Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan 'On Electronic Commerce'

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25.07.2026

17.04.2025

31.12.2022

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[ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce; 2. 21.00.00.00 Comprehensive documents on amendments and additions / 21.01.00.00 Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan] [ TSZ: 1. Economy / Information and informatization. Electronic commerce (document circulation)]

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan

On Electronic Commerce

Adopted by the Legislative Chamber on June 21, 2022 Approved by the Senate on September 13, 2022

Chapter 1. General Provisions

Article 1. Purpose and Scope of Application of this Law [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The purpose of this Law is to regulate relations in the field of electronic commerce. [ OKOZ: 1. 02.00.00.00 Fundamentals of state administration / 02.08.00.00 General issues of state administration in the field of economy, social and cultural construction / 02.08.02.00 State needs. State procurement; 2. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.05.00.00 Exchange activity / 09.05.01.00 General rules for organizing the activity of exchanges and their specialization]

This Law does not apply to:

government procurement carried out in accordance with the legislation on government procurement of goods (works, services);

See: Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PQ-3237 dated August 23, 2017 "On Further Introduction of Modern Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Government and Corporate Procurement of Goods (Works, Services)."

agreements concluded at exchanges holding licenses for exchange activity.

Article 2. Legislation on Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Legislation on electronic commerce consists of this Law and other legislative acts. See previous edition.

Relations concerning electronic commerce in a territory where a special legal regime is established by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan are regulated by rules other than those established in this Law. (Article 2 was supplemented with the second part on the basis of Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. URQ-1158 dated July 13, 2026 — , July 14, 2026, No. 03/26/1158/0727. Effective date — July 25, 2026) [ OKOZ: 1. 19.00.00.00 International relations. International law / 19.06.00.00 Law of international treaties / 19.06.03.00 Application and interpretation of compliance with treaties]

If an international treaty of the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes rules other than those provided for in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on electronic commerce, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

See: Memorandum of Understanding on "Cooperation in Developing the Electronic Commerce System in Uzbekistan" between the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments and Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Ministry of Science and Economy of the Republic of Korea (May 27, 2009, Tashkent).

Article 3. Basic Concepts

The following basic concepts are used in this Law:

digital products — electronic copies of objects of intellectual property (digital goods), as well as services related to performing certain actions without a material result in an electronic information medium or carrying out certain activities, including obtaining and subscribing to "cloud technologies" (digital services);

electronic trading platform — an information system that enables remote purchase and sale of goods (works, services);

operator of an electronic trading platform — a legal entity providing services of an electronic trading platform to participants in electronic commerce;

electronic commerce — purchase and sale of goods (works, services) carried out in the framework of entrepreneurial activity in accordance with a contract concluded through an electronic trading platform using information systems;

operator of electronic commerce — a legal entity providing services related to the circulation of electronic documents and electronic messages in electronic commerce;

See: Articles 11-12 of this Law.

subjects of electronic commerce — participants in electronic commerce and/or operators of electronic commerce.

Article 4. Basic Principles of Electronic Commerce

The basic principles of electronic commerce include:

freedom of entrepreneurial activity in the field of electronic commerce;

voluntariness in concluding contracts in electronic commerce;

equality of conditions for participation in electronic commerce;

protection of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of electronic commerce;

ensuring the appropriate quality of goods (works, services);

openness and transparency of processes in electronic commerce;

ensuring information security in electronic commerce.

Chapter 2. State Regulation of the Field of Electronic Commerce

Article 5. Main Directions of State Policy in the Field of Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.01.00.00 Legislation on entrepreneurship / 09.01.08.00 Guarantees of activity of subjects of entrepreneurial activity; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce; 3. 13.00.00.00 Education. Science. Culture / 13.01.00.00 Education / 13.01.08.00 Types of education / 13.01.08.06 Retraining and advanced training of personnel]

The main directions of state policy in the field of electronic commerce include:

supporting and encouraging entrepreneurial activity carried out in the field of electronic commerce;

creating conditions for attracting investments, modern technologies, and equipment to entrepreneurial activity in the field of electronic commerce;

creating a favorable environment for the development of electronic commerce, forming the necessary technical and logistics infrastructure;

ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of electronic commerce;

creating necessary conditions for a competitive environment in the field of electronic commerce;

providing subjects of entrepreneurial activity with necessary legal, economic, statistical, production-technological, scientific-technical, and other information for their activity in the field of electronic commerce;

encouraging scientific and technical research in the field of electronic commerce, training, retraining, and advanced training of personnel;

carrying out international cooperation in the field of electronic commerce.

