year 2023 could not be obtained due to the war that broke out on April 15, 2023. Data for the year 2022 is used for comparison.

External Trade

External trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services across international or regional borders. It includes a range of activities and forms an important part of the economy of most countries, depending on the trading of products between certain countries and others. External trade also directly affects the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

There are three forms of trade in goods:

International Trade / Global Trade or External Trade: Refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries, differing from local trade where exchange takes place within a single country. It includes:
- Export Trade: The commercial activity by which goods are exported from the country in question to the rest of the world.
- Import Trade: The commercial activity by which goods are imported from the rest of the world into the country in question.
- Transit Trade: Refers to the passage or transit of goods through the borders of the country in question without reaching the country of final consumption, without any geographical border crossing with another country.
Border Trade: Refers to the land exchange of goods and merchandise between the country in question and any other country within its vicinity, according to bilateral arrangements within the regional framework.

The Trade Balance 2.7

The trade balance is one of the basic economic indicators reflecting the economic status. It is defined as the difference between the value of (F.O.B.) goods exports and (C&F) goods imports during a specific time period for a certain country, and is considered a part of the Current Account where goods and services are reviewed. The trade balance is in surplus if the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, and in deficit if the opposite occurs.

Table (1-7) and Figure (1-7) below show the trade balance for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (1-7)
Trade Balance for the Years 2022 and 2024
(USD Million)

Statement	Change Rate %	2024	2022
F.O.B. Goods Exports	-28.1	3,134.5	4,357.4
Gold Exports	-22.3	1,570.2	2,021.9
Other Exports	-33.0	1,564.3	2,335.5
C&F Goods Imports	-55.7	4,911.2	11,094.9
Foodstuff Imports	-37.6	1,763.7	2,826.8
Other Imports	-61.9	3,147.4	8,268.1
Trade Balance	-73.6	-1,776.7	-6,737.4
Exports as % of GDP	64.5	12.8	7.8
Imports as % of GDP	1.2	20.1	19.9

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data

Figure (1-7)
Trade Balance for the Years 2022 and 2024

[Bar Chart Data]
2022: F.O.B. Exports 4,357.4; C&F Imports 11,094.9; Trade Balance -6,737.4 2024: F.O.B. Exports 3,134.5; C&F Imports 4,911.2; Trade Balance -1,776.7 (USD Million)

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 121

The trade deficit decreased from USD 6,737.4 million in 2022 to USD 1,776.7 million in 2024, a decrease of 73.6%. This was due to a decrease in exports by 28.1% and imports by 55.7%. The breakdown of total exports and imports is as follows:

1.2.7 Exports

The total value of goods exports declined from USD 4,357.4 million in 2022 to USD 3,134.7 million in 2024, a rate of 28.1%. This is attributed to the effects of the war that broke out on April 15, 2023, including the destruction of infrastructure and the cessation of production activities, as well as restrictions on the movement of goods in most production areas. Gold, the largest export commodity, accounted for 50.1% of total exports.

Table (2-7) and Figure (2-7) below show the composition of goods exports for the years 2022 and 2024. Figure (3-7) also shows the percentages of commodity groups in total exports for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (2-7)
Goods Exports for the Years 2022 and 2024
(USD Million)

Goods	Unit	2024			2022			Change Rate %
		Value	Quantity	% of Total	Value	Quantity	% of Total
Metals		1,578.8	50.4	47.8	2,081.0			-24.1
Gold		1,570.2	22,918	50.1	2,021.9	34,476	46.4	-22.3
Other metallic goods 1		8.6	7,791	0.3	59.1	19,373	1.4	-85.5
Agricultural Goods		1,007.8	32.2	37.2	1,620.5			-37.8
Sesame 1	Ton	330.3	289,606	10.5	488.0	432,709	11.2	-32.3
Cotton Bales		82.4	46,262	2.6	383.8	175,617	8.8	-78.5
Arabic Gum	Ton	82.2	70,323	2.6	139.4	107,179	3.2	-41.0
Fodder		32.7	151,171	1.0	102.5	523,954	2.4	-68.2
Other Agricultural Goods 2		480.3		15.3	506.8			-5.2
Livestock		535.2	17.1	12.8	557.1			-3.9
Sheep	Head	392.2	3,152,350	12.5	226.6	1,634,390	5.2	73.1
Camels	Head	111.0	103,990	3.5	173.4	150,852	4.0	-36.0
Cattle	Head	19.0	30,762	0.6	46.4	67,562	1.1	-59.1

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 122

Goods	Unit	2024			2022			Change Rate %
		Value	Quantity	% of Total	Value	Quantity	% of Total
Goats	Head	8.3	122,798	0.3	2.2	32,373	0.0	277.3
Other Animal Goods 3		4.8		0.2	108.6			-95.6
Manufactured Goods		5.9	0.2	0.2	17.9			-67.0
Vegetable Oils	Ton	2.0	1,178	0.1	16.1	14,349	0.4	-87.7
Molasses		0.0	200	0.0	1.1	9,871		-100.0
Sugar								0.0
Other Manufactured Goods 4		3.9		0.1	0.7			457.1
Other Exports 5		6.8		0.2	80.8			-91.6
Total		3,134.5	100.0	100.0	4,357.4			-28.1

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
1 Includes: scrap iron, scrap aluminum, scrap lead, scrap copper, other metals.
2 Includes: sorghum, raw cane, vegetables, other agricultural products, watermelon seeds, chickpeas, beans, onions, seeds, corn, henna, sesame, karkade, groundnuts. 3 Includes: meat, other animals, fish, and hides. 4 Includes: manufactured beverages, cement, ethanol. 5 Includes: petroleum products, vegetable charcoal, electricity, and others.

It is observed from Table (2-7) that the value of goods exports decreased from USD 4,357.4 million in 2022 to USD 3,134.5 million in 2024, a rate of 28.1%. This was due to a decrease in the value of agricultural and livestock exports by rates of 37.8%, 3.9%, and 3.2%, respectively, and their share of the total reached 32.2%, 17.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. The value of manufactured goods exports also decreased by a rate of 67.7%.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 123

Figure (2-7)
Commodity Composition of Exports for the Years 2022 and 2024

[Bar Chart Data]
2022: Metals 2,081.0; Agricultural Goods 1,620.5; Livestock 557.1; Manufactured Goods 17.9; Other Exports 80.8 2024: Metals 1,578.8; Agricultural Goods 1,007.8; Livestock 535.2; Manufactured Goods 5.9; Other Exports 6.8 (USD Million)

Details of the most important exports by main groups are as follows:

Metals:
The value of metallic goods exports decreased from USD 2,081.0 million in 2022 to USD 1,578.8 million in 2024, a rate of 24.1%. This was due to a decrease in the value of gold exports by 22.3%, from USD 2,021.9 million to USD 1,570.2 million, and a decrease in the quantities exported from 34.5 tons to 22.9 tons. The value of other metallic goods also decreased by a rate of 85.5%, from USD 59.1 million to USD 8.6 million.

Agricultural Goods:
The value of agricultural goods exports decreased from USD 1,620.5 million in 2022 to USD 1,007.8 million in 2024, a rate of 37.8%. This was due to a decrease in the quantities and values of sesame, gum arabic, cotton, and fodder exports. The values of these goods decreased by rates of 32.3%, 41.0%, 78.5%, and 68.2%, respectively. The value of other agricultural goods decreased by a rate of 5.2%.

Livestock:
The value of livestock exports decreased from USD 557.1 million in 2022 to USD 535.2 million in 2024, a rate of 3.9%. Their share of the total was 3.5%. This was due to a decrease in the value of camel exports by 36.0% and other animal goods by 95.6%, with their shares of the total being 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively. The value of cattle exports decreased by a rate of 59.1%, with a share of 0.6% of the total. While the value of goat exports increased by a rate of 282.9% compared to the quantities exported in 2022, reaching a share of 0.3% of the total, from 32,373 heads to 122,798 heads.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 124

Manufactured Goods:
The value of manufactured goods exports decreased from USD 17.9 million in 2022 to USD 5.9 million in 2024, a rate of 67.0%. This was due to a decrease in the value of vegetable oil exports from USD 16.1 million to USD 2.0 million, and a decrease in the quantities exported from 14,349 metric tons to 1,178 metric tons, by a rate of 87.7%. While the value of other manufactured goods increased from USD 0.02 million to USD 1.1 million, by a rate of 443.0%. Note that sugar exports ceased during the years 2022 and 2024.

Figure (3-7)
Percentages of Commodity Groups in Total Exports for the Year 2024

[Chart Data]
Metals 50.4%; Agricultural Goods 32.2%; Livestock 17.1%; Manufactured Goods 0.2%; Other Exports 0.2%

2.2.7 Imports

The value of (C&F) goods imports decreased from USD 11,094.8 million in 2022 to USD 4,911.2 million in 2024, a rate of 55.7%. This decline is attributed to the effects of the war that broke out on April 15, 2023, which destroyed a large percentage of the country's economic sectors due to widespread looting, sabotage, and the cessation of production and industrial operations.

Table (3-7) and Figure (4-7) below show the composition of goods imports for the years 2022 and 2024. Figure (5-7) also shows the percentages of commodity groups in total imports for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (3-7)
Imports by Goods for the Years 2022 and 2024
(USD Million)

Goods	Unit	2024			2022			Change Rate %
		Value	Quantity	% of Total	Value	Quantity	% of Total
Foodstuffs		1,763.7	35.9	25.5	2,826.8			-37.6
Wheat	Ton	257.4	931,826	5.2	1,063.1	2,701,815	9.6	-75.8
Wheat Flour	Ton	317.3	665,801	6.5	69.4	152,011	0.6	357.5
Sugar	Ton	660.9	1,131,962	13.5	647.3	1,339,322	5.8	2.1
Animal and Vegetable Oils	Ton	58.1	69,407	1.2	184.7	165,770	1.7	-68.6
Other Foodstuffs		470.0	9.6	6.7	862.2			-45.5
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products		937.6	19.1	27.9	3,099.1			-69.7
Petroleum Products		890.8	18.1	25.9	2,870.6			-69.0
Other Raw Materials		46.8	1.0	2.1	228.4			-79.5
Manufactured Goods		666.5	13.6	12.7	1,403.8			-52.5
Chemicals		489.6	10.0	11.0	1,220.0			-59.9
Medicines		299.8	6.1	5.2	571.7			-47.6
Other Chemicals		189.8	3.9	5.8	648.3			-70.7
Machinery and Equipment		447.8	9.1	9.7	1,079.8			-58.5
Transport Means		329.1	6.7	5.1	570.7			-42.3
Textiles		208.2	4.2	3.9	434.8			-52.1
Beverages and Tobacco		58.8	1.2	0.5	54.8			7.2
Other Goods		9.8	0.2	3.7	405.1			-97.6
Total		4,911.2	100.0	100.0	11,094.8			-55.7

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
Wheat and wheat flour imports include imported wheat.
Note: Based on C&F Imports.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 125

Figure (4-7)
Commodity Composition of Imports for the Years 2022 and 2024

[Bar Chart Data]
2022: Foodstuffs 2,827; Petroleum Products 2,871; Manufactured Goods 1,404; Chemicals 1,220; Machinery 1,080; Transport 571; Textiles 435; Other Raw Materials 228; Beverages 55; Other Goods 405 2024: Foodstuffs 1,764; Petroleum Products 891; Manufactured Goods 667; Chemicals 490; Machinery 448; Transport 329; Textiles 208; Other Raw Materials 47; Beverages 59; Other Goods 10 (USD Million)

Details of the most important imports by main groups are as follows:

Foodstuffs:
The value of foodstuff imports decreased from USD 2,826.8 million in 2022 to USD 1,763.7 million in 2024, a rate of 37.6%. This was due to a decrease in the value of wheat, other foodstuffs, and animal and vegetable oils imports, with varying rates of 75.8%, 45.5%, and 68.6%, respectively, resulting in a decrease in the volume of imported quantities.

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products:
The value of crude oil and petroleum products imports decreased from USD 3,099.1 million in 2022 to USD 937.6 million in 2024, a rate of 69.7%. This was due to a decrease in the value of petroleum products imports from USD 2,870.6 million to USD 890.8 million, a rate of 69.0%, and other raw materials from USD 228.4 million to USD 46.8 million, a rate of 79.5%.

Manufactured Goods:
The value of manufactured goods imports decreased from USD 1,403.8 million in 2022 to USD 666.5 million in 2024, a rate of 52.5%.

Chemicals:
The value of chemical imports decreased from USD 1,220.0 million in 2022 to USD 489.6 million in 2024, a rate of 59.9%.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 126

Machinery and Equipment:
The value of machinery and equipment imports decreased from USD 1,079.8 million in 2022 to USD 447.8 million in 2024, a rate of 58.5%.

Transport Means:
The value of transport means imports decreased from USD 570.7 million in 2022 to USD 329.1 million in 2024, a rate of 42.3%.

Textiles:
The value of textile imports decreased from USD 434.8 million in 2022 to USD 208.2 million in 2024, a rate of 52.1%.

Beverages and Tobacco:
The value of beverages and tobacco imports increased from USD 54.8 million in 2022 to USD 58.8 million in 2024, a rate of 7.2%.

Figure (5-7)
Percentages of Commodity Groups in Total Imports for the Year 2024

[Chart Data]
Foodstuffs 35.9%; Petroleum Products 18.1%; Manufactured Goods 13.6%; Chemicals 10.0%; Machinery and Equipment 9.1%; Transport Means 6.7%; Textiles 4.2%; Other Raw Materials 1.0%; Beverages and Tobacco 1.2%; Other Goods 0.2%

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 127

3.7 Sudan's Trade with Partners and Trade Trends

The trade balance with major partners 1.3.7

The total Sudanese exports decreased by a rate of 27.2% in 2024 compared to the previous year, where 91.1% of external trade partners represented exports to them. The Arab Market is considered the main partner for Sudanese exports, with a share of 75.9% of total Sudanese exports in 2024, a decrease of 46.0% compared to 2022. As for imports, 82.3% of external trade partners represented imports from them in 2024, a decrease of 46.0% compared to 2022. The Asian source countries formed 31.6% of total Sudanese imports in 2024. Table (4-7) below shows the trade balance with major partners in 2024 and 2022.

Table (4-7)
Trade Balance with Major External Trade Partners for the Years 2022 and 2024 (USD Million)

Country	2024			2022
	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports
United Arab Emirates	709	955.7	1,664.76	-219	2,295.49	2,076.19
China	-625	911.9	287.16	-1,150	1,725.86	576.11
Egypt	-451	728.0	276.98	-125	760.66	635.41
India	-470	610.4	140.32	-1,029	1,124.17	140.32
Saudi Arabia	141	296.4	437.42	-179	496.48	317.30
Turkey	-174	208.6	34.12	-97	284.28	187.23
Russia	-242	241.8	0.0	-496	496.07	0.03
Germany	-23	30.2	6.87	-155	170.44	6.87
Ethiopia	-24	30.2	5.70	-49	66.71	18.07
Thailand	-27	28.9	1.47	-64	66.15	2.23
Total	-1,187	4,042.0	2,854.8	-3,563	7,486.3	3,922.9

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
Note: Exports based on F.O.B, Imports based on C&F.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 128

It is clear from Table (4-7) that the trade balance was in surplus with trade partners except for the United Arab Emirates, where a trade surplus was recorded with the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the increase in the value of exports against imports. The trade surplus with the United Arab Emirates amounted to USD 709 million, and with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia USD 141 million in 2024.

2.3.7 Exports

Table (5-7) below shows the main partners in external trade exports for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (5-7)
Main Partners in External Trade Exports for the Years 2022 and 2024 (USD Million)

Importers	2024		2022
	F.O.B Value	% of Total Exports	F.O.B Value	% of Total Exports
United Arab Emirates	1,664.8	56.0	2,076.2	50.8
Saudi Arabia	437.4	14.7	317.3	7.8
China	287.2	9.7	576.1	14.1
Egypt	277.0	9.3	635.4	15.5
India	140.3	4.7	94.9	2.3
Turkey	34.1	1.1	187.2	4.6
France	35.1	1.2	57.6	1.4
Ethiopia	5.7	0.2	18.1	0.4
Lebanon	16.8	0.6	18.3	0.4
Qatar	12.0	0.4	18.6	0.5
Jordan	23.1	0.8	37.0	0.9
Syria	15.1	0.5	16.0	0.4
Germany	6.9	0.2	15.4	0.4
Greece	4.2	0.1	2.9	0.1
Tunisia	5.8	0.2	2.2	0.2
United Kingdom	4.9	0.2	11.9	0.3
Netherlands	0.1	0.0	1.5	0.0
Canada	0.2	0.0
Romania
Total	2,970.5	100.0	4,086.6	100.0

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
See Annex (B-12) for more details.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 129

It is clear from Table (5-7) that the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and China represented the most important markets for Sudanese exports in 2024, accounting for 89.8% of the total. It is noted that the share of exports to the United Arab Emirates decreased from USD 2,076.2 million in 2022 to USD 1,664.8 million in 2024, accounting for 56.0% of total Sudanese exports. The goods exported to the United Arab Emirates include gold, live animals, groundnuts, watermelon seeds, and sesame.

The value of exports to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia increased from USD 317.3 million to USD 437.4 million, accounting for 14.7% of exports. Live animals are considered the largest goods exported to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The value of exports to China decreased from USD 576.1 million to USD 287.2 million, accounting for 9.7% of exports. Groundnuts, Sudanese beans, and sesame are considered the largest goods exported to China.

Exports to Egypt decreased from USD 635.4 million to USD 277.0 million, accounting for 9.3% of exports. Sesame, Sudanese beans, and live animals are considered the largest goods exported to Egypt.

3.3.7 Imports

Table (6-7) below shows the main partners in external trade imports for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (6-7)
Main Partners in External Trade Imports for the Years 2022 and 2024 (USD Million)

Import Sources	2024		2022
	C&F Value	% of Total Imports	C&F Value	% of Total Imports
United Arab Emirates	955.7	22.2	2,295.5	28.5
China	911.9	21.2	1,725.9	21.5
Egypt	728.0	16.9	760.7	9.5
India	610.4	14.2	1,124.2	14.0
Saudi Arabia	296.4	6.9	496.5	6.2
Russia	241.8	5.6	496.1	6.2
Turkey	208.6	4.8	284.3	3.5
Japan	135.0	3.1	222.8	2.8
Canada	75.2	1.7	65.7	0.8
South Korea	31.7	0.7	111.3	1.4
Germany	30.2	0.7	170.4	2.1
Thailand	28.9	0.7	66.1	0.8
Italy	22.4	0.5	117.2	1.5
Ukraine	17.1	0.4	48.7	0.6
Malaysia	10.4	0.2	56.6	0.7
Total	4,303.7	100.0	8,042.1	100.0

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
See Annex (B-13) for more details.

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 130

It is clear from Table (6-7) that the United Arab Emirates formed the largest source of imports for Sudan, with a value of USD 955.7 million, accounting for 22.2% of total imports in 2024. It represents the largest imported goods in petroleum products and foodstuffs. China recorded imports of USD 911.9 million, accounting for 21.2% of total imports. Egypt recorded imports of USD 728.0 million, accounting for 16.9% of total imports. Manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, and transport means are considered the largest goods imported from Egypt, with wheat and wheat flour being the largest imported goods. India recorded imports of USD 610.4 million, accounting for 14.2% of total imports. Foodstuffs, chemicals, and manufactured goods are considered the largest goods imported from India. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recorded imports of USD 296.4 million, accounting for 6.9% of total imports. Chemicals and foodstuffs are considered the largest goods imported from Saudi Arabia, representing 18.6% of imports from these countries combined. As for the rest of the countries, they represented 18.6% of imports in 2024.

4.7 Sudan's Trade with External and Regional Blocs

1.4.7 Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)

GAFTA is considered an economic alliance for economic integration among Arab countries and a customs union with reduced tariffs. The value of Sudan's exports to GAFTA countries decreased from USD 3,158.9 million in 2022 to USD 2,489.8 million in 2024, a rate of 21.2%. Exports to GAFTA countries formed 79.4% of total exports. The value of Sudan's imports from GAFTA countries also decreased from USD 3,776.5 million to USD 2,031.5 million, a rate of 46.2%, representing 41.4% of total imports in 2024.

Table (7-7) below shows the trade balance between Sudan and GAFTA countries for the years 2022 and 2024.

Table (7-7)
Trade Balance with the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) for the Years 2022 and 2024 (USD Million)

Bloc	2024			2022
	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports
United Arab Emirates	709.1	955.7	1,664.8	-219.3	2,295.5	2,076.2
Saudi Arabia	141.0	296.4	437.4	-179.2	496.5	317.3
Egypt	-451.1	728.0	277.0	-125.3	760.7	635.4
Qatar	9.8	2.2	12.0	16.5	2.1	18.6
Jordan	4.5	18.6	23.1	-72.3	109.3	37.0
Lebanon	15.4	1.4	16.8	12.8	5.5	18.3
Oman	14.1	18.7	32.7	-49.8	65.1	15.3
Syria	12.3	2.8	15.1	7.1	8.8	16.0
Kuwait	0.2	0.1	0.2	8.8	5.0	13.8
Tunisia	4.7	1.1	5.8	-2.4	4.6	2.2
Yemen	2.0	0.0	2.0	4.9	0.3	5.3
Bahrain	-1.4	1.7	0.3	-18.5	18.7	0.3
Algeria	2.1	0.0	2.2	2.7	0.0	2.7

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Bloc	2024			2022
	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports	Trade Balance	Imports	Exports
Morocco	-3.2	3.3	0.1	-3.5	3.6	0.1
Iraq	-1.2	1.3	0.0	0.1	3.6	0.1
Libya	-0.1	0.3	0.2	-0.3	0.7	0.4
Total of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area	458.2	2,031.5	2,489.8	-617.6	3,776.5	3,158.9

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Sudan Oil Company, and Sudan Electricity and Gas Company.

Preliminary data
Note: Data for Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia are included in the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, along with the Common Market for East and South Africa.

It is clear from Table (7-7) that the trade balance position with the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) shifted from a deficit of USD 617.6 million in 2022 to a surplus of USD 458.2 million in 2024.

2.4.7 Common Market for East and South Africa (COMESA)

The Common Market for East and South Africa (COMESA) is known as a trade bloc comprising 21 member states in East and South Africa. It was established in 1991, replacing the Preferential Trade Area established in 1981. The value of Sudan's exports to COMESA countries decreased noticeably from USD 662.7 million in 2022 to USD 289.5 million in 2024, a rate of 56.3%. Exports to COMESA countries formed 9.2% of total Sudanese exports in 2024. Also, the value of imports from COMESA countries decreased from USD 1,033.1 million in 2022 to USD 809.2 million in 2024, a rate of 21.7%. Imports from COMESA countries formed 16.5% of total Sudanese imports in 2024.

Table (8-7) below shows the trade balance between Sudan and COMESA countries for the years 2022 and 2024.

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[End of Document]

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Table (7-8) Commercial Balance with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa for the years 2024 and 2022
(Million USD)

	*2024			*2022
Commercial Balance	Imports	Exports	Commercial Balance	Imports	Exports
Egypt	-451.1	728.0	277.0	-125.3	760.7	635.4
Ethiopia	-24.5	30.2	5.7	-48.6	66.7	18.1
Uganda	-21.1	21.5	0.3	-68.6	68.7	0.1
Kenya	-25.5	25.5	0.0	-65.7	71.8	6.1
Zimbabwe	0.0	-27.0	27.0	0.0
Eswatini (Swaziland)	-0.2	0.2	0.0	-25.7	25.7	0.0
Malawi	0.0	-1.6	1.6	0.0
Rwanda	-1.0	1.1	0.0	0.0	2.1	0.0
Djibouti	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.6	0.4
Burundi	0.0	1.3	0.0
Madagascar	-1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.0
Libya	-0.1	0.3	0.2	-0.3	0.7	0.4
Comoros	-0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrea	-0.0
Seychelles	0.4	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.2	0.0
Zambia	0.0
Tunisia	4.7	1.1	5.8	-2.4	4.6	2.2
Somalia	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.2	0.0
Mauritius	0.0
Democratic Republic of Congo	-0.3	0.3	0.0
Total COMESA and Southern Africa Common Market	-519.8	809.2	289.5	-370.5	1,033.1	662.7

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Ministry of Oil and Gas, Sudan Electricity Company, and Holding Company.

Preliminary data.
Note: Data for Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia are included in the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa.

Table (7-8) clarifies that the commercial balance with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa recorded a deficit of USD 519.8 million in 2024, compared to a deficit of USD 370.5 million in 2022.

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Table (7-9) shows the composition of Sudan's commodity exports to the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa for the years 2024 and 2022.

Table (7-9)
Composition of Sudan's Commodity Exports to the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa for the years 2024 and 2022 (Million USD)

Commodity Group	*2024			*2022
	COMESA	GAFTA		COMESA	GAFTA
Gold	16.3	1,569.0	107.6	2,021.9
Live Animals	123.8	529.7	197.7	448.6
Sesame	73.4	192.1	145.4	268.0
Meat	0.0	2.3	20.5	101.7
Cotton	17.8	25.4	92.2	98.8
Fodder	0.1	30.7	2.0	62.3
Groundnuts	34.3	59.4	14.0	23.5
Watermelon Seeds	2.5	26.7	32.6	41.2
Other Agricultural Products	18.0	41.0	18.0	22.4
Gum Arabic	2.2	2.9	5.4	6.0
Corn	0.0	0.0	5.6	6.3
Castor Beans	0.0	2.3	1.4	1.5
Hides and Skins	0.0	0.1	1.5	0.1
Petroleum and its Products	0.0
Other	1.1	8.2	18.7	56.6
Total	289.5	2,489.8	662.7	3,158.9

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Ministry of Oil and Gas, Sudan Electricity Company, and Holding Company.

Preliminary data.

Exports to the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) were dominated by gold, which decreased from USD 2,021.9 million in 2022 to USD 1,569.0 million in 2024. Sesame exports followed, decreasing from USD 268.0 million to USD 192.1 million. Cotton exports decreased from USD 98.8 million to USD 25.4 million. Meat exports decreased from USD 101.7 million to USD 2.3 million. Fodder exports decreased from USD 62.3 million to USD 30.7 million. Watermelon seed exports decreased from USD 41.2 million to USD 26.7 million.

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Groundnut exports decreased from USD 23.5 million to USD 14.0 million. It is noted that live animal exports increased from USD 448.6 million to USD 529.5 million. Other agricultural product exports increased from USD 22.4 million to USD 41.0 million. The value of other exported goods experienced varying decreases.

Except for groundnut exports, commodity exports to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa decreased, where live animals, sesame, and Sudanese cotton constituted the largest shares. Live animal exports increased from USD 14.0 million to USD 34.3 million.

Table (7-10) shows Sudan's commodity imports from the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa for the years 2024 and 2022.

Table (7-10)
Sudan's Commodity Imports from the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa for the years 2024 and 2022 (Million USD)

Commodity Group	*2024			*2022
	COMESA	GAFTA		COMESA	GAFTA
Petroleum Products	1.6	791.3	3.0	1,905.1
Manufactured Goods	150.2	177.7	314.3	538.1
Foodstuffs	469.5	715.8	294.7	374.3
Chemicals	111.7	168.5	215.2	484.0
Machinery and Equipment	21.0	59.7	40.4	101.6
Raw Materials	3.2	27.8	44.5	156.6
Textiles	38.1	53.9	11.0	59.2
Means of Transport	2.4	8.8	1.3	53.0
Beverages and Tobacco	8.0	23.1	46.4	1.7
Other	3.7	4.9	62.3	102.9
Total	809.2	2,031.5	1,033.1	3,776.5

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Ministry of Oil and Gas, Sudan Electricity Company, and Holding Company.

Preliminary data.

The value of commodity imports from the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) decreased from USD 3,776.5 million in 2022 to USD 2,031.5 million in 2024, at a rate of 46.2%. Petroleum products, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs are considered the largest imports from GAFTA countries, followed by raw materials, textiles, machinery, and equipment, and chemicals.

The value of commodity imports from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and South Africa decreased from USD 1,033.1 million to USD 809.2 million, at a rate of 21.5%. Chemicals, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs constituted the largest share of commodity imports from the COMESA and South Africa market.

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Central Bank of Sudan

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Balance of Payments and International Investment Position and External Debt for the Year 2024
1.8 Introduction
This chapter addresses the balance of payments and position of Sudan's external debt.
The balance of payments is defined as a statistical statement that reflects economic transactions between resident and non-resident entities in a specific country during a specific period. For the purposes of this report, it is reviewed according to the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (2009). The balance of payments is considered a comparative international tool for measuring the local economy's performance against the world, allowing for comparison of competitiveness indicators with other countries. It also helps identify some of its indicators, such as official foreign reserves.

The International Investment Position (IIP) is a statistical statement that shows the value and composition of a country's external financial assets and liabilities at a specific point in time. It represents claims of residents on non-residents (assets) and liabilities of residents to non-residents (liabilities), including financial assets and liabilities such as direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments, and reserve assets (excluding gold held for monetary purposes and special drawing rights).

The net IIP is the difference between total external financial assets and total external financial liabilities. If assets exceed liabilities, the country is a net creditor; if liabilities exceed assets, it is a net debtor. The net IIP also expresses the accumulation of deficits or surpluses achieved by countries in their balance of payments, representing the difference between cumulative deficits and surpluses in the balance of payments over time. The balance of payments measures transactions between the local and external economies during a specific period, resulting in either a deficit or surplus, whereas the net IIP represents the cumulative results (balance) of these annual or quarterly balance of payments.

The IIP is usually linked to the opening value (beginning of the period) and the closing value (end of the period).

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External debt is any financing obtained from foreign sources, representing the state's liabilities to foreign creditors. It consists of short-term and long-term external debt to Sudan. It means any liabilities of residents to non-residents, whether guaranteed by the government (public sector) or unguaranteed by the government (private sector).

2.8 Balance of Payments
The balance of payments consists of the Current Account, Capital Account, Financial Account, and Net Errors and Omissions.

2.1.8 Current Account
This account reflects all exchanges of goods and services, income, and current transfers, consisting of three elements:

Balance of Goods and Services: The difference between the value of exports and imports of goods and services during a specific period (usually one year). It includes services such as transport, travel, construction, insurance, and financial services between resident and non-resident entities.
Primary Income Account: The difference between the value of collected revenues and paid expenses related to transactions involving primary income. Primary income represents the income due in return for participation in the production process during a specific period, including compensation of employees, investment income (dividends, interest, and reinvested earnings), and rent from natural resources.
Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers): The difference between the value of collected revenues and paid expenses related to current transfers. This includes current transfers such as workers' remittances, government transfers, and grants and donations.

2.2.8 Capital Account
The Capital Account records non-financial and non-produced capital transactions between residents and non-residents. It includes the acquisition and disposal of non-produced non-financial assets such as land (embassies, mining rights), patents, copyrights, leases, and licenses. It also records capital transfers such as debt forgiveness and capital grants.

2.3.8 Financial Account

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The Financial Account records economic transactions involving external financial assets and liabilities, including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments, and reserve assets. It includes net trade credits and facilities, as well as changes in reserve assets. Reserve assets consist of monetary gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) available for disposal by the monetary authority, foreign currency reserves, and other claims on non-residents.

2.4.8 Net Errors and Omissions
Despite the principle that the balance of payments accounts should balance, discrepancies often appear due to deficiencies in data sources and methods. This discrepancy is called the Net Errors and Omissions item. It should be presented separately in the published data as a positive sign for unrecorded revenues and a negative sign for unrecorded payments.

Table (1-8) and Figure (1-8) show the position of the balance of payments for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (1-8)
Balance of Payments Position for the Years 2023 and 2024 (Million USD)

Item	Change %	Change	2024*	2023
Current Account - 1	-11.7	-241.4	-2,312.1	-2,070.8
Balance of Goods and Services 1.1	-46.0	2,056.5	-2,410.4	-4,466.9
Primary Income Account 2.1	-1,011.9	-1,892.7	-1,705.7	187.0
Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers) 3.1	-18.3	-405.2	1,803.9	2,209.1
Capital Account - 2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Current and Capital Account Balance	-11.7	-241.4	-2,312.1	-2,070.8
Financial Account - Net Lending/Borrowing 3	-410.6	-2,648.4	-2,003.3	645.1
Reserve Assets: From it - 4	-98.7	115.4	-1.5	-116.9
Net Errors and Omissions - 5	-88.6	-2,407.1	308.8	2,715.8
Overall Balance - 6	-98.7	115.4	-1.5	-116.9

Source: Central Bank of Sudan.

Adjusted data.
Preliminary data.

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Figure (1-8)
Balance of Payments Components for the Years 2023 and 2024

Table (1-8) shows that the current and capital account deficit increased from USD 2,070.8 million in 2023 to USD 2,312.1 million in 2024, an increase of USD 241.4 million, at a rate of 11.7%.

Table (2-8) shows the performance of the balance of payments for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (2-8)
Balance of Payments Performance for the Years 2023 and 2024 (Million USD)

Item	Change %	Change	2024*	2023
Current Account - 1	-11.7	-241.4	-2,312.1	-2,070.8
Balance of Goods and Services 1-1	-46.0	2,056.5	-2,410.4	-4,466.9
Exports 1-1-1	-7.5	-273.0	3,380.7	3,653.7
Imports 1-1-1	-28.7	-2,329.6	5,791.0	8,120.6
Balance of Trade in Goods 1-1-1	-58.8	1,834.7	-1,285.6	-3,120.3
Balance of Trade in Services 2-1-1	-13.6	-493.9	3,134.5	3,628.4
Exports (Credit) 2-1-1	51.9	536.2	1,570.2	1,034.0
Imports (Debit) 2-1-1	-34.5	-2,328.6	4,420.0	6,748.7
Primary Income Account 2-1	-16.5	221.8	-1,124.8	-1,346.6
Exports (Credit) 2-1	871.8	220.8	246.2	25.3
Imports (Debit) 2-1	-0.1	-1.0	1,371.0	1,371.9
Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers) 3-1	-1,011.9	-1,892.7	-1,705.7	187.0
Exports (Credit) 3-1	-97.0	-232.8	7.3	240.1
Imports (Debit) 3-1	3,130.3	1,659.9	1,712.9	53.0
Capital Account - 2	-18.3	-405.2	1,803.9	2,209.1
Financial Account - Net Lending/Borrowing 3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Direct Investment 1-3	-410.6	-2,648.4	-2,003.3	645.1
Portfolio Investment 2-3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Investments 3-3	-513.2	7.5	6.1	-1.5
Net IIP	-363.0	-2,771.3	-2,007.9	763.5
Reserve Assets 4-3	-98.7	115.4	-1.5	-116.9
Net Errors and Omissions 4	-88.6	-2,407.1	308.8	2,715.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan.

Adjusted data.
Preliminary data.