Article 6. Powers of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Field of Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 02.00.00.00 Fundamentals of state administration / 02.01.00.00 Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan (also see 01.11.00.00) / 02.01.02.00 Powers of the Cabinet of Ministers; 2. 02.00.00.00 Fundamentals of state administration / 02.08.00.00 General issues of state administration in the field of economy, social and cultural construction / 02.08.01.00 State programs, concepts, etc.; 3. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of electronic commerce;

approves and implements state programs in the field of electronic commerce;

coordinates the activity of state bodies in the field of electronic commerce;

adopts normative legal acts in the field of electronic commerce within its powers;

approves the list of goods (works, services) withdrawn from circulation or restricted in circulation when carried out in electronic commerce;

ensures international cooperation in the field of electronic commerce.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan may also exercise other powers in accordance with the legislation.

See: Chapter 3 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan."

See previous edition.

Article 7. Powers of the National Agency for Strategic Projects of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Field of Electronic Commerce (The title of Article 7 is in the edition of Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. URQ-1057 dated April 17, 2025 — , April 17, 2025, No. 03/25/1057/0351) See previous edition.

The National Agency for Strategic Projects of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the authorized state body in the field of electronic commerce (hereinafter referred to as the authorized state body in the text). (The first part of Article 7 is in the edition of Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. URQ-1057 dated April 17, 2025 — , April 17, 2025, No. 03/25/1057/0351)

The authorized state body:

carries out regulation in the field of electronic commerce and implements state policy in this field;

participates in the formation and implementation of state programs in the field of electronic commerce;

develops and approves, within its powers, standards, norms, and rules in the field of electronic commerce together with other interested state bodies and other organizations;

develops proposals for creating conditions for the development of electronic commerce;

takes measures to protect the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of electronic commerce;

participates in improving the legislation on electronic commerce and ensuring its implementation;

organizes research in the field of electronic commerce and monitoring the implementation of normative legal acts in this field;

assists in the introduction of information systems and information resources into the field of electronic commerce;

assists in the development of logistics infrastructure serving subjects of electronic commerce;

participates together with interested organizations in introducing effective methods and systems of electronic payments into the field of electronic commerce;

organizes the promotion and popularization of electronic commerce among the population and subjects of entrepreneurial activity.

The authorized state body may also exercise other powers in accordance with the legislation.

Chapter 3 of the Regulation on the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 318 dated May 1, 2018.

Chapter 3. Subjects of Electronic Commerce

Article 8. Participants in Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.02.00.00 Citizens (natural persons) / 03.02.01.00 General rules; 2. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.03.00.00 Legal entities / 03.03.01.00 General rules; 3. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.17.00.00 Trade / 09.17.04.00 Wholesale trade; 4. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.17.00.00 Trade / 09.17.06.00 Retail trade (also see 03.11.01.02); 5. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Legal or natural persons participating in electronic commerce as sellers of goods, providers of services, or performers of works (hereinafter referred to as sellers in the text), as well as legal or natural persons participating in electronic commerce as buyers or consumers of goods (works, services) are participants in electronic commerce.

Sellers in the field of electronic commerce include:

legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out activities for the retail and/or wholesale sale of goods (works, services) on an electronic trading platform;

self-employed persons carrying out activities for the retail sale of goods (works, services) on an electronic trading platform.

Participation in electronic commerce, unless otherwise provided by law, cannot serve as a basis for establishing additional requirements or restrictions related to the subject's own entrepreneurial activity carried out without using information systems.