1 For more details, see Chapter 10 (Foreign Trade), Table (3-11).
2 For more details, see Appendix (B-10).

Note: The balance of payments review was conducted according to the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual. Assets are shown with a positive sign and liabilities with a negative sign, including the reserve assets item in the financial account.

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Figure (2-8)
Current Account Components for the Years 2023 and 2024

Table (3-8) and Figure (3-8) show the current account deficit as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the period 2020-2024.

Table (3-8)
Current Account Position
Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (2020-2024)

Year	Current Account (Million USD)	Current Account % of GDP
2020	-5,841.2	7.3
2021	-2,695.9	5.4
2022	-3,917.0	7.4
2023*	-2,070.8	7.9
2024	-2,312.1	9.3

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics - Central Bank of Sudan.

Adjusted data.
Preliminary data.

Figure (3-8)
Current Account Deficit as a Percentage of GDP (2020-2024)

Table (3-8) and Figure (3-8) show that the current account deficit as a percentage of GDP increased from 7.9% in 2023 to 9.3% in 2024.

2.1.1.8 Balance of Goods and Services
It is clear from Table (2-8) that the deficit in the balance of goods and services decreased from USD 4,466.9 million in 2023 to USD 2,410.4 million in 2024, at a rate of 46.0%. The deficit in the balance of trade in goods decreased from USD 3,120.3 million to USD 1,285.6 million, due to a decrease in the value of goods imports by 34.5% from USD 6,748.7 million to USD 4,420.0 million, despite a decrease in the value of goods exports by 13.6%.

The trade balance in services recorded a slight improvement, where the deficit decreased from USD 1,346.6 million in 2023 to USD 1,124.8 million in 2024, at a rate of 16.5%. This improvement was attributed to an increase in service revenues by 51.9% from USD 1,034.0 million to USD 1,570.2 million, while service payments remained relatively stable at USD 1,371.0 million, increasing slightly from USD 1,371.9 million to USD 1,371.0 million.

2.1.2.8 Primary Income Account
This item includes income revenues and payments. The account transformed from a surplus of USD 187.0 million in 2023 to a deficit of USD 1,705.7 million in 2024, at a rate of 1,011.9%. This was attributed to a decrease in income revenues by 97.0% and a significant increase in payments by 3,130.3%, due to an increase in transfers related to returns on investments. This had a clear negative impact on the current account, reversing the positive effect of the war in April 2023 on companies abroad.

2.1.3.8 Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers)
This item includes all current transfer revenues and payments, which may take a monetary or in-kind form. Current transfers are divided into:
a) Government Transfers: Transfers between governments of different countries and various international organizations, including emergency assistance and living grants. b) Personal Transfers: Transfers granted by resident households to non-resident households, including workers' remittances.

It is clear from Table (2-8) that the net secondary income account (current transfers) decreased from USD 2,209.1 million in 2023 to USD 1,803.9 million in 2024, at a rate of 18.3%. This decline was attributed to a decrease in revenues by 20.8% from USD 2,839.3 million to USD 2,249.1 million, while payments recorded a slight decline from USD 630.2 million to USD 445.2 million, at a rate of 29.3%. This performance decline includes a decrease in revenues from private transfers.

1 For more details, see Appendix (B-10).
2 For more details, see Appendix (B-10).

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Figure (4-8)
Current Transfer Revenues Details (2020-2024)

2.1.4.8 Capital and Financial Accounts
Table (4-8) shows the details of capital and financial account flows for the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (4-8)
Capital and Financial Account Flows for the Years 2023 and 2024 (Million USD)

Item	Change %	Change	2024*	2023
Capital Account - 1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assets	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Capital Transfers	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Public Sector	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Private Sector	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Liabilities	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Financial Account - Net Lending/Borrowing 2	-410.5	-2,648.4	-2,003.3	645.1
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-87.4	-1,083.1	156.6	1,239.7
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	351.8	1,680.7	2,158.4	477.7
Direct Investment 1-2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portfolio Investment 2-2	-506.7	7.5	6.1	-1.5
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-506.7	7.5	6.1	-1.5
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Investments 3-2	-363.0	-2,771.3	-2,007.9	763.5
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-87.9	-1,090.6	150.5	1,241.2
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	351.8	1,680.7	2,158.4	477.7
Trade Credits 1-3-2	-31.3	108.2	-238.0	-346.2
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-39.7	-85.8	130.4	216.2
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	-34.5	-194.1	368.3	562.4
Loans 2-3-2	2,644.8	-1,518.2	-1,575.5	-57.4
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	2,644.8	1,518.2	1,575.5	57.4
Deposits and Currency 3-3-2	-114.4	-1,540.9	-193.4	1,347.5
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-98.0	-996.7	20.6	1,017.2
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	-164.8	544.3	214.0	-330.3
Other Accounts 4-3-2	-100.2	172.2	0.4	-171.8
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets	-105.2	-8.2	-0.4	7.7
Net Incurrence of Liabilities	-100.4	-180.3	-0.8	179.5
SDR Allocation 5-3-2	-85.1	-7.4	1.3	8.7
Reserve Assets 4-2	-98.7	115.4	-1.5	-116.9

Source: Central Bank of Sudan.

Adjusted data.
Preliminary data.

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2.2.8 Capital Account
The Capital Account records any capital flows or transfers, whether from the public or private sector, and reflects the continued weakness in the attractiveness of long-term investments during 2023 and 2024. It recorded no flows compared to previous years, due to the continued negative impact of the war in April 2023.

2.3.8 Financial Account
Net lending/borrowing in the financial account increased from USD 645.1 million in 2023 to USD 2,003.3 million in 2024, an increase of USD 2,648.4 million, at a rate of 410.5%. This was attributed to a transformation in flows from other investments, where inflows to the interior increased from USD 763.5 million to USD 2,007.9 million, at a rate of 363.0%. This is mainly due to:

The transformation of the deposits and currency item, where inflows to the interior decreased from USD 1,347.5 million to USD 193.4 million.
An increase in the net incurrence of liabilities in the loans item, indicating increased external financing needs to cover requirements.
A decrease in the net use of reserve assets from USD 116.9 million to USD 1.5 million, indicating relative stability in official reserves held by the monetary authority during 2024.

3.8 International Investment Position
Table (5-8) shows the International Investment Position (IIP) at the end of each of the years 2023 and 2024.

Table (5-8)
International Investment Position at the End of Each of the Years 2023 and 2024 (Million USD)

Statement	Change %	Change	2024*	2023
External Assets (by Functional Category)
Direct Investment	54.2	0.0	0.0	54.2
Portfolio Investment	289.7	-18.6	-54.0	235.7
Other Investments	5,716.1	-2.3	-129.8	5,586.3

2024 Sixty-Fourth Annual Report – Central Bank of Sudan 151

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 152

Change 2024 * 2023 Statement % Change Rate

Assets: Reserves
1,048.3 -3.1 -32.0 1,016.3
其中：
Monetary Gold 0.0
SDR Special Drawing Rights 1,034.2 -2.9 -30.4 1,003.8 *Other Reserve Assets 14.1 -11.3 -1.6 12.5

Total External Assets 7,108.3 -3.0 -215.8 6,892.5

External Liabilities (by functional category)
Direct Investment 0.0 0.0 30,307.2 30,307.2
Portfolio Investment 0.0 0.0 301.3 301.3
Other Investments 5.0 4,552.4 94,834.4 90,282.0 Trade Credit and Facilities 3.1 368.3 12,266.5 11,898.2 Foreign Currency Loans 6.0 4,000.0 70,800.0 66,800.0 Currency and Deposits 2.0 214.1 10,727.0 10,512.9 Other Liabilities 0.0

SDR Special Drawing Rights Allocation -2.8 -30.0 1,040.9 1,070.9

Total External Liabilities 3.8 4,552.3 125,442.9 120,890.6

Net International Investment Position -4.2 -4,768.1 -118,550.4 -113,782.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data
Preliminary data
Includes deposits and currency held by the Central Bank, other monetary authorities, and other entities, as well as bonds, financial derivatives, and other claims.

At the end of 2024, the net balance of liabilities to the outside world rose by USD 5-8 million (refer to Table) to USD 118,550.4 million, an increase of 4.2% compared to the end of 2023, when it stood at USD 113,782.3 million. The balance of external assets, valued in all sectors of the Sudanese economy, decreased by USD 215.8 million to USD 6,892.5 million at the end of 2024, from USD 7,108.3 million at the end of 2023, a rate of 3%. This was primarily due to a decrease in the balance of other investments by USD 129.8 million. The balance of external liabilities, valued in all sectors of the Sudanese economy, rose to USD 125,442.9 million at the end of 2024, from USD 120,890.6 million at the end of 2023, a rate of 3.8%. This was primarily due to an increase in the balance of other investments by USD 4,522.4 million, the balance of trade credit and facilities by USD 368.3 million, the balance of long-term foreign currency loans by USD 4,000 million, and the balance of currency and deposits by USD 214.1 million.

It is worth noting that the balance of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) decreased by an amount equivalent to USD 30 million, due to the decrease in the exchange rate of the SDR against the US dollar from 1.3417 in December 2023 to 1.3041 in December 2024.

:External Debt 4.8

Table (6-8) also clarifies the size of external debt for the years 2024 and 2023, as well as the contribution of financing sources to the debt position at the end of each year. 2024.

Table (6-8)
Sudan's External Debt at the end of 2024 and 2023 (USD Billion)

Financing Sources | Total Debt | Total Debt Principal | Contractual Interest | Arrears Interest | % of Total Debt --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Non-Paris Club Countries | 52.5 | 37.2 | 21 | 4.3 | 11.9 | 32.6 International Commercial Banks | 16.8 | 11.9 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 8.2 | 12.3 Paris Club Countries | 15.8 | 11.2 | 8.5 | 0.7 | 2 | 10.7 Foreign Suppliers | 8.5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6.0 Regional and International Institutions | 6.4 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 5.2 Total | 100 | 70.8 | 32.9 | 5.6 | 32.3 | 66.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - External Debt Unit

Preliminary data

Note: Contractual interest is the interest rate agreed upon in the agreement.

It is clear from Table (6-8) that total Sudanese external liabilities rose from USD 66.8 billion at the end of 2023 to USD 70.8 billion at the end of 2024, a rate of 6.0%. This was primarily due to an increase in the debt of non-Paris Club countries. In addition, the debt of Paris Club countries rose by USD 4.6 billion to USD 14.1 billion, and the debt of international commercial banks, regional and international institutions decreased by rates of 4.7%, 13.5%, and 3.3%, respectively, to amounts of USD 0.7 billion and USD 0.4 billion.

Considering the contribution of financing sources to the total debt balance, Sudan's debt is primarily held by non-Paris Club countries at 52.5%, followed by international commercial banks at 16.8%, Paris Club countries at 15.8%, foreign suppliers at 8.5%, and regional and international institutions at 6.4%.

:Debt Sustainability Indicators for Sudan's External Debt for 2024 and 2023 1.4.8

Debt sustainability indicators are used to measure the state's ability to service its debt and meet its external obligations. These indicators include the size of the debt, in addition to available financial resources such as government revenues, exports, and the domestic gross product. The standard measure for assessing the extent of external debt sustainability is:

Total debt to domestic gross product ratio: 30%
Total debt to total external exports ratio: 100%

Table (7-8) clarifies the debt sustainability indicators for Sudan's external debt for 2024 and 2023.

Table (7-8)
Debt Sustainability Indicators for Sudan's External Debt for 2024 and 2023

Debt Sustainability Indicators | Standard % | Sudan's Indicators 2024 * | Sudan's Indicators 2023 * --- | --- | --- | --- Total debt to domestic gross product ratio | 30 | 283.9 | 253.5 Total debt to total external exports ratio | 100 | 2,258.7 | 1,842.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - External Debt Unit

Preliminary data

:Position of Withdrawals and Repayment of External Loans 2.4.8

Table (8-8) shows the position of withdrawals of external loans for the years 2024 and 2023.

Table (8-8)
Withdrawals of External Loans for 2024 and 2023 (USD Million)

Financing Source | 2024 | 2023 | % of Total 2024 --- | --- | --- | --- International Fund for Agricultural Development | 60.1 | 8.3 | 0.8 Saudi Fund for Development | 27.7 | 3.8 | 3 Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development | 11.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 Total | 100.0 | 13.7 | 0.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - External Debt Unit

Preliminary data

Withdrawals of external loans rose from USD 0.8 million during 2023 to USD 13.7 million during 2024, reflecting a significant increase in the volume of withdrawals during 2024.

Table (9-8) clarifies the principal repayment of external loans for 2024 and 2023.

Table (9-8)
Principal Repayment of External Loans for 2024 and 2023 (USD Million)

Financing Source | 2024 | 2023 | % of Total 2024 --- | --- | --- | --- International Bank | 74.4 | 29.4 | 29 International Fund for Agricultural Development - IFAD | 6.3 | 2.5 | 3 African Development Bank | 19.2 | 7.6 | 0 Total | 100.0 | 39.5 | 32

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - External Debt Unit

Preliminary data

Note: Does not include arrears on principal of due loans.

Table (9-8) indicates that total principal repayment of external loans rose from USD 32 million during 2023 to USD 39.5 million during 2024.

Central Bank of Sudan

Annual Report 2024 – Central Bank of Sudan 157
Appendix

Appendix (1)
Currency in Circulation During the Period (2015-2024) (In Thousands of Pounds)

End of Period | Total Currency in Circulation | Currency with Banks | Currency with Public --- | --- | --- | --- December 2015 | 29,340,437.14 | 27,495,371.58 | 1,845,065.57 December 2016 | 40,904,296.67 | 38,712,019.07 | 2,192,277.60 December 2017 | 65,240,883.15 | 61,455,040.42 | 3,785,842.73 December 2018 | 113,921,613.74 | 112,832,214.48 | 1,089,399.26 December 2019 | 295,274,334.03 | 281,335,737.54 | 13,938,596.48 March 2020 | 327,009,192.81 | 299,394,374.51 | 27,614,818.30 June 2020 | 378,871,903.44 | 346,019,411.59 | 32,852,491.85 September 2020 | 433,030,111.00 | 408,162,772.45 | 24,867,338.55 December 2020 | 588,828,829.56 | 560,312,259.32 | 28,516,570.24 March 2021 | 712,612,415.31 | 671,543,435.32 | 41,068,979.99 June 2021 | 813,293,660.10 | 740,770,444.82 | 72,523,215.28 September 2021 | 855,170,460.51 | 755,660,405.83 | 99,510,054.68 December 2021 | 988,657,846.24 | 905,705,606.19 | 82,952,400.05 March 2022 | 1,090,700,104.20 | 1,018,400,749.23 | 72,299,354.97 June 2022 | 1,187,871,395.07 | 1,045,317,242.29 | 142,554,152.77 September 2022 | 1,186,629,015.37 | 1,024,554,646.79 | 162,074,368.57 December 2022 | 1,377,766,149.78 | 1,245,561,930.91 | 132,204,218.87 March 2023 | 1,469,878,956.61 | 1,303,290,860.24 | 166,588,096.37 June 2023 | 1,392,145,584.16 | 1,221,037,048.40 | 171,108,535.75 September 2023 | 1,392,145,584.16 | 1,221,037,048.40 | 171,108,535.75 December 2023 | 1,838,717,348.53 | 1,730,862,510.82 | 107,854,837.71 March 2024 | 1,932,686,265.64 | 1,821,438,287.14 | 111,247,978.51 June 2024 | 1,976,306,247.12 | 1,859,573,475.86 | 116,732,771.26 September 2024 | 2,124,673,037.74 | 2,050,486,171.38 | 74,186,866.36 December 2024 | 1,733,244,091.33 | 1,614,730,281.57 | 118,513,809.76

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Appendix (2)
Metallic Currency in Circulation at the End of 2024 and 2023 (In Thousands of Pounds)

End of Period	Total Currency in Circulation
2023
March	1,469,879,169.73
June	1,606,836,728.90
September	1,619,375,180.90
December	2,302,880,125.73
2024
March	2,401,663,467.73
June	2,451,365,607.73
September	2,617,968,497.73
December	1,736,948,177.73

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Note: The currency in circulation at the end of 2023 includes stolen currency from Khartoum warehouses.

Appendix (3)
Analysis of Currency in Circulation by Denomination at the End of 2024 and 2023 (In Thousands of Pounds)

Paper Currency Denominations	2024	2023
1000 Pound Denomination	732,105,880.00	837,114,958.00 500 Pound Denomination

Coin Denominations	2024	2023
1 Pound Denomination	132,145.00	132,145.00 50 Qirsh Denomination

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

The currency in circulation decreased at the end of 2024 as a result of the currency exchange and withdrawal process carried out in the United States and the 500 Pound denomination during the month of December 2024.

Appendix (4)
Money Supply During the Period (2015-2024)
(USD Million)

Statement | December 2024 | December 2023 | December 2022 | December 2021 | December 2020 | December 2019 | December 2018 | December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015 --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Money Supply | 14,480,589.23 | 7,595,400.01 | 4,927,294.01 | 3,296,958.85 | 1,302,229.61 | 689,797.60 | 430,986.00 | 203,367.50 | 120,800.00 | 93,642.60 Currency with Public | 1,614,730.28 | 1,729,492.29 | 1,245,561.93 | 905,705.61 | 560,312.26 | 281,335.70 | 112,832.20 | 61,455.00 | 38,712.00 | 27,495.40 Demand Deposits with Public | 3,193,397.13 | 1,626,056.93 | 1,322,857.76 | 928,012.85 | 319,611.11 | 158,147.70 | 119,811.60 | 59,545.50 | 33,460.80 | 25,376.30 Quasi Money | 9,672,461.82 | 4,239,850.78 | 2,358,874.32 | 1,463,240.39 | 422,306.23 | 250,314.20 | 198,342.20 | 82,367.00 | 48,627.20 | 40,770.90 Net External Assets | -16,253,466.38 | -7,602,620.63 | -3,966,660.58 | -2,731,463.58 | -530,233.93 | -280,761.30 | -287,165.90 | -40,242.40 | -36,320.80 | -26,153.50 Reserve at Central Bank of Sudan | 3,490,513.04 | 2,063,475.80 | 1,560,710.57 | 1,126,845.67 | 131,625.88 | 67,137.80 | 52,144.40 | 6,812.50 | 6,109.80 | 6,401.00 IMF Accounts | -2,777.11 | -1,502.03 | -842.49 | 0.00 | -76,592.19 | -60,143.10 | -64,137.60 | -9,186.00 | -8,580.80 | -8,215.00 Short-term External Liabilities | -564,825.09 | -273,062.89 | -159,347.34 | -116,963.49 | -18,435.94 | -12,910.00 | -3,735.90 | -181.80 | -221.30 | -13.50 Payment Agreements | -50,184.60 | -24,221.91 | -13,891.33 | -10,699.68 | -1,349.59 | -1,104.00 | -1,158.30 | -173.10 | -159.40 | -143.20 Rescheduling Accounts | -1,005,642.10 | -484,151.51 | -280,452.06 | -211,624.80 | -26,645.86 | -21,800.80 | -23,012.00 | -3,390.20 | -3,186.70 | -2,944.10 Long-term External Liabilities | -4,683,102.64 | -2,115,468.06 | -1,152,383.95 | -826,373.42 | -97,858.00 | -217,258.80 | -201,155.40 | -29,091.20 | -24,299.20 | -17,643.80 Other External Liabilities | -15,845,458.22 | -7,812,099.24 | -4,411,624.98 | -3,090,903.86 | -478,124.40 | -51,259.20 | -55,978.30 | -8,656.50 | -7,539.60 | -5,516.20 Net External Assets for Banks | 2,408,010.34 | 1,044,409.21 | 491,171.00 | 398,256.01 | 37,146.16 | 16,576.80 | 9,867.20 | 3,623.90 | 1,556.40 | 1,921.30 Revaluation | 17,724,458.05 | 9,168,757.35 | 5,480,280.05 | 4,483,274.88 | 867,625.55 | 560,119.90 | 532,458.80 | 35,354.40 | 26,627.90 | 22,769.10 Claims on General Government | 9,641,824.44 | 4,501,707.12 | 2,203,195.56 | 1,205,302.11 | 751,511.09 | 242,440.40 | 162,188.30 | 105,786.80 | 69,294.90 | 53,242.40 Net Claims on Government | 8,063,343.63 | 3,690,781.17 | 1,895,750.09 | 953,763.82 | 680,026.44 | 198,858.40 | 117,193.30 | 76,439.10 | 54,216.70 | 42,124.50 Claims on State Governments | 8,856.36 | 2,084.85 | 15,184.82 | 15,166.69 | 11,107.12 | 12,585.30 | 11,700.80 | 4,794.10 | 3,342.00 | 2,046.50 Claims on Public Institutions | 1,569,624.45 | 808,841.11 | 292,559.66 | 236,101.60 | 60,377.54 | 30,996.70 | 33,324.20 | 24,553.60 |
11,736.20 | 9,071.40 Claims on Private Sector | 3,367,773.13 | 1,527,556.16 | 1,210,054.97 | 340,115.44 | 213,326.90 | 185,697.00 | 127,415.60 | 75,060.00 | 54,010.20 | 43,509.20 Non-financial Institutions | 2,648,284.75 | 1,900,305.05 | 1,621,737.12 | 886,112.04 | 307,713.37 | 179,477.60 | 123,107.20 | 72,735.50 | 52,561.40 | 41,606.30 Non-banking Financial Institutions | 35,913.37 | 35,580.59 | 22,226.48 | 16,673.23 | 8,517.92 | 6,219.40 | 4,308.40 | 2,224.50 | 1,448.70 | 1,902.80 Net Other Items | 683,575.01 | -408,329.47 | -433,908.63 | -562,769.83 | -102,762.39 | -17,698.60 | -103,910.80 | 27,408.80 | 7,188.10 | 275.60

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Appendix (A-5)
Assets and Liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan During the Period (2015-2024) (In Thousands of Pounds) Assets

End of Period | Total Assets | Foreign Assets | Cash Papers | Government Certificates | Loans to Commercial Banks | Temporary Loans to Government | Long-term Loans to Government | Central Bank Certificates* | Loans to Public Institutions | Bank Share Capital | Other Contributions | Other Accounts | Total --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- December 2015 | 99,030,785 | 61,657,339 | 647,882 | 2,647,399 | 196,480 | 0 | 11,938,968 | 3,500,000 | 8,317,835 | 3,725,862 | 0 | 288,790 | 6,110,229 | 2015 December December 2016 | 128,005,610 | 81,526,962 | 729,855 | 2,713,434 | 280,073 | 0 | 15,438,968 | 8,900,000 | 7,911,429 | 4,397,125 | 0 | 415,094 | 5,692,671 | 2016 December December 2017 | 188,248,591 | 131,618,700 | 852,563 | 2,705,434 | 252,023 | 0 | 15,356,568 | 14,753,333 | 13,945,532 | 1,953,889 | 0 | 547,989 | 6,262,560 | 2017 December December 2018 | 757,500,684 | 606,432,861 | 3,441,189 | 2,873,179 | 971,242 | 1,650,000 | 14,915,062 | 56,137,980 | 17,018,885 | 1,917,831 | 0 | 3,380,065 | 48,762,392 | 2018 December December 2019 | 997,170,784 | 756,202,724 | 3,392,546 | 6,641,043 | 870,692 | 0 | 14,126,261 | 120,926,635 | 25,957,231 | 1,917,831 | 0 | 4,717,307 | 62,418,512 | 2019 December December 2020 | 1,688,466,613 | 1,075,612,945 | 4,102,273 | 6,641,043 | 12,502,180 | 0 | 125,425,060 | 285,144,005 | 45,527,468 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 5,997,348 | 125,626,550 | 2020 December December 2021 | 7,178,755,047 | 5,343,443,606 | 28,050,499 | 6,641,043 | 84,728,049 | 0 | 120,796,120 | 337,105,496 | 129,258,810 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 69,860,804 | 1,056,982,878 | 2021 December December 2022 | 9,261,887,474 | 6,933,766,503 | 36,770,643 | 6,641,043 | 95,260,014 | 1,250,000 | 120,796,120 | 864,009,940 | 236,879,206 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 93,500,766 | 871,125,496 | 2022 December December 2023 | 15,417,994,246 | 11,719,610,282 | 62,068,803 | 6,641,043 | 247,711,973 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 1,874,871,618 | 283,937,457 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 163,046,331 | 864,323,162 | 2023 December January 2024 | 15,255,363,483 | 11,495,688,087 | 62,769,574 | 6,641,043 | 253,783,174 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 1,979,703,146 | 284,211,795 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 164,089,208 | 812,693,879 | 2024 January February 2024 | 16,932,011,754 | 12,920,225,669 | 69,117,185 | 6,641,043 | 265,844,816 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,096,765,403 | 286,696,752 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 181,265,189 | 909,672,120 | 2024 February March 2024 | 17,181,633,694 | 13,008,867,455 | 69,742,269 | 6,641,043 | 266,944,728 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,242,353,297 | 286,941,459 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 182,782,453 | 921,577,413 | 2024 March April 2024 | 17,848,290,421 | 13,456,296,599 | 72,179,855 | 6,641,043 | 267,675,091 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,359,415,554 | 287,895,723 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 188,955,115 | 1,013,447,865 | 2024 April May 2024 | 20,067,918,171 | 15,318,776,903 | 82,357,370 | 6,641,043 | 297,279,797 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,604,407,217 | 291,880,007 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 216,793,283
| 1,053,998,974 | 2024 May June 2024 | 25,637,282,045 | 20,189,131,830 | 109,678,265 | 6,641,043 | 370,964,128 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,807,492,969 | 302,575,566 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 289,878,083 | 1,365,136,583 | 2024 June July 2024 | 28,153,523,789 | 22,265,249,562 | 120,554,001 | 6,641,043 | 403,961,935 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 2,904,759,214 | 306,833,189 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 319,985,493 | 1,629,755,774 | 2024 July August 2024 | 29,400,011,038 | 23,171,283,399 | 124,866,669 | 6,641,043 | 424,411,895 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 3,111,711,199 | 308,521,508 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 334,054,868 | 1,722,736,881 | 2024 August September 2024 | 28,972,957,554 | 22,400,683,502 | 120,482,508 | 6,641,043 | 412,546,191 | 1,250,000 | 192,645,835 | 3,642,826,664 | 306,805,201 | 1,888,065 | 0 | 322,373,932 | 1,564,814,612 | 2024 September October 2024 | 30,543,304,718 | 23,536,975,902 | 127,652,300 | 6,641,043 | 554,957,724 | 1,450,000 | 192,645,835 | 3,866,062,606 | 309,612,024 | 1,888,065 | 0 | 339,355,690 | 1,606,063,529 | 2024 October November 2024 | 30,213,760,306 | 23,114,461,346 | 126,057,967 | 6,641,043 | 538,661,155 | 1,450,000 | 192,645,835 | 3,985,444,094 | 308,666,759 | 1,888,065 | 0 | 330,419,308 | 1,607,424,734 | 2024 November December 2024 | 31,040,548,200 | 24,148,323,381 | 127,654,840 | 6,641,043 | 435,259,977 | 1,450,000 | 192,645,835 | 4,414,238,467 | 310,811,949 | 1,887,742 | 0 | 333,575,917 | 1,068,059,049 | 2024 December

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Central Bank Bank Lease Certificates were introduced as of October 2005.
Adjusted data

Appendix (B-5)
Assets and Liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan During the Period (2015-2024) (In Thousands of Pounds) Liabilities

End of Period | Total Liabilities | Currency in Circulation | Government Accounts | Central Bank Share Certificates | Other Capital* | Foreign Accounts | Payment Agreements | Other Liabilities* | Banks Accounts | Total --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- December 2015 | 99,030,785 | 21,619,937 | 732,316 | 7,414,103 | 17,643,810 | 1,070,900 | 143,226 | 20,092,217 | 0 | 973,837 | 29,340,437 | 2015 December December 2016 | 128,005,610 | 24,697,342 | 773,589 | 9,628,745 | 24,299,242 | 1,331,252 | 159,419 | 23,308,352 | 0 | 2,903,373 | 40,904,297 | 2016 December December 2017 | 188,248,591 | 31,338,345 | 2,562,557 | 10,870,443 | 29,091,241 | 1,371,241 | 173,090 | 42,799,526 | 0 | 4,801,265 | 65,240,883 | 2017 December December 2018 | 757,500,684 | 169,155,817 | 2,603,011 | 70,738,728 | 201,253,343 | 11,987,880 | 1,158,309 | 168,809,531 | 0 | 17,872,452 | 113,921,614 | 2018 December December 2019 | 997,170,784 | 183,123,750 | 2,603,011 | 65,329,241 | 217,351,526 | 20,639,494 | 1,103,954 | 190,169,479 | 0 | 21,575,997 | 295,274,334 | 2019 December December 2020 | 1,688,466,613 | 64,044,681 | 2,603,011 | 468,041,315 | 97,971,368 | 55,163,672 | 1,349,595 | 375,406,905 | 0 | 35,057,238 | 588,828,830 | 2020 December December 2021 | 7,178,755,047 | 315,728,556 | 2,603,011 | 3,302,528,661 | 827,273,843 | 117,859,735 | 10,699,678 | 1,357,851,171 | 0 | 255,552,547 | 988,657,846 | 2021 December December 2022 | 9,261,887,474 | 285,097,690.02 | 2,603,011 | 4,093,448,193 | 1,153,577,219 | 160,243,580 | 13,891,327 | 1,801,138,976 | 0 | 374,121,329 | 1,377,766,150 | 2022 December December 2023 | 15,417,994,246 | (65,989,517.64) | 2,603,011 | 7,255,750,281 | 2,117,528,027 | 273,959,133 | 24,221,908 | 3,295,191,551 | 0 | 685,775,473 | 1,828,954,380 | 2023 December January 2024 | 15,255,363,483 | (12,439,947) | 2,603,011 | 7,264,685,115 | 1,877,377,016 | 277,058,762 | 24,485,962 | 3,322,359,213 | 0 | 660,517,002.9 | 1,838,717,348.5 | 2024 January February 2024 | 16,932,011,754 | 23,458,244 | 2,603,011 | 8,028,799,847 | 2,363,235,338 | 305,603,889 | 27,035,849 | 3,550,216,481 | 0 | 756,812,625.4 | 1,874,246,470.8 | 2024 February March 2024 | 17,181,633,694 | (50,096,301) | 2,603,011 | 8,115,436,529 | 2,394,824,981 | 308,452,331 | 9,749,008 | 3,685,457,709 | 0 | 782,520,160.4 | 1,932,686,265.6 | 2024 March April 2024 | 17,848,290,421 | 7,541,817 | 2,603,011 | 8,427,329,543 | 2,478,646,623 | 319,437,862 | 28,218,404 | 3,860,361,101 | 0 | 783,886,740.1 | 1,940,265,320.7 | 2024 April May 2024 | 20,067,918,171 | 93,801,867 | 2,603,011 | 9,539,838,055 | 2,845,474,254 | 365,191,221 | 32,376,914 | 4,272,196,431 | 0 | 984,366,777.9 | 1,932,069,641.1 | 2024 May June 2024 | 25,637,282,045 | 378,027,997 | 2,603,011 | 12,732,354,631 | 3,799,149,021 | 487,968,209 | 43,347,077 | 5,007,541,905 | 0 | 1,209,983,946.7 | 1,976,306,247.12 | 2024 June July 2024 | 28,153,523,789 | 491,879,671 | 2,603,011 | 14,086,608,327 | 4,209,656,829 | 577,636,471 | 47,854,565 |
5,484,654,632 | 0 | 1,239,246,701.59 | 2,013,383,580.7 | 2024 July August 2024 | 29,400,011,038 | 501,221,475 | 2,603,011 | 14,874,646,903 | 4,366,653,887 | 587,045,077 | 49,858,656 | 5,665,934,181 | 0 | 1,288,395,559.4 | 2,063,652,288.5 | 2024 August September 2024 | 28,972,957,554 | 459,312,529 | 2,603,011 | 14,443,124,901 | 4,215,443,399 | 578,019,258 | 48,193,579 | 5,714,248,050 | 0 | 1,387,339,789.2 | 2,124,673,037.7 | 2024 September October 2024 | 30,543,304,718 | 567,126,670 | 2,603,011 | 15,148,755,429 | 4,452,446,693 | 609,060,739 | 50,798,900 | 6,161,054,773 | 0 | 1,385,055,984.0 | 2,166,402,518.7 | 2024 October November 2024 | 30,213,760,306 | 134,256,233 | 2,603,011 | 14,825,480,102 | 4,349,606,046 | 597,349,422 | 49,618,747 | 6,320,207,573 | 0 | 1304633399.11 | 2,630,005,773.6 | 2024 November December 2024 | 31,040,548,200 | 134,113,743 | 2,603,011 | 14,753,092,885 | 4,692,794,293 | 565,721,333 | 50,184,596 | 7,826,604,336 | 0 | 1,282,189,911.6 | 1,733,244,091.3 | 2024 December

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data

Appendix (A-6)
Consolidated Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks During the Period (2015-2024) (In Thousands of Pounds) Assets

End of Period | Total Assets | Other Accounts* | Government Financing | Treasury Bills | Other Government Bonds | Foreign Correspondents | Local Commercial Banks | Claims on Central Bank of Sudan* | Local Cash --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- December 2015 | 108,937,570 | 15,435,820 | 53,456,764 | 11,191,416 | 3,858,707 | 3,175,897 | 19,973,900 | 1,845,066 | 2015 December December 2016 | 132,713,544 | 18,809,094 | 67,688,597 | 12,469,181 | 3,724,012 | 3,702,574 | 24,127,809 | 2,192,278 | 2016 December December 2017 | 211,245,807 | 30,070,124 | 102,927,668 | 17,654,465 | 6,746,856 | 2,372,570 | 47,688,281 | 3,785,843 | 2017 December December 2018 | 447,850,547 | 41,783,637 | 167,703,204 | 22,669,571 | 27,639,166 | 5,547,441 | 181,418,129 | 1,089,399 | 2018 December December 2019 | 550,898,241 | 63,212,555 | 218,464,030 | 27,243,550 | 33,404,978 | 9,535,609 | 185,098,922 | 13,938,596 | 2019 December December 2020 | 984,894,438 | 100,716,938 | 363,742,882 | 31,896,102 | 58,499,645 | 18,062,514 | 383,459,787 | 28,516,570 | 2020 December December 2021 | 3,518,274,879 | 347,855,935 | 1,031,235,997 | 28,801,472 | 578,769,946 | 69,611,511 | 1,379,047,778 | 82,952,240 | 2021 December December 2022 | 5,334,554,821 | 522,436,171 | 1,808,991,758 | 30,331,140 | 909,619,889 | 128,089,185 | 1,802,882,460 | 132,204,219 | 2022 December December 2023 | 8,742,376,618 | 905,140,838 | 2,419,946,562 | 30,194,372 | 1,377,894,393 | 582,432,856 | 3,327,305,510 | 99,462,087 | 2023 December January 2024 | 8,903,143,