Article 9. Rights and Obligations of the Seller [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The seller has the following rights:

placing an offer (invitation) in functioning information systems in the field of electronic commerce;

organizing its own electronic trading platform and direct sale of goods (works, services) on it;

realizing goods (works, services) by concluding contracts in electronic commerce;

submitting electronic documents and electronic messages to electronic commerce operators for storage.

The seller:

must comply with the requirements of legislation;

must provide full information about goods (works, services), their manufacturers, as well as other rules related to the purchase of goods (works, services);

must ensure the lawful storage of electronic documents and electronic messages;

must not sell goods (works, services) withdrawn from circulation or restricted in circulation when carried out in electronic commerce in accordance with legislation;

must comply with standards, norms, and rules in the field of electronic commerce. [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.01.00.00 Legislation on entrepreneurship / 09.01.06.00 Licensing of certain types of activity. Permitting (also see 02.08.06.00) / 09.01.06.01 General rules. Types of activity requiring licensing]

The seller has the right to carry out electronic commerce from the moment of state registration, or if carrying out licensed types of activity or activity (actions) based on documents granting permitting status or by notification procedure, in accordance with the licensing procedure, permitting, and notification procedures established by legislation.

The seller may have other rights in accordance with legislation and the contract, and other obligations may be imposed on it.

Article 10. Rights and Obligations of the Buyer [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce; 2. 19.00.00.00 International relations. International law / 19.06.00.00 Law of international treaties / 19.06.02.00 Conclusion and entry into force of treaties]

The buyer has the following rights:

purchasing goods (works, services) by concluding contracts;

receiving full information about goods (works, services), the manufacturer, and other terms of purchase of goods (works, services);

demanding equality of conditions for participation in operations carried out in the field of electronic commerce;

demanding protection of its rights and legitimate interests.

The buyer:

must submit documents and information necessary for concluding a contract after the offer to conclude a contract is accepted;

must submit information necessary for making payments to payment system operators in accordance with legislation.

The buyer may have other rights in accordance with legislation and the contract, and other obligations may be imposed on it.

Article 11. Operators of Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The following are included in the category of electronic commerce operators:

operators and providers of telecommunications networks;

operators of electronic trading platforms;

providers of payment services;

legal entities providing services for storing electronic documents and electronic messages of subjects of electronic commerce.

Other legal entities may also be included in the category of electronic commerce operators in accordance with legislation.

See: Paragraphs 16-19 of the "Rules for Carrying Out Electronic Commerce," approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 185 dated June 2, 2016.

Article 12. Rights and Obligations of Operators of Electronic Commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.06.00 Personal data and their protection]

Operators of electronic commerce have the following rights:

providing services in the field of electronic commerce on a contractual basis within their powers;

establishing the terms of services provided to subjects of electronic commerce;

submitting electronic documents and electronic messages to other electronic commerce operators for storage.

Operators of electronic commerce:

must comply with the requirements of legislation;

must take measures to ensure the uninterrupted operation of their information systems;

must comply with standards, norms, and rules in the field of electronic commerce;

must disclose information to subjects of electronic commerce about their full name, organizational and legal form, licenses, documents granting permitting status, services provided, and their terms and cost (tariffs);

must not change the content of electronic documents and electronic messages and the procedure for their use (except for cases provided for in contracts concluded by subjects of electronic commerce);

must ensure measures to protect electronic documents, electronic messages, and personal data from unauthorized use;

must not submit electronic documents, electronic messages, or their copies, including the information contained therein, to third parties (except for cases provided for by legislation or contracts).

The terms and rules for providing services by an operator of electronic commerce must not contradict this Law and other legislative acts.

The operator of electronic commerce is not responsible for the legal consequences related to the content of electronic documents and electronic messages submitted by subjects of electronic commerce to the operator of electronic commerce.

The operator of electronic commerce may have other rights in accordance with legislation and the contract, and other obligations may be imposed on it.

See: "Rules for Carrying Out Electronic Commerce," approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 185 dated June 2, 2016.