Appendix 6-b)
Commercial Banks' Unified Balance Sheet (2015 - 2024 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds) - Liabilities

End of Period	Commercial Banks	Correspondents Abroad	Other Accounts* and Provisions	Other	Federal Government	State Governments	Local Institutions and Public
December 2015	108,937,570	21,308,343	16,254,425	1,937,450	1,692,013	4,325,786	63,340,701
December 2016	132,713,544	28,041,325	18,423,745	2,167,616	1,909,420	2,711,910	79,354,931
December 2017	211,245,807	34,779,170	22,847,199	3,122,993	3,453,714	7,936,719	138,914,816
December 2018	447,850,547	79,552,517	31,058,511	17,771,952	6,023,622	10,464,716	302,437,775
December 2019	550,898,241	85,916,022	58,564,407	16,828,191	6,930,388	20,850,960	361,316,654
December 2020	984,894,438	153,571,260	75,542,425	21,223,645	9,293,691	52,226,630	672,445,421
December 2021	3,518,274,879	746,762,370	241,939,884	180,513,940	19,556,983	244,722,683	2,042,858,688
December 2022	5,334,554,821	909,479,717	490,493,468	418,448,887	28,576,183	258,170,868	3,229,318,034
December 2023	8,742,376,618	1,669,642,624	900,792,688	333,485,187	325,926,928	319,213,149	5,176,387,954
January 2024	8,903,143,453	1,469,989,955	1,229,965,422	358,438,535	337,662,760	333,740,509	5,146,307,401
February 2024	9,435,177,158	1,688,564,234	1,220,023,741	360,488,807	370,904,030	349,470,550	5,416,272,398
March 2024	9,814,027,238	1,727,669,073	1,222,095,880	414,650,831	348,637,062	383,049,177	5,679,492,786
April 2024	10,355,696,117	1,851,537,728	1,249,954,728	448,024,310	367,019,004	393,152,553	6,007,252,487
May 2024	11,277,140,132	1,994,530,617	1,361,440,530	619,515,078	428,356,908	415,035,638	6,416,317,337
June 2024	13,257,094,013	2,430,031,921	1,497,844,010	759,416,529	509,326,538	459,255,080	7,528,146,643
July 2024	13,568,194,242	2,694,053,288	1,359,303,883	763,313,056	523,238,753	458,093,709	7,741,127,118
August 2024	14,513,425,595	2,867,195,334	1,342,387,704	865,292,661	537,385,471	495,041,395	8,373,190,908
September 2024	15,496,711,979	3,035,141,323	1,391,371,173	969,582,737	527,035,876	507,736,586	9,030,403,405
October 2024	15,938,126,001	3,049,692,581	1,364,236,805	1,007,691,181	525,668,683	519,374,235	9,436,208,826
November 2024	16,153,924,424	3,007,054,760	1,416,450,750	981,867,747	571,402,535	515,727,416	9,628,047,728
December 2024	18,359,668,588	3,153,393,830	1,507,259,508	975,441,833	584,423,815	685,490,709	11,420,270,515

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Adjusted data

Appendix 7-a)
Domestic Currency Financing Balances in Banks (2015 - 2024 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds)

End of Period	Total	Other	Mining and Energy	Construction	Transport	Storage	Local Trade	Imports	Exports	Industry
December 2015	50,019,557	13,782,503	308,051	9,091,760	3,329,773	5,799,644	1,032,686	1,383,122	6,890,855	8,401,164
December 2016	64,197,494	16,427,991	591,689	10,193,986	4,439,470	8,698,763	2,417,254	1,538,986	8,059,067	11,830,288
December 2017	99,588,920	21,791,198	2,279,952	14,634,274	5,785,361	12,011,072	2,920,251	3,452,475	15,703,014	21,011,323
December 2018	143,750,775	37,139,425	2,771,648	19,896,340	9,465,724	8,907,176	1,643,933	10,554,376	33,737,207	19,634,945
December 2019	203,102,353	47,534,980	4,935,674	24,131,892	15,800,027	15,807,127	2,023,031	16,306,198	43,698,302	32,865,122
December 2020	355,254,646	66,986,077	7,033,327	28,458,765	32,686,870	36,836,437	2,693,962	38,853,040	73,013,343	68,692,825
December 2021	990,165,869	182,400,207	31,810,009	60,922,151	112,146,668	39,913,372	14,053,154	97,491,071	196,902,628	254,526,610
December 2022	1,682,653,281	276,918,876	64,091,305	106,889,052	132,378,098	99,875,307	34,808,832	177,737,101	374,004,574	415,950,136
December 2023	1,980,179,743	368,257,859	53,996,278	105,951,656	130,686,542	94,704,698	130,417,382	205,760,238	478,415,434	411,989,656
January 2024	1,925,663,968	374,528,265	57,220,003	103,700,032	118,437,851	96,726,679	133,088,304	201,994,580	440,043,541	399,924,713
February 2024	1,964,715,048	376,739,634	59,987,931	102,761,209	131,110,144	98,513,791	137,688,368	204,328,208	438,676,364	414,909,400
March 2024	1,977,148,675	391,134,277	59,494,671	99,344,050	133,004,769	103,108,280	137,953,948	205,640,960	430,846,639	416,621,082
April 2024	2,005,288,674	393,776,730	59,493,467	97,524,598	132,430,915	107,860,161	138,219,061	212,336,486	443,373,179	420,274,075
May 2024	2,054,366,751	397,434,245	54,572,760	93,961,330	132,509,766	100,925,664	137,275,199	224,779,274	478,602,416	434,306,097
June 2024	2,175,770,204	475,303,212	52,368,786	91,219,176	135,437,671	96,769,235	135,720,430	225,790,354	513,177,316	449,984,025
July 2024	2,138,736,016	490,844,311	51,107,297	86,667,784	122,630,351	109,279,863	84,834,100	237,595,766	497,977,391	457,799,152
August 2024	2,227,481,403	495,212,264	43,370,486	63,919,114	172,582,037	101,079,687	92,143,195	232,825,304	507,150,028	519,199,288
September 2024	2,279,600,578	502,575,905	49,831,419	89,338,442	144,072,528	111,734,032	91,281,927	255,961,274	510,804,825	524,000,227
October 2024	2,294,552,493	469,779,962	52,279,306	85,771,463	143,864,863	136,061,857	90,250,486	256,294,811	521,950,471	538,299,275
November 2024	2,389,503,993	445,990,771	49,648,261	84,381,669	148,695,818	138,331,795	97,845,492	267,584,524	583,595,318	573,430,345
December 2024	2,620,807,900	453,269,728	50,117,778	82,915,469	150,456,464	154,327,073	96,218,958	301,390,035	621,626,516	710,485,879

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Appendix 7-b)
Foreign Currency Financing Balances in Banks (2015 - 2024 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds)

End of Period	Total	Other	Mining and Energy	Construction	Transport	Storage	Local Trade	Imports	Exports	Industry
December 2015	3,437,207	702,541	3,130	568,583	685,389	130,322	409,414	-	766,049	171,779
December 2016	3,491,101	1,021,198	32,603	523,372	505,295	136,549	268,718	-	883,714	119,654
December 2017	3,338,748	1,113,025	70,561	637,652	292,831	114,071	313,836	-	656,492	140,280
December 2018	19,730,813	5,544,016	13,276	3,950,088	199,421	783,926	1,661,691	71,908	3,453,393	4,053,094
December 2019	15,361,676	4,309,464	-	3,349,096	-	689,452	1,601,065	-	1,705,749	3,706,850
December 2020	8,488,236	1,328,103	-	3,975,647	-	162,529	1,150,773	-	1,478,328	392,856
December 2021	41,070,128	23,494,641	-	-	463,893	2,747,310	1,877,999	592,488	10,046,229	1,847,568
December 2022	126,338,477	34,166,022	1,472,400	-	1,332,193	2,746,443	35,992,831	6,658,472	41,704,021	2,266,096
December 2023	407,264,499	95,479,097	-	3,163,334	-	183,154,748	67,040,088	17,418,698	35,339,557	5,668,977
January 2024	518,332,151	101,839,622	-	-	-	194,451,179	129,493,288	19,199,804	66,951,618	6,396,640
February 2024	584,182,796	124,773,342	-	-	-	221,279,335	132,237,190	21,268,465	76,966,479	7,657,986
March 2024	608,697,097	139,628,684	-	-	-	224,420,160	137,172,491	21,402,592	78,082,661	7,990,509
April 2024	649,566,017	142,576,722	-	-	-	242,649,431	150,544,941	22,906,830	82,155,108	8,732,985
May 2024	820,120,544	186,795,550	-	-	-	366,690,538	122,101,472	22,645,209	110,755,356	11,132,419
June 2024	952,339,052	167,905,184	-	-	-	429,324,831	161,831,237	28,282,604	148,054,988	16,940,208
July 2024	1,028,566,624	163,993,155	-	3,163,334	-	491,987,002	186,841,425	30,662,078	89,973,885	61,945,745
August 2024	1,053,176,789	173,191,153	-	-	-	494,639,065	188,365,761	32,863,996	91,233,307	72,883,507
September 2024	1,104,883,562	178,722,341	-	-	-	521,529,776	191,320,792	30,897,719	89,048,001	93,364,933
October 2024	1,105,412,316	179,682,947	-	-	-	521,455,107	191,390,442	28,352,923	86,531,211	97,999,685
November 2024	1,011,968,342	176,141,648	-	-	-	494,739,918	182,752,497	33,910,475	42,602,039	81,821,766
December 2024	1,078,539,411	165,049,182	-	-	-	520,862,862	183,214,455	32,327,210	68,062,318	109,023,385

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Appendix 7-c)
Banking Financing Flows by Islamic Formulas (2012 - 2022 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds)

Year	Total	General	Murabaha	Musharaka	Mudaraba	Qirad (Musaqat)	Ijarah	Istisna	Qard Hasan	Other
2012*	24,102,842	12,021,906	2,636,883	1,296,315	459,838	2,160,054	89,595	20,115	125,475	5,292,662
2013	33,822,488	18,012,731	3,740,711	1,772,902	665,257	3,929,456	331,230	32,387	99,619	5,238,195
2014	38,678,626	20,180,433	3,625,294	2,086,517	1,464,259	5,178,257	144,597	43,193	208,716	5,747,359
2015	54,193,276	26,968,511	3,822,837	3,582,143	1,622,869	8,402,243	200,215	47,226	120,915	9,426,317
2016	83,355,303	38,518,716	5,593,984	4,165,534	2,499,694	17,271,520	290,365	52,265	240,811	14,722,414
2017	125,091,258	60,723,766	8,099,318	9,740,088	728,467	32,375,192	545,895	442,742	294,132	12,141,659
2018	144,686,256	78,705,264	9,196,459	7,560,347	2,030,221	26,417,767	1,058,173	1,114,718	543,988	18,059,319
2019	260,206,808	159,010,374	13,042,386	10,472,736	4,111,990	20,322,000	929,728	4,521,097	480,894	47,315,603
2020	348,509,954	224,396,201	31,229,409	17,426,158	9,106,981	15,067,171	1,362,833	2,068,191	3,289,859	44,563,151
2021	1,085,021,773	797,091,186	86,571,656	19,538,185	50,457,957	29,707,965	3,867,123	8,993,379	3,383,929	85,410,392
2022	1,756,010,419	1,320,743,434	133,667,013	30,504,230	58,287,871	87,127,342	4,571,205	2,208,297	4,290,732	114,610,294

Source: Central Bank of Sudan
Note: Data includes new formulas starting from 2012.
Does not include government financing.

Appendix 7-d)
Banking Financing Flows by Sector (2012 - 2022 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds)

Year	Total	General	Agriculture	Industry	Local Trade	Export	Import	Transport	Storage	Energy
2012	24,102,842	2,873,014	4,577,492	1,065,594	4,168,358	1,259,869	1,636,122	129,241	2,152,871	6,240,281
2013	33,822,488	6,721,005	5,486,736	2,259,228	4,368,770	1,885,977	3,433,868	488,470	3,042,285	6,136,149
2014	38,678,626	6,062,080	5,155,753	1,771,516	6,588,343	2,968,207	2,237,273	610,440	3,848,082	9,436,932
2015	54,193,276	11,089,383	7,899,342	2,230,537	9,928,501	1,568,853	2,508,466	401,219	5,936,956	12,630,020
2016	83,355,303	18,893,594	9,570,887	1,629,062	16,627,297	3,012,642	3,455,749	941,562	9,873,789	19,350,723
2017	125,091,258	23,393,922	17,341,814	3,848,350	22,275,949	4,072,425	5,160,239	3,835,468	16,965,584	28,197,507
2018	144,686,256	36,629,814	37,925,355	10,968,004	6,766,338	1,831,493	7,767,042	3,883,941	13,818,413	25,095,856
2019	260,206,808	79,611,777	49,714,745	19,313,305	18,652,181	7,682,566	17,834,549	9,719,041	26,065,259	31,613,385
2020	348,509,954	87,290,152	74,623,160	39,334,438	35,148,392	9,923,158	38,447,973	10,554,601	9,842,671	43,345,409
2021	1,085,021,773	303,559,306	223,637,390	103,995,469	51,016,516	39,995,527	113,340,416	45,586,700	69,315,694	134,574,754
2022	1,755,951,791	455,340,092	521,407,351	222,440,653	70,596,392	96,222,246	101,457,192	56,197,259	68,908,380	163,382,227

Source: Central Bank of Sudan
Note: Does not include government financing.

Appendix 8)
Distribution of Operating Branches of Banks in Sudan by Geography (2020 and 2021)

State	Total	Commercial Banks (2021)	Commercial Banks (2020)	Specialized Banks (2021)	Specialized Banks (2020)	Central Bank of Sudan (2021)	Central Bank of Sudan (2020)	National Joint (2021)	National Joint (2020)	Foreign (2021)	Foreign (2020)
Khartoum	476	469	17	17	401	393	17	17	41	42	1	1
Sennar	30	30	13	13	2	2	15	15	1	1	-	-
Gezira	93	89	0	0	45	41	2	2	46	46	1	1
Blue Nile	15	15	0	0	12	12	0	0	3	3	1	1
White Nile	48	47	0	0	31	30	6	6	11	11	-	-
Gedarif	42	42	0	0	23	23	2	2	17	17	1	1
Kassala	22	22	0	0	19	19	0	0	3	3	1	1
Red Sea	49	50	41	42	6	6	1	1	-	-	-	-
Northern	50	50	30	30	1	1	19	19	1	1	-	-
River Nile	44	43	0	0	22	22	20	19	1	1	-	-
North Kordofan	21	21	0	0	9	9	4	4	8	8	1	1
South Kordofan	46	45	0	0	25	24	17	17	1	1	-	-
West Kordofan	15	14	0	0	7	6	0	0	8	8	0	0
North Darfur	34	33	0	0	13	13	1	0	20	20	1	1
South Darfur	25	23	0	0	20	18	1	1	4	4	1	1
West Darfur	8	8	0	0	5	5	2	2	1	-	-	-
Central Darfur	4	5	0	0	3	4	0	0	1	-	-	-
East Darfur	7	7	0	0	4	4	0	0	3	3	1	1
Total	1,029	1,013	17	17	723	708	46	45	243	243	17	17

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Total includes Central Bank of Sudan branches.
Note: Does not include agencies, representative offices, and windows.

Appendix 9-a)
Real Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activities at 1981/1982 Prices (2018 - 2024 Period) (In Thousands of Pounds)

Sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024*
Agriculture 1	10,295.7	10,180.7	9,307.7	9,135.1	9,143.9	7,782.7	7,439.7
Agricultural Crops	4,641.9	4,652.4	3,721.0	3,643.4	3,651.0	2,263.6	1,896.8
Livestock	5,519.8	5,400.7	5,454.7	5,362.1	5,365.0	5,402.3	5,422.6
Forestry	20.8	20.8	22.0	21.7	21.4	20.0	20.6
Fisheries	113.2	106.8	110.0	107.9	106.5	96.8	99.7
Industry Sector 2	7,688.8	7,572.2	7,775.4	7,760.0	7,704.0	5,715.0	4,207.4
Mining and Quarrying	536.5	507.4	482.1	524.4	525.0	354.1	354.5
Manufacturing Industries	5,375.0	5,273.1	5,459.0	5,445.1	5,408.0	3,895.4	2,325.2
Electricity, Water and Gas	1,092.0	1,110.1	1,132.3	1,101.1	1,097.0	883.0	964.9
Construction	685.3	681.6	702.0	689.4	674.0	582.5	562.8
Services Sector	18,699.8	18,444.8	18,549.2	18,069.1	17,821.0	10,961.8	9,703.4
Trade and Restaurants	3,218.1	3,144.6	3,208.9	3,129.7	3,060.0	2,386.8	2,269.2
Transport and Communications	4,019.4	4,017.0	3,776.0	3,693.7	3,610.0	2,960.2	3,047.3
Banks and Insurance Companies and Real Estate	5,403.5	5,293.5	5,352.3	5,247.5	5,204.0	3,819.4	3,066.9
Government Sector	5,276.2	5,218.0	5,431.7	5,238.5	5,204.0	1,040.8	651.5
Non-Profit Services	782.7	771.7	780.3	759.7	743.0	754.6	668.5
GDP at Constant Prices	36,684.3	36,197.7	35,632.3	34,964.2	34,668.9	24,459.5	21,350.5
GDP at Current Prices (Millions)	34,430.8	51,763.0	123,101.4	534,926.5	887,481.7	1,075,905.6	1,885,553.8

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data
1 Agriculture sector includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fisheries.
2 Industry sector includes manufacturing, handicrafts, and extractive industries.

Appendix 9-b)
Real Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices by Economic Activities (2018 - 2024 Period) (In Millions of Pounds)

Sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024*
Agriculture 1	277,374	379,000	892,768	3,776,787	8,108,495	7,633,372	11,960,239
Agricultural Crops	106,608	146,426	350,115	1,477,591	3,237,581	2,712,925	4,142,518
Livestock	165,667	225,441	526,220	2,229,544	4,757,497	4,766,155	7,539,465
Forestry	1,865	2,763	6,595	28,052	18,977	14,560	19,016
Fisheries	3,234	4,370	9,838	41,600	94,440	139,732	259,240
Industry Sector 2	262,017	408,552	944,303	4,201,622	6,831,641	5,636,451	8,526,182
Mining and Quarrying	104,257	176,204	397,605	1,864,210	465,552	1,176,977	1,646,064
Manufacturing Industries	111,639	156,404	366,052	1,573,711	4,795,628	2,862,527	5,272,683
Electricity, Water and Gas	5,451	8,862	21,496	90,095	972,781	1,019,477	1,058,475
Construction	40,670	67,082	159,150	673,606	597,680	577,470	548,960
Services Sector	723,677	1,086,151	2,549,316	10,724,868	15,827,877	13,046,291	19,771,095
Trade and Restaurants	225,770	309,716	722,027	3,035,187	2,713,502	2,957,911	4,445,553
Transport and Communications	124,672	165,747	395,186	1,666,166	3,201,223	3,726,688	7,448,565
Banks and Insurance Companies and Real Estate	201,503	341,347	797,772	3,371,231	4,639,557	4,060,643	5,134,480
Government Sector	41,610	105,327	248,505	1,032,995	4,614,728	1,449,908	1,601,356
Non-Profit Services	130,122	164,014	385,826	1,619,289	658,867	851,141	1,141,140
GDP at Current Market Prices	1,263,068	1,873,703	4,386,387	18,703,277	30,768,013	26,316,114	40,257,517

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Preliminary data
1 Agriculture sector includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fisheries.
2 Industry sector includes manufacturing, handicrafts, and extractive industries.

Appendix 10-a)
Balance of Payments (2020 - 2024 Period)
(In Millions of Dollars)

Item	2020*	2021*	2022*	2023*	2024
Current Account - 1	-5,841.2	-2,755.3	-3,917.0	-2,070.8	-2,312.1
Balance of Goods and Services - 1-1	-5,454.2	-3,645.8	-5,666.9	-4,466.9	-2,410.4
Exports	5,065.4	6,625.3	5,908.1	3,653.7	3,380.7
Imports	10,519.6	10,271.0	11,575.0	8,120.6	5,791.0
Balance of Trade in Goods - 1-1-1	-5,051.3	-3,916.3	-5,627.9	-3,120.3	-1,285.6
Exports	3,802.6	4,988.3	4,357.4	3,628.4	3,134.5
Non-Gold Monetary	1,480.4	2,809.1	2,021.9	1,034.0	1,570.2
Other	2,322.2	2,179.2	2,335.5	2,594.4	1,564.3
Imports	8,853.9	8,904.6	9,985.4	6,748.7	4,420.0
Balance of Trade in Services - 2-1-1	-402.8	270.6	-38.9	-1,346.6	-1,124.8
Credits (Receipts)	1,262.9	1,637.0	1,550.7	25.3	246.2
Debits (Payments)	1,665.7	1,366.4	1,589.7	1,371.9	1,371.0
Balance of Primary Income - 2-1	-1,473.2	-1,344.4	-1,078.4	187.0	-1,705.7
Credits (Receipts)	61.3	113.3	467.3	240.1	7.3
Debits (Payments)	1,534.5	1,457.7	1,545.8	53.0	1,712.9
Balance of Secondary Income - 3-1	1,086.1	2,234.9	2,828.3	2,209.1	1,803.9
Credits (Receipts)	1,511.6	2,944.8	3,468.2	2,839.3	2,249.1
Debits (Payments)	425.4	709.9	639.9	630.2	445.2
Capital Account - 2	143.6	103.3	112.9	0.0	0.0
Credits (Receipts)	143.6	103.3	112.9	0.0	0.0
Debits (Payments)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Net Lending/Borrowing - Financial Account - 3	-4,561.9	-1,373.3	-3,791.1	645.1	-2,003.3
Direct Foreign Investment - 1-3	-716.9	-468.6	-573.5	0.0	0.0
Portfolio Investment - 2-3	11.4	-14.1	4.8	-1.5	6.1
Other Investments - 3-3	-3,889.1	-1,999.3	-3,075.7	763.5	-2,007.9
Trade Facilities - 1-3-3	-549.8	-560.5	-637.5	-346.2	-238.0
Loans -

The 2024 Annual Report – Sudan Central Bank 181
Appendix No. 12 (a)
Sources: Sudan Electricity and Gas Company, United Nations Comtrade Platform, Ministry of Oil, Sudan Customs Authority.

Preliminary data
Unit: Goods

	2024		2022		2021		2020		2019
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Livestock:	535,215	557,115	649,282	439,130	645,338
Sheep	396,370	3,029,413	195,300	1,458,780	251,375	1,922,609	195,300	1,458,780	226,639	1,634,390
Camels	121,910	110,279	138,224	127,963	121,910	110,279	173,386	150,852	110,964	91,309
Goats	13,014	169,624	1,933	28,925	1,162	16,218	2,164	32,373	8,287	91,750
Cattle	56,567	93,439	30,875	53,398	49,833	84,591	46,372	67,562	18,958	21,087
Other live animals	53	243	176	173	92
Meats	2,408	5,952	7,778	5,979	9,474
Skins	2,306	101,795	122,757	65,793	46,733
Fresh or frozen fish	563	1,128	854	1,178
Manufactured materials:	5,916	17,932	19,287	76,144	35,202
Sugar (metric tons)	3.8	39.3	0	1,325	2,809	2,738	6,473
Ethanol	2,240.3	4,260.6	0	0	2,447	3,551	11,616	15,812	2,160	3,950
Cement	0
Oranges	19.6	200	1,113	9,871	90	852	943	9,416	1,192	11,568
Mineral beverages	0	0	720	1,354	1,517	2,703	2,530	4,448	3,144	5,768
Soybean oil	2.8	2.54	14,695	13,647	12,319	11,646	52,407	49,197	25,016	22,816
Sesame oil	1,664.8	913.744	1,031	522	1,592	989	4,334	2,676	767	401
Sunflower oil	0	0	136	71	476	400	965	1,046	184	148
Palm oil	0	264	217	0	0
Crude oil	318.9	261.77	236	109	847	717	1,759	968	0	0
Other manufactured goods	1,665.5
Other export value	6,779.8	80,820	64,513	14,646	19,942
Total	3,134,487	4,357,418	5,027,385	3,802,573	3,734,657

The 2024 Annual Report – Sudan Central Bank 182
Appendix No. 12 (b)
Sudan's External Trade
Exports by Country (2019-2024 Period)
(Value in Thousands of USD)

Importers	2024	2022	2021	2020	2019
Industrial Countries	109,749	292,459	215,115	270,474	262,986
Austria	0	41	0
Australia	38	50
Belgium	60	889	2,314	1,668	1,958
Canada	18	163	66	874	723
Denmark	-	-	-	-	-
Finland	-	11	4	0	33
France	35,097	57,558	47,185	52,696	56,736
Germany	6,875	15,375	16,866	13,340	12,645
Greece	4,200	2,851	0	0	-
Ireland	-	0	-	-	-
Italy	13,352	10,317	36,504	87,677	45,922
Japan	1,662	4,666	4,605	2,774	4,969
Netherlands	147	1,486	1,552	1,153	1,955
Spain	0	4	3	18	0
Sweden	0	5	74
Switzerland	405	0
United Kingdom	4,908	11,910	8,772	7,876	7,622
United States	8,704	19,708	9,804	8,582	6,905
Bulgaria	-	0	-	-	-
Cyprus	-	0	-	-	-
Czechoslovakia	18	117	-	-	-
Hungary	-	0	-	-	-
Malta	-	-	-	-	-
Poland	-	1	187	250	0
Romania	0	-	0	0	28,375
Russia	-	25	-	-	-
Turkey	34,125	187,228	87,253	93,561	95,070
Ukraine	142	372	-	-	-
Yugoslavia	-	-	-	-	-
Others	-	-	-	-	-

The 2024 Annual Report – Sudan Central Bank 183
Appendix No. 12 (b) continued

Importers	2024	2022	2021	2020	2019
African Countries	293,085	665,031	516,476	415,524	433,582
Egypt	276,977	635,409	496,358	363,816	359,312
Eritrea	-	0	6	17	10
Ethiopia	5,704	18,071	8,517	36,221	53,083
Kenya	-	6,095	393	342	8,794
Libya	209	442	259	308	759
Swaziland (Eswatini)	-	0	556	974	0
Uganda	328	83	195	25	137
Tunisia	5,825	2,201	4,178	8,191	7,519
Algeria	2,190	2,701	3,875	4,007	3,413
Nigeria	1,852	29	2,141	1,623	553
Asian Countries	475,297	795,260	777,745	998,092	1,018,607
China	287,162	576,108	614,491	752,346	747,653
Hong Kong	5,617	0	16	1	69
India	140,322	94,944	86,978	158,690	152,157
Indonesia	713	22,382	24,383	29,614	77,055
Malaysia	-	281	391	1,247	1,021
Pakistan	41,184	88,112	39,536	49,221	34,476
South Korea	145	13,425	11,468	5,613	4,356
Singapore	1	7	26	2	1,456
Taiwan	152	0	456	1,360	363
Arab Countries	2,204,467	2,518,029	3,464,097	2,068,616	1,779,320
Bahrain	337	278	4,266	1,055	3,620
Iraq	32	70	571	837	501
Jordan	23,120	36,966	23,935	24,145	91,220
Kuwait	228	13,805	21,864	12,367	9,054
Lebanon	16,800	18,270	24,873	30,090	26,173
Oman	32,731	15,319	14,559	18,127	5,110
Qatar	11,977	18,610	19,021	24,299	24,980
Saudi Arabia	437,419	317,302	365,334	284,894	510,148
Syria	15,099	15,954	16,713	22,729	32,947
United Arab Emirates	1,664,758	2,076,187	2,967,803	1,637,529	1,067,018
Yemen	1,965	5,267	5,158	12,542	8,549
Other Countries	51,889	86,639	53,953	49,867	240,162
Total	3,134,487	4,357,418	5,027,385	3,802,575	3,734,657

Sources: Sudan Electricity and Gas Company, United Nations Comtrade Platform, Ministry of Oil, Sudan Customs Authority.

Preliminary data

Appendix No. 13 (a)
Sudan's External Trade
Imports by Commodity (2019-2024 Period)
(Value in Thousands of USD)
Unit: Goods

	2024		2022		2021		2020		2019
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Foodstuffs:	1,763,745	2,826,760	2,080,931	2,685,681	2,141,438
Wheat (metric tons)	257,420	931,826	1,063,117	2,701,815	676,948	1,909,904	908,961	2,749,509	1,085,467	2,695,769
Wheat Flour	317,296	665,801	69,361	152,011	30,767	66,394	7,970	20,087	376	792
Sugar	660,924	1,131,962	647,336	1,339,322	486,012	1,445,204	749,393	1,543,897	335,114	745,080
Tea	77,023	57,202	59,991	35,147	56,592	76,424	62,118	34,949	59,833	34,541
Coffee	70,782	58,439	62,844	48,390	75,554	61,793	52,854	43,769
Dairy Products	46,283	23,244	148,446	48,901	99,731	39,583	137,669	55,556	73,732	29,012
Fish and Fish Canned	651	412	2,716	1,650	2,492	1,455	3,966	2,346	1,355	719
Meats and Preparations	548	253	11,836	5,374	7,209	10,688	149	31	165	18
Fruits and Preparations	50,908	92,633	38,653	66,220	29,095	44,821	20,470	29,398	17,655	30,585
Vegetables and Preparations	67,991	130,147	52,289	67,849	52,706	69,309	56,988	73,225
Sweets and Biscuits	24,723	29,935	25,605	30,206	35,870	36,103	24,597	27,934	15,887	19,971
Lentils	106,127	103,568	112,151	89,848	98,376	94,766	106,893	104,970	52,567	51,644
Animal and Vegetable Oils	58,056	69,407	184,698	165,700	180,582	198,089	279,665	308,263	201,767	214,790
Spices	24,368	18,520	20,902	14,670	21,629	16,475	19,997	14,100
Rice	48,026	84,442	110,788	179,032	76,315	147,617	42,866	84,715	47,332	91,887
Other Value	115,760	188,920	164,907	191,075	120,349
Beverages and Tobacco:	58,763	54,809	68,555	43,806	46,567
Mineral Beverages Value	24,622	2,150	2,519	2,712	2,087
Cigarettes	30,289	698	1,807	3,246	67
Tobacco	3,583	51,961	64,229	37,848	44,413
Other	269	-	-	-	-
Raw Materials:	937,647	3,099,056	2,430,258	1,482,894	1,997,172
Petroleum Products (metric tons)	890,802	2,870,610	2,897,258	2,248,148	3,745,896	1,250,331	2,115,077	1,791,710	3,013,312
Raw Plastic	29,500	196,640	20,783	161,248	129,361	203,839	178,084	173,968	144,329
Raw Rubber	110	0	176	119	199	187	593	664
Grease	1,501	1,499	163	220	73	331	139	421	124
Seeds and Kernels	8,931	22,683	508	16,255	10,610	20,558	13,265	20,796	16,810
Packaging Paper	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other Value	6,914	7,513	4,211	7,636	9,684

Appendix No. 13 (a) continued
Unit: Goods

	2024		2022		2021		2020		2019
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Chemicals:	489,571	1,220,038	995,521	883,405	968,997
Drugs Value	299,774	571,721	488,770	339,917	367,216
Chemical Elements and Compounds	26,993	114,109	112,619	166,547	147,005
Fertilizers (metric tons)	15,705	40,926	213,779	454,610	82,425	210,386	83,708	258,121	151,025	474,873
Tanning and Dyeing Materials	4,898	8,096	34,918	19,625	28,051	24,529	33,259	20,241	47,105	19,377
Perfumes and Cosmetics	77,157	04,857	67,567	31,255	79,021	39,281	68,358	29,761	66,317	31,355
Explosives	40,926	9,601	217	10,376	5,732	7,808	4,024	14,889	4,543
Other Value	65,044	208,342	194,260	183,809	175,440
Manufactures:	666,523	1,403,790	1,518,506	1,904,015	1,550,126
Medical and Pharmaceutical Equipment Value	36,703	61,287	48,435	58,081	54,236
Leather Manufactures (metric tons)	3,950	2,230	5,078	2,971	8,474	4,432	14,047	6,812	10,291	6,934
Rubber Manufactures	28,526	45,423	16,096	3,651	13,204	4,090	15,094	5,694	10,546	4,300
Plastic Manufactures	-	-	182,232	71,146	192,910	120,811	213,172	118,873	177,152	83,106
Wood and Cork Manufactures	20,251	44,458	37,019	90,403	55,374	123,193	73,286	186,077	63,880	159,183
Glass Manufactures	13,426	59,046	54,414	68,779	65,375	81,939	74,787	85,445	76,358	92,086
Iron and Steel	221,536	330,652	353,129	452,530	320,160	569,356	728,152	1,008,559	533,965	669,733
Metal Manufactures	20,047	11,016	83,649	28,400	104,159	39,630	109,052	60,933	91,506	34,463
Footwear Value	31,432	55,190	67,495	53,749	50,903
Bags and Sacks (Number)	-	-	115,391	63,580	143,673	85,774	109,496	67,388	82,882	51,920
Books, Journals and Magazines (metric tons)	21,602	53,207	262	77,644	59,004	49,753	1,488	60,820	8,255
Cementitious and Stone Products	190,087	1,353,411	65,144	734,198	112,705	1,121,027	53,011	528,118	21,037	128,906
Scientific Instruments Value	10,349	26,016	27,838	18,161	25,501
Paper Manufactures (metric tons)	16,175	13,741	132,820	187,326	118,972	93,684	140,121	127,986	153,755	128,894
Ceramic Manufactures	15,772	44,350	45,616	83,735	59,133	141,726	57,824	321,961	48,321	110,640
Children's Toys and Sports Equipment Value	6,433	6,661	5,316	5,326
Other	36,668	111,070	96,295	130,130	83,647