Article 13. Rights and Obligations of the Operator of an Electronic Trading Platform [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

In addition to the rights of the operator of electronic commerce specified in the first part of Article 12 of this Law, the operator of an electronic trading platform has the following rights:

carrying out the direct sale of goods (works, services) on its own electronic trading platform independently;

checking the relevant licenses or documents granting permitting status or notifications of sellers who are carrying out licensed types of activity or activity (actions) based on documents granting permitting status or by notification procedure.

In addition to the obligations of the operator of electronic commerce specified in the second part of Article 12 of this Law, the operator of an electronic trading platform:

must take measures to stop the realization of goods (works, services) withdrawn from circulation or restricted in circulation in accordance with legislation;

must regularly reflect the agreement on providing services on the trading platform and the rules of trade on the electronic trading platform on the electronic trading platform;

must also take technical measures to ensure that participants in electronic commerce can familiarize themselves with the contract terms regarding the provision of services and carrying out trade, as well as their full posting.

If the operator of an electronic trading platform intends to suspend its activity in the field of electronic commerce or make changes to the rules of providing services, it must announce this on the relevant trading platform at least thirty days in advance (except for cases provided for by legislation).

See: "Rules for Carrying Out Electronic Commerce," approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 185 dated June 2, 2016.

Chapter 4. Procedure for Concluding Contracts in Electronic Commerce

Article 14. General Requirements for Concluding Contracts [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.01.00.00 General rules; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Contracts concluded in electronic commerce must comply with the requirements of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, this Law, and other legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

See: Chapter 27 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the second part of Article 11 and Article 12 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Contractual-Legal Basis of the Activity of Business Entities," and Chapter V of the "Rules for Carrying Out Electronic Commerce," approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 185 dated June 2, 2016.

A contract in electronic commerce is formalized in the form of an electronic document by agreeing on the terms of the contract between the parties to the contract through confirmation of electronic documents and/or messages.

The formation of documents in electronic commerce is carried out in accordance with the agreement of the parties.

The contract must comply with the requirements established by legislation regarding the content and form of documents related to the conclusion and performance of the contract.

Electronic receipts, invoices, messages, and other documents formed through information systems at the time of realization of goods (works, services), which enable operators of electronic commerce or sellers to identify the parties to the contract, are equated to similar paper documents confirming the purchase of goods (works, services). [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.01.00.00 Legislation on entrepreneurship / 09.01.07.00 Electronic commerce. Electronic digital signature (also see 12.03.02.02, 12.03.02.03)]

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When concluding contracts, in cases where legislation or the agreement of the parties requires the document to be signed by hand, an electronic document is considered signed if the procedure for certification with an electronic digital signature is performed by the party to the contract. [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.01.00.00 Legislation on entrepreneurship / 09.01.07.00 Electronic commerce. Electronic digital signature (also see 12.03.02.02, 12.03.02.03)]

In electronic commerce, electronic verification methods ("SMS", "Face-ID", etc.) that express the consent of the person signing the document and allow for their identification and authentication are also recognized as signatures.

See: Chapter 21 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Article 14 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Contractual and Legal Basis for the Activities of Business Entities".

Article 15. Legal force of electronic documents and electronic messages in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Electronic documents in electronic commerce, as well as information recorded in electronic form that allows for the identification of its sender (hereinafter referred to in the text as electronic messages), are equated to documents formalized on paper and signed by hand, and may be used as evidence of the conclusion of a contract.

A contract cannot be recognized as invalid solely on the grounds that it was concluded using information systems. [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The response (acceptance) of a participant in electronic commerce regarding the acceptance of an offer may be carried out in the form of an electronic document or an electronic message, or by performing actions to fulfill the conditions specified in the offer.

See: Part four of Article 366 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Article 11 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Contractual and Legal Basis for the Activities of Business Entities", Articles 5 and 7 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Electronic Document Circulation", Paragraph 2 of Resolution No. 185 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 2, 2016 "On Measures to Further Improve the Procedure for Concluding Transactions in Electronic Commerce".