Appendix No. 13 (a) continued
Unit: Goods

	2024		2022		2021		2020		2019
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Machinery and Equipment:	447,823	1,079,780	1,559,077	1,518,597	1,398,758
Non-electrical Machinery (metric tons)	44,250	43,016	301,155	78,755	369,834	104,893	353,358	163,488	340,800	75,972
Electrical Machinery Value	162,271	257,941	346,298	322,265	281,134
Refrigerators (Number)	5,546	2,268	27,746	6,576	51,240	22,022	41,107	12,149	30,063	9,120
Air Conditioners	5,932	13,527	24,537	7,279	51,192	10,759	47,548	11,781	54,873	18,105
Spare Parts and Accessories Value: Radios, Televisions, Tape Recorders and Communication Devices	40,314	35,346	48,022	51,128	83,267
	106,785	115,505	190,631	179,480	157,752
Dry Batteries (Number)	9,748	7,128	19,705	10,658	17,851	15,183	14,340	10,459
Batteries	35,973	20,137	68,985	24,876	67,720	22,162	62,713	18,430	50,690	15,777
Tractors	12,010	1,747	164,699	28,231	333,159	56,661	338,896	45,826	221,224	33,548
Ovens	4,720	1,618	5,741	1,129	4,144	955	2,178	645	1,619	759
Other Value	30,023	68,378	77,131	102,072	162,996
Means of Transport:	329,086	570,690	685,623	744,534	752,013
Trailers Value	7,767	18,289	0	0	122
Trailer Cars (Number)	75	32	0	54	-	13	-	192	-
Carriages	38,793	2,741	131,116	14,322	129,773	50,629	122,451	15,424	145,617	21,169
Trucks and Lorries	113,672	9,768	78,682	9,078	100,562	15,425	108,895	13,209	188,849	17,728
Buses	9,327	1,114	32,388	6,169	11,886	1,530	33,395	2,883	30,140	3,957
Pipes and Tires	87,163	136,511	124,209	67,306	151,575	79,537	172,150	76,683	167,369	76,907
Spare Parts Value	36,294	-	124,802	152,371	167,273	155,820
Motorcycles (Number)	27,628	37,878	49,962	13,355	123,714	28,640	104,817	26,151	48,336	13,685
Motorcycles	1,684	1,001	2,420	1,320	3,904	2,292	4,846	2,461	2,368	1,347
Aircraft Spare Parts Value	749	2,191	4,316	4,440	5,713
Trailer Spare Parts	4,367	5,769	4,661	8,660	6,137
Steamboats and Ferries (Number)	141	436	1	155	14	4,786	28	1,062	1,209
Other Value	1,424	394	2,653	12,808	289

Appendix No. 13 (a) continued
Unit: Goods

	2024		2022		2021		2020		2019
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Textiles:	208,160	434,781	463,248	500,786	389,321
Yarn (metric tons)	16	3	1,165	617	1,562	769	3,406	1,709	4,378	3,623
Knitting Yarns	-	-	-	-	8,163	2,233	-	-
Silk Fabrics (Industrial)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cotton Fabrics	576	149	658	144	267	26	82	8
Linen Fabrics	131	140	99	73	229	234	146	97
Synthetic Fiber Textiles	57,006	17,931	149,908	53,534	190,638	44,935	205,268	48,295	136,801	31,811
Textile Filling Materials	12,074	3,719	17,145	6,084	23,803	9,049	16,531	6,740	15,726	5,614
Carpets Value	972	4,107	4,451	4,099	3,474
Special Textile Properties (metric tons)	75,506	49,728	29,880	4,630	30,862	27,780	39,532	5,479	32,446	4,211
Fabric Rolls	7,883	2,103	15	17	14	2	-	-	9	3
Ready-Made Clothing Value	39,252	151,779	158,583	146,931	134,247
Other	15,452	80,074	52,578	76,359	62,012
Other	9,846	405,146	92,329	73,959	46,136
Total	4,911,166	11,094,849	9,894,046	9,837,676	9,290,528

Sources: Sudan Electricity and Gas Company, Ministry of Oil, Sudan Customs Authority.

Preliminary data

Appendix No. 13 (b)
Sudan's External Trade
Imports by Country (2019-2024 Period)
(Value in Thousands of USD)

Suppliers	2024	2022	2021	2020	2019
Industrial Countries	867,811	2,537,519	1,954,500	2,556,714	2,432,175
Austria	468	10,344	4,641	4,466	7,391
Australia	3,781	262,612	94,908	12,223	11,185
Belgium	5,093	109,347	38,912	54,315	42,995
Canada	75,212	65,746	77,240	100,123	60,826
Switzerland	5,938	21,777	11,771	18,074	31,933
Denmark	1,616	8,534	17,934	14,912	12,594
Germany	30,176	170,442	123,061	225,096	231,269
Spain	3,210	30,555	29,214	38,929	45,534
Finland	1,076	4,715	5,489	7,720	5,909
France	15,668	67,143	48,243	70,402	67,565
United Kingdom	16,748	44,065	94,174	86,844	75,186
Greece	862	4,401	6,597	6,665	5,115
Ireland	4,942	30,479	19,440	18,411	14,872
Italy	22,373	117,221	81,787	88,349	70,897
Japan	135,004	222,800	153,081	192,070	156,966
Netherlands	25,627	61,586	53,824	55,858	42,274
Belgium	96	1,077	70	756	234
Portugal	845	10,012	5,179	5,240	5,807
New Zealand	13,646	50,180	28,388	49,326	23,644
Sweden	3,775	17,611	21,664	44,020	51,535
United States	19,665	153,788	187,379	64,968	32,694
Bulgaria	2,424	731	7,019	44,473	3,049
Cyprus	1,224	2,714	2,534	1,429	3,203
Hungary	65	7,035	2,453	4,831	2,701
Poland	106	8,829	4,841	7,061	7,651
Russia	233	496,070	366,495	732,997	809,650
Turkey	384	284,281	301,454	362,288	291,412
Ukraine	8,129	48,732	51,777	108,328	160,164
Malta	241	27,401	43,585	33,201	3,811
Others	2,014	197,291	71,346	103,336	154,111

The 2024 Annual Report – Sudan Central Bank 189
Appendix No. 13 (b) continued

Suppliers	2024	2022	2021	2020	2019
African Countries	829,918	2,009,152	2,092,378	823,502	797,304
Djibouti	69	582	0	417	164
Ethiopia	30,159	66,712	68,912	70,466	52,961
Kenya	25,475	71,757	70,081	57,632	79,886
Uganda	21,460	68,671	61,126	70,268	44,840
Zimbabwe	-	26,955	16,695	27,176	23,396
Egypt	728,033	760,663	796,015	535,238	496,315
Zambia	-	-	98	89	1,104
Burundi	1,346	1,651	775	410
Libya	298	718	203	50	41
Malawi	1,633	4,382	3,700	2,038
Swaziland (Eswatini)	194	25,731	32,882	24,981	47,754
Nigeria	6,142	12,678	12,935	8,004	9,196
Morocco	3,273	3,618	3,307	2,498	658
Tunisia	1,078	4,611	3,530	5,224	5,201
Algeria	50	0	25,169	2	23
Other African Countries	13,687	963,477	995,391.77	16,982.84	33,318
Asian Countries	1,690,885	3,297,114	3,326,805	3,991,819	3,102,519
Bangladesh	41,725	24,566	60,156	29,515	8,100
China	911,892	1,725,858	2,028,608	2,317,392	1,801,601
Hong Kong	32	1,114	425	535	1,832
Indonesia	25,268	102,566	110,704	155,618	139,705
India	610,429	1,124,170	805,122	985,932	682,437
Iran	3,406	2,985	2,295	9,981	20,162
South Korea	31,736	111,309	128,524	138,250	114,298
Malaysia	10,440	56,647	69,932	92,058	61,189
Pakistan	20,102	40,869	44,310	39,176	43,132
Singapore	1,473	5,257	5,604	7,355	4,885
Thailand	28,905	66,146	41,705	182,031	202,602
Taiwan	357	5,951	11,860	9,823	8,828
Sri Lanka	-	5,838	1,653	186	63
Vietnam	5,060	22,884	9,963	22,048	12,660
Others	58	955	5,946	1,919	1,025

The 2024 Annual Report – Sudan Central Bank 190
Appendix No. 13 (b) continued

Suppliers	2024	2022	2021	2020	2019
Arab Countries	1,297,563	3,006,903	2,284,423	2,156,495	2,747,009
United Arab Emirates	955,680	2,295,493	1,639,246	1,061,648	1,440,968
Bahrain	1,721	18,746	276	8,242	44,987
Jordan	18,595	109,259	100,844	63,822	106,203
Kuwait	71	5,047	3,968	2,658	55,313
Lebanon	1,413	5,471	6,683	10,356	8,567
Oman	18,662	65,134	38,688	21,212	64,443
Qatar	2,160	2,130	6,522	71,139	12,721
Saudi Arabia	296,405	496,477	480,579	910,796	1,000,461
Syria	2,844	8,816	7,092	6,038	4,678
Yemen	14	331	524	584	8,668
Other Countries	224,989	244,160	235,941	309,147	211,520
Total	4,911,166	11,094,849	9,894,046	9,837,676	9,290,528

Sources: Sudan Electricity and Gas Company, Ministry of Oil, Sudan Customs Authority.

Preliminary data

Appendix No. 14 (a)
Sudan's External Trade
Exports by Country and Commodity (2022)
(Value in Thousands of USD)

Countries	Petroleum and Products	Cotton	Gum Arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Gold	Animal Feed	Live Animals	Corn	Skins	Meats	Pulses	Watermelon	Kabkab	Other Agricultural Products	Other
: Industrial Countries
Austria	41	41	0
Australia	50	43	7	0	1	0
Belgium	889	52	0	214	128	0	495	0	0
Canada	163	104	23	0	32	0	4	0	0
Denmark	0
Finland	11	0	11	0
France	57,558	27	24	0	57,507	0	0
Germany	15,375	77	1,430	20	13,847	0	0
Greece	2,851	0	18	0	2,614	219	0	0
Ireland	0
Italy	10,317	8,118	0	180	2,018	0	0
Japan	4,666	0	546	0	11	0	953	3,155	0	0
Netherlands	1,486	3	819	0	664	0	0
Belgium	0
Portugal	0
Spain	4	4	0
Sweden	0
Switzerland	0
United Kingdom	11,910	115	59	0	11,736	0	0
United States	19,708	84	56	0	5	0	19,563	0	0
Others	0
Total	125,029	8,669	2,981	0	32	214	308	42	6	0	0	1	3,568	109,209	0	0

Appendix No. 14 (a) continued

Countries	Petroleum and Products	Cotton	Gum Arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts
: Other Europe
Bulgaria	0
Cyprus	0
Czechoslovakia	117	0	117	0	0
Hungary	0

Annex No. 14-b

Country	Gold	Live Animals	Sesame	Groundnuts	Arabic Gum	Cotton	Melon Seeds	Other Agricultural Products	Minerals	Skins	Meats	Feeds	Petroleum and Products	Manufactured Goods	Other	Total
Asia	2,026	0	2,026	0
Bangladesh	2,026	0	2,026	0
China	287,162	26	44	0	743	0	0	1,965	3,629	1,776	4,814	10,062	2,988	197,530	63,586	0	0
Hong Kong	5,617	11	44	0	181	0	0	9	1,063	0	802	3,238	270
India	140,322	71	29	0	1,480	27	0	0	36,857	11,414	38,791	1,139	6,129	26,612	17,773	0	0
Indonesia	713	0	29	0	0	20	664	0
Malaysia	0
Pakistan	41,184	0	107	0	37,029	0	4,048	0
South Korea	145	0	145	0
Singapore	1	1	0
Taiwan	152	0	152	0
Thailand	1,470	1,470
Other	53	0	53	0
Total	478,847	110	116	0	2,404	56	0	1,974	41,569	13,297	43,658	50,257	11,687	232,091	81,629	0	0

Annex No. 14-b

Country	Gold	Live Animals	Sesame	Groundnuts	Arabic Gum	Cotton	Melon Seeds	Other Agricultural Products	Minerals	Skins	Meats	Feeds	Petroleum and Products	Manufactured Goods	Other	Total
Arab Countries
Bahrain	337	0	333	5	0
Iraq	32	0	32	0
Jordan	23,120	0	3	0	141	0	182	0	57	951	21,786	0	0
Kuwait	228	0	3	32	0	31	0	163	0	0
Lebanon	16,800	0	115	0	475	0	16,211	0	0
Oman	32,731	1	16	0	2,290	232	0	151	0	4	95	5,294	0	24,647
Qatar	11,977	0	160	97	3,224	529	5	0	0	42	4	0	53	7,862
Saudi Arabia	437,419	179	1,556	0	2,209	3,183	11,482	142	1,399	63	414	251	38,806	377,736	0
Syria	15,099	0	49	588	14,461	0	0
United Arab Emirates	1,664,758	385	610	0	4,114	56	0	21,555	14,819	2,144	20,621	7,841	1,399	23,054	19,834	28,138	1,520,186
Yemen	1,965	0	27	0	1,407	0	531	0	0
Other	0
Total	2,204,467	565	2,459	0	4,114	56	2,306	30,587	27,266	2,292	24,267	7,905	1,965	24,976	117,087	405,927	1,552,695

Western Hemisphere

Country	Gold	Live Animals	Sesame	Groundnuts	Arabic Gum	Cotton
Brazil	56	0	56	0
Mexico	0
Other	0	28	0
Total	56	0	28	0	56	0

Other Countries

Category	Gold	Live Animals	Sesame	Groundnuts	Arabic Gum	Cotton	Melon Seeds	Other Agricultural Products	Minerals	Skins	Meats	Feeds	Petroleum and Products	Manufactured Goods	Other	Total
	693	1	0	32	0	0	46	0	67	0	98	0	277	171	0
Grand Total	3,134,487	6,560	5,915	221	8,575	2,408	2,306	32,652	94,112	15,591	77,587	82,382	82,207	292,984	330,276	530,501	1,570,211

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Ministry of Petroleum, Sudan Electricity and Gas Holding Company.

Preliminary data.

Annex No. 15-a

Sudan Foreign Trade
Imports by Country and Commodity during 2022
(In Thousands of Dollars)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles	Total
Industrial Countries
Austria	10,344	0	10	0	353	774	9,007	182	0	0	18	0
Australia	262,612	74	7	54	1,860	2,141	738	598	4	5	134	256,996	0	0
Belgium	109,347	4,655	2,500	27	1,268	2,176	92,079	103	83	0	6,456	0
Canada	65,746	186	0	49	4,044	45	6,308	0	55,114	0
Switzerland	21,777	413	4,929	1,447	3,928	4,991	5,420	1	0	0	647	0
Denmark	8,534	95	0	0	1,494	1,235	5,037	2	0	11	659	0
Germany	170,442	10,506	246	2,945	52,634	35,782	32,246	1,681	151	0	3,309	30,944	0	0
Spain	30,555	3,001	87	283	4,542	6,062	15,056	1,028	0	0	496	0
Finland	4,715	193	0	2	697	3,498	24	0	233	0	4	0	0	65
France	67,143	2,419	232	321	15,316	3,159	30,151	3,585	460	58	11,440
United Kingdom	44,065	2,923	7	1,003	12,719	8,265	6,217	154	7,589	150	5,036	0	0	1
Greece	4,401	72	0	0	31	2,444	1,704	0	150
Ireland	30,479	405	0	7	135	177	6,927	0	22,828	0
Italy	117,221	4,397	90	796	58,707	18,160	15,791	122	0	658	18,482	0	0	20
Japan	222,800	31,734	14,368	130,052	33,947	6,411	4,090	1,778	79	0	295	0	0	46
Netherlands	61,586	14,886	31	9	2,494	1,572	18,920	7,875	72	21	15,707	0
Belgium	1,077	2	1	0	22	1,045	7	0
Portugal	10,012	1,851	0	24	1,149	128	1,502	0	5,358	0
New Zealand	50,180	687	10	55	26	0	0	49,402	0
Sweden	17,611	570	1	16	4,832	4,415	7,616	156	0	5	0
United States	153,788	2,585	16	3,560	15,333	5,427	26,258	5,708	74	0	73,621	21,205	0	0
Total	1,464,435	80,969	22,526	140,595	216,191	107,918	285,151	22,997	8,746	909	269,155	309,145	0	132

Annex No. 15-a (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles	Total
Other Europe
Bulgaria	731	18	0	0	81	540	66	0	26	0
Czech Republic	5,569	388	0	42	689	2,121	2,291	0	39	0
Slovakia	2,708	27	0	496	1,585	278	302	0	20
Cyprus	2,714	0	0	1	27	0	2,681	0	5	0
Hungary	7,035	25	552	13	314	179	5,952	0
Poland	8,829	1,182	0	6	3,258	254	2,855	0	0	48	1,226	0
Romania	188,750	15	0	331	874	153	0	9	187,369	0	0
Russia	496,070	511	4	423	7,369	20,879	410	0	18	0	84,072	382,384	0	0
Turkey	284,281	11,214	20,822	6,922	77,256	75,920	24,362	11,382	1,437	1,193	53,758	15	0	0
Ukraine	48,732	258	0	10	1,181	1,506	4	28	0	1	5,913	39,830
Croatia	170	7	0	0	6	158	0
Malta	27,401	0	3	27,398	0
Other	93	36	0	0	56	0
Total	1,073,084	13,681	21,377	8,244	92,699	129,386	38,922	11,409	1,481	1,243	145,042	609,599	0	0

Annex No. 15-a (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles	Total
Africa
COMESA Countries	1,032,900	62,042	11,018	1,314	40,383	314,272	215,241	44,456	3,011	46,426	115,933	54,376	57,171	67,258
Djibouti	582	0	582	0
Ethiopia	66,712	42,267	0	0	9	5,995	0	130	7,128	0	0	11,183
Kenya	71,757	2,412	0	5	784	3,055	3,058	0	0	16,727	495	0	45,221	0
Uganda	68,671	1,988	27	4	50	702	1,107	497	0	507	235	0	9,020	54,534
Zimbabwe	26,955	0	26,955	0
Egypt	760,663	14,563	10,083	1,284	28,931	300,902	196,521	43,812	2,643	157	106,346	54,356	115	951
Zambia	0
Rwanda	2,124	0	20	4	0	2,100	0
Burundi	1,346	0	21	606	3	0	715	0
Seychelles	194	0	1	11	0	43	0	140
Eritrea	0
Malawi	1,633	0	1,633	0
Mauritius	0
Libya	718	32	1	1	61	60	157	4	368	0	15	20
Comoros	0
Madagascar	1,197	0	43	0	1,154	0
Eswatini (Swaziland)	25,731	653	284	8	10,250	1,021	13,032	12	1	448	21	0
Democratic Republic of Congo	8	0	8
Tunisia	4,611	128	579	0	276	1,869	1,363	0	396	0
Other African Countries	976,252	1,279	920	1,481	7,334	3,961	7,655	528	934,905	22	15,471	1,159	251	1,286
Nigeria	12,678	7	72	11	340	189	523	0	11,474	0	0	62
Morocco	3,618	0	5	23	424	89	2,824	0	253	0
Namibia	1,156	0	0	610	258	156	29	0	104	0
Algeria	0
Senegal	632	0	124	0	507	0
Sierra Leone	46	0	28	18	0
Somalia	233	219	0	15	0
Tanzania	274	14	152	0	93	0	15	0
Angola	24	0	24	0
Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)	2	0	2
South Africa	14,842	589	587	699	5,495	800	3,483	510	1	21	2,658	0
Other	942,746	449	104	139	600	2,727	261	0	934,905	1	929	1,159	251	1,222
Total	2,009,152	63,320	11,938	2,795	47,717	318,232	222,897	44,983	937,917	46,448	131,404	55,535	57,423	68,544

Annex No. 15-a (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles	Total
Asia
Bangladesh	24,566	15	213	0	2	23,263	1,068	0	5	0
China	1,725,858	118,899	237,273	244,376	415,948	426,295	128,123	19,400	726	156	123,862	10,478	253	69
Hong Kong	1,114	483	2	21	372	189	46	0
Indonesia	102,566	1,569	1,471	1,454	21,617	14,006	5,740	56,710
India	1,124,170	12,047	60,175	58,933	102,611	100,140	184,940	3,960	427	358	570,344	29,930	18	286
Iran	2,985	0	27	70	868	1,178	0	0	535	0	307	0
North Korea	432	0	432	0
South Korea	111,309	9,160	40	21,572	55,756	4,530	13,671	5,551	1,009	0	20
Malaysia	56,647	2,173	8	359	1,104	14,201	7,982	760	3	2	30,055	0
Pakistan	40,869	1,517	7,203	1,252	2,041	6,395	21,667	22	0	0	772	0
Singapore	5,257	110	45	1,383	3,462	0	30	0	227	0
Thailand	66,146	5,547	1,879	27,630	4,624	1,763	1,984	345	3,190	1	19,183	0
Taiwan	5,951	112	1	2,954	1,481	271	802	294	15	0	21	0
Sri Lanka	5,838	0	4,302	40	785	600	83	0	27	0
Vietnam	22,884	1,171	15,631	224	1,389	1,084	925	183	0	0	1,210	1,068
Philippines	523	0	83	0	438	0	1	0
Total	3,297,114	152,802	328,225	358,885	608,727	595,298	371,361	30,515	5,935	518	802,744	40,408	271	1,423
Middle East
United Arab Emirates	2,295,493	69,404	7,468	44,281	35,620	65,784	63,168	16,984	1,857,270	977	127,307	6,782	29	418
Bahrain	18,746	132	0	85	291	511	16,966	0	707	0	54	0
Iraq	0
Jordan	109,259	4,741	8	199	330	8,844	93,739	861	0	0	537	0
Kuwait	5,047	38	0	2	1	2,719	1,508	252	0	0	525	0
Lebanon	5,471	334	40	8	748	2,730	319	0	59	0	1,233	0
Oman	65,134	438	0	29	2,523	48,833	9,705	271	2,742	0	594	0
Qatar	2,130	220	0	111	177	704	918	0
Saudi Arabia	496,477	12,572	40,766	6,960	31,990	104,615	95,921	94,294	41,360	548	67,310	0	15	126
Syria	8,816	313	285	1	66	422	864	0	0	1	6,864	0
Yemen	331	25	2	0	140	4	57	77	0	0	26	0
Total	3,006,903	88,217	48,569	51,678	71,885	235,166	283,164	112,739	1,902,138	1,526	204,450	6,782	44	543

Annex No. 15-a (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles	Total
Western Hemisphere
Argentina	2,269	39	0	0	1,629	307	0	117	3	0	173	0
Brazil	93,452	1	0	171	7,832	334	837	6	0	0	830	83,429	0	10
Ecuador	3,905	1	118	150	1,898	1,101	130	201	46	0	32	230
Mexico	2,190	3	0	3	577	352	9	0	1,246	0
Panama	54	0	15	0	39	0
Jamaica	852	9	0	262	581	1	0
Other	96,289	3,951	1,222	7,301	28,491	12,867	16,601	2,931	14,344	18	6,231	0	2,203	129
Total	199,012	4,003	1,339	7,887	41,024	14,963	17,617	3,255	14,393	18	8,512	83,659	2,203	140
Other Countries	45,148	2,153	806	605	1,538	2,826	926	2,547	0	4,146	2,201	27,349	50	0
Grand Total	11,094,849	405,146	434,781	570,690	1,079,780	1,403,790	1,220,038	228,446	2,870,610	54,809	1,563,509	1,132,478	59,991	70,782

Source: Sudan Customs Authority, Ministry of Petroleum, Sudan Electricity and Gas Holding Company.

Annex No. 15-b

Sudan Foreign Trade
Imports by Country and Commodity during 2024
(In Thousands of Dollars)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other
Industrial Countries
Austria	468	0	32	151	284	0
Australia	3,781	0	0	29	703	323	3	821	0	0	1,902	0
Belgium	5,093	0	0	517	647	1,836	953	445	3	167	524	0
Canada	75,212	0	8	2	0	27	2,263	118	0	44	51,107	21,642
Switzerland	5,938	46	612	1,217	1,959	437	149	1	0	0	1,517	0
Denmark	1,616	0	27	9	68	475	1,036	0	1	0
Germany	30,176	0	1	870	9,711	5,984	2,489	718	9,878	174	329	22
Spain	3,210	50	500	640	1,311	536	1	70	102	0
Finland	1,076	0	616	0	35	425	0
France	15,668	0	0	52	654	81	5,696	69	0	196	8,919	0
United Kingdom	16,748	0	0	337	6,628	677	6,379	64	111	206	2,117	230
Greece	862	0	514	0	348	0
Ireland	4,942	0	0	2	13	133	169	0	4,052	0	573	0
Italy	22,373	0	0	1,426	6,830	5,390	1,039	0	0	46	7,642	0
Japan	135,004	4	6,379	100,098	6,648	4,197	7,354	301	3,610	1,488	4,452	472
Netherlands	25,627	0	59	8	298	2,630	2,744	6,628	0	0	3,336	9,924
Belgium	96	0	53	0	0	43	0
Portugal	845	0	1	0	644	0	200
New Zealand	13,646	0	13,646	0
Sweden	3,775	0	432	2,106	1,237	0
United States	19,665	0	0	639	1,459	1,653	1,213	1,434	149	38	13,079	0
Total	385,820	50	7,087	105,255	38,409	26,741	34,902	11,603	17,805	2,430	109,247	32,290

Annex No. 15-b (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other
Other Europe
Bulgaria	2,424	0	2,424	0
Czech Republic	1,224	0	183	0	23	2	1,016	0
Slovakia	65	0	24	0	41	0
Cyprus	106	0	6	100
Hungary	233	0	170	0	63	0
Poland	384	0	109	75	0	200	0
Romania	8,129	0	66	27	0	8,036
Russia	241,764	0	0	441	1,927	15,217	106	0	4,214	0	279	219,581
Turkey	208,569	1,906	8,683	10,824	16,859	20,504	10,415	333	268	3,154	82,319	53,305
Ukraine	17,063	48	160	13	775	55	33	0	13,078	2,901
Croatia	0
Malta	16	0	16	0	0
Other	2,014	0	0	62	897	329	389	81	58	29	168	0
Total	481,991	1,954	9,026	11,339	20,850	36,215	14,586	414	4,541	3,198	96,044	283,823

Annex No. 15-b (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other	Textiles
Africa
COMESA Countries	809,069	3,711	38,065	2,393	21,007	150,317	111,400	3,152	1,596	7,956	218,030	251,443
Djibouti	69	0	69	0
Ethiopia	30,159	99	1	0	0	3,832	65	8	0	0	26,155	0
Kenya	25,475	0	31	0	291	516	1,324	0	0	92	23,220	0
Uganda	21,460	83	232	0	67	1	175	20,903	0
Zimbabwe	0
Egypt	728,033	3,612	38,033	2,393	20,451	145,372	109,063	3,077	1,565	7,685	145,401	251,382	0
Zambia	0
Rwanda	1,054	0	1,054	0
Burundi	0
Seychelles	0
Eritrea	0
Malawi	0
Mauritius	0
Libya	298	0	36	116	18	0	31	1	36	60
Comoros	56	0	56	0
Madagascar	985	0	985	0
Eswatini (Swaziland)	194	0	78	116	0
Democratic Republic of Congo	209	0	167	42	0
Tunisia	1,078	0	147	5	771	0	0	3	152	0
Other African Countries	20,848	0	171	88	322	352	3,728	68	2,439	2,298	11,382	0
Nigeria	6,142	0	1	475	0	5,665	0
Morocco	3,273	0	13	0	91	3	747	0	2,419	0
Namibia	59	0	0	14	21	9	0	15	0
Algeria	50	29	0	21	0
Senegal	517	0	517	0
Sierra Leone	0
Somalia	68	0	68	0
Tanzania	0
Angola	0
Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)	316	0	316	0
South Africa	5,772	0	92	74	190	198	1,386	0	0	2,285	1,546	0
Other	4,651	0	66	0	19	111	286	0	2,439	13	1,716	0
Total	829,918	3,711	38,236	2,481	21,329	150,669	115,127	3,220	4,035	10,254	229,412	251,443

Annex No. 15-b (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment	Means of Transport	Other
Asia
Bangladesh	41,725	0	14,864	10	4,551	47	0	22,253	0	0
China	911,892	2,784	90,033	131,914	278,945	227,667	63,766	2,630	72,745	1,837	38,028	1,542
Hong Kong	32	0	32	0
Indonesia	25,268	0	515	102	4,937	2,166	12,520	1,618	0	44	3,366	0
India	610,429	3	25,340	18,770	17,404	17,910	152,380	629	900	1,206	373,909	1,979
Iran	3,406	25	0	0	2,373	40	53	0	914	0
North Korea	0
South Korea	31,736	73	110	21,117	8,362	485	771	596	211	2	9	0
Malaysia	10,440	348	1,922	790	3,681	0	0	7	3,691	0
Pakistan	20,102	0	4,104	205	210	243	12,645	0	0	2,012	682	0
Singapore	1,473	0	411	969	0	93	0
Thailand	28,905	0	1,385	25,290	679	294	825	2	0	20	409	0
Taiwan	357	0	0	23	47	46	240
Sri Lanka	0
Vietnam	5,060	0	126	196	3,374	208	181	15	0	0	961	0
Philippines	58	0	58	0
Total	1,690,885	2,886	136,536	197,975	318,285	250,260	252,583	5,537	73,856	27,382	422,063	3,521
Middle East
United Arab Emirates	955,680	725	2,970	1,866	20,666	7,437	14,741	963	749,124	10,794	143,094	3,300
Bahrain	1,721	0	0	65	16	4	0	0	1,137	0	498	0
Iraq	1,253	0	1,253	0
Jordan	18,595	0	149	4	1,659	117	15,336	140	0	11	1,180	0
Kuwait	71	0	39	0	32	0
Lebanon	1,413	0	0	2	841	115	136	14	0	0	305	0
Oman	18,662	0	17	284	2,857	3,193	2,262	829	1,125	0	7,764	331
Qatar	2,160	0	490	0	3	637	1,030
Saudi Arabia	296,405	520	12,274	4,168	12,935	20,571	22,762	22,495	38,363	4,656	157,653	9
Syria	2,844	0	0	67	0	47	1,587	284	0	0	858	0
Yemen	14	0	12	0	2	0
Total	1,298,817	1,245	15,900	6,457	38,976	32,132	57,893	24,739	789,749	15,461	312,640	3,640

Annex No. 15-b (Continued)

Country	Tea	Wheat Flour	Wheat	Other Foodstuffs	Beverages and Tobacco	Petroleum Products	Raw Materials	Other	Chemical Manufactures	Machinery and Equipment
Western Hemisphere
Argentina	823	0	54	0	770
Brazil	15,269	0	0	103	1,786	1	74	0	13,305	0
Ecuador	4,792	0	9	3	121	3,136	1,518	0	5	0
Mexico	2,430	358	225	0	1,847	0

Appendix No. 21-c)

Shares Traded by Sector for the Years 2021 and 2022

Sector	Shares Traded (Thousand Shares) 2022	Contracts Executed 2022	Trading Volume (Million SDG) 2022	Participation % 2022	Shares Traded (Thousand Shares) 2021	Contracts Executed 2021	Trading Volume (Million SDG) 2021	Participation % 2021
Banks *	8,095.6	355	609,919	68.76	579.8	302	491,823	68.76
Insurance	2,894	10	7.4	0.08	73	9	0.6	0.07
Commercial	1,896	70	461.9	5.00	163	47	16.4	1.95
Industrial	2,370	52	55.3	0.60	3,023	11	1.5	0.17
Agricultural	1,000	2	0.0	0.00	1,000	2	0.0	0.00
Telecommunications and Media	139	16	1.6	0.02	339	19	2.0	0.24
Investment and Development Companies *	25,856	88	594.1	6.43	10,856	47	15.9	1.88
Brokerage Companies *	8,059	21	21.9	0.24	1,445	5	226.0	26.81
Total	651,134	612	9,237.8	100.00	508,722	442	843.2	100.00

Source: Sudan Stock Exchange

The purchase and/or sale transaction is conducted between the seller and the buyer through the trading session.
Banks include those licensed by the Central Bank of Sudan to engage in banking, financial, investment, and brokerage activities.
This sector refers to companies investing in the development and services sector, previously known as educational, health, and real estate institutions.

Appendix No. 21-d)

Sukuk Traded by Sector for the Years 2021 and 2022

Sector	Sukuk Traded (Thousand Sukuk) 2022	Contracts Executed 2022	Trading Volume (Million SDG) 2022	Participation % 2022	Sukuk Traded (Thousand Sukuk) 2021	Contracts Executed 2021	Trading Volume (Million SDG) 2021	Participation % 2021
Sukuk and Investment Funds Certificates *	17,969	859	4,110.5	23.2	23,693	880	4,374.6	23.2
Certificates *	15,767	7,890	7,247.8	63.8	32,438	19,629	14,483.3	76.8
Total	33,736	8,749	11,358.2	100.0	56,131	20,509	18,857.9	100.0

Source: Sudan Stock Exchange

All certificates are government participation certificates.

Central Bank of Sudan Annual Report 2024/26 - Page 218

Appendix No. 22-a)

Gross and Net Premiums for Insurance Companies for the Years 2020 and 2021

(Million SDG)

Item	2021	2020	Change %
Gross Premiums	75,929	22,285	240.7
Net Premiums	42,296	13,458	214.3

Source: National Insurance Supervisory Authority

Note: Insurance companies' premium data for one year is delayed due to lack of data availability.

Appendix No. 22-b)

Gross and Net Claims for Insurance Companies for the Years 2020 and 2021

(Million SDG)

Item	2021*	2020	Change %
Gross Claims	33,829	11,069	205.6
Net Claims	15,615	5,772	170.5

Source: National Insurance Supervisory Authority

Note: Adjusted data. Insurance companies' claims data for one year is delayed due to lack of data availability.

Appendix No. 22-a)

National Agency for Export Credit and Investment Insurance Activity in the Field of Foreign Currency Insurance Issued for the Years 2021 and 2022

(Million USD)

Item	2022*	2021	Change %
Total Insurance Caps (Executed)	200.0	240.0	(16.7)
Total Achieved Caps	105.4	150.1	(29.8)
Performance Ratio (%)	62.5	52.7	52.7

Source: National Agency for Export Credit and Investment Insurance

Note: Adjusted data.

Appendix No. 22-b)

National Agency for Export Credit and Investment Insurance Activity in the Field of Financing Issued for the Years 2021 and 2022

(Million SDG)

Item	2022	2021	Change %
Repaid Financing	0.0	10.0	(100.0)
Net Financing	10.0	10.0	0.0
Outstanding Financing at End of Period	0.0	10.0	(100.0)

Source: National Agency for Export Credit and Investment Insurance

Central Bank of Sudan Annual Report 2024/26 - Page 219

Appendix No. 23

Interbank Liquidity Management Fund Actual Performance vs. Banks' Liquidity Management for the Years 2021 and 2022

(Million SDG)

Item	2022	2021	Change %
Sukuk Number
Volume of Redeemed Amounts
Participation %
Redemptions for Fund Sukuk
Initial Contribution for Maintenance *	18,946.3	12,566.7	11.2
	18,432,110	12,753,399	50.8	44.5	14.8
Additional Contribution from Fund Financing (Al-Hassan Loan)	2,256.7	4,244.8	3.8
	2,222,775	4,202,101	(46.8)	(47.1)	1.8
Total	127,927.10	111,850.0	100.0
	39,122,602	24,004,740	100.0	88,192.4	78.6	87,912.1

Source: Interbank Liquidity Management Fund

The bank's contribution to the fund means the maintenance of its share after reaching the limit of its exposure to the Central Bank of Sudan account.

Note: Despite the Fund's assistance in managing short-term liquidity in banks' borrowing from the Sudan Central Bank's temporary liquidity deficit window, banks continued to borrow. As of the end of December 2022, the balance of the lending account amounted to 145.8 billion SDG.

Central Bank of Sudan

Central Bank of Sudan Annual Report 2024/26 - Page 220