Article 16. Requirements for an offer in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce; 2. 19.00.00.00 International relations. International law / 19.06.00.00 Law of international treaties / 19.06.02.00 Conclusion and entry into force of treaties]

An offer addressed to one or several specific persons, sufficiently definite, and expressing the intention of the person making the offer to be considered as having concluded a contract with the person to whom the offer is addressed upon acceptance, is recognized as an offer.

In electronic commerce, an offer is formed in the form of an electronic document.

In electronic commerce, an offer must include:

the name of the person sending the offer (surname, first name, patronymic of persons who have occupied themselves);

See: Part three of Article 364 and Article 367 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

the postal and electronic address, and telephone number of the person sending the offer;

in cases provided for by legislation, information about the presence of a license or a document with a licensing nature (number of the license or document with a licensing nature, validity period, name of the special authorized body carrying out licensing or issuing a document with a licensing nature for certain types of activities);

the procedure for concluding the contract, as well as the procedure for sending and withdrawing acceptance;

the possibility and procedure for introducing changes and additions to it during the negotiation of the contract terms;

the terms of delivery of goods (works, services) and payment for them, as well as the prices (tariffs) offered for them;

instructions regarding the terms included in the contract by reference to an electronic document placed in an information resource accessible to everyone.

An offer in electronic commerce may also include other information in accordance with legislation.

See: Resolution No. PQ-14 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 17, 2021 "On Improving the Administration of Electronic Commerce and Creating Favorable Conditions for Its Further Development".

Article 17. Specific features of storing documents in electronic commerce

The storage period for electronic documents in electronic commerce must not be less than the period established for paper documents intended for this purpose.

The following have the right to store electronic documents and messages in electronic commerce:

participants in electronic commerce;

operators of electronic commerce;

other legal and physical persons in accordance with legislation.

Article 18. Procedures for conducting electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.10.00.00 Law of obligations / 03.10.05.00 Contract. Conclusion, modification and termination of contracts; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Unless otherwise provided by legislation, participants in electronic commerce have the right to determine by mutual agreement:

the procedure for identification, exchange of electronic documents and messages;

the procedure for performing actions related to the conclusion of a contract;

the procedure for posting, sending and accepting an offer;

the procedure for sending and withdrawing acceptance;

the procedure for checking the reliability of information;

the procedure for using the software of the parties' information systems.

Article 19. Procedure for concluding a contract [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.01.00.00 Legislation on entrepreneurship / 09.01.07.00 Electronic commerce. Electronic digital signature (also see 12.03.02.02, 12.03.02.03)]

A contract may be concluded by performing acceptance:

in the form of an electronic document provided for certification with an electronic digital signature;

in the form of an electronic message expressing the consent of the participant in electronic commerce;

by performing actions to fulfill the conditions specified in the offer.

A contract is recognized as concluded from the moment the participant in electronic commerce who sent the offer receives acceptance of the offer.

Documents related to the performance of the contract may be formalized in the form of an electronic document or on paper.

See: Chapter 27 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Article 20. Specific features of formalizing contracts for digital products

Contracts for digital products distributed on tangible objects are confirmed in a manner similar to contracts for other goods. [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.04.00.00 Informatization. Information systems, technologies and means of their provision / 12.04.03.00 Internet global network]

Contracts for digital products distributed without the use of tangible objects, including by downloading (downloading) to a personal computer or mobile device via the Internet global information network, by using or subscribing to online services, and by other methods:

are confirmed by checks, receipts on the purchase of the right to a digital product, and other messages formed through information systems during the distribution process without the use of tangible objects, which allow for the identification of the parties to the contract;

are confirmed by internal documents of the business entity (reports of the responsible person of the business entity, extracts from the bank, accounting certificates, etc.).

Business entities have the right to unilaterally formalize primary accounting documents by attaching to them:

electronic copies of the contract, license agreement, and other contracts related to the acceptance of the offer;

copies of invoices (invoices) or other documents received from the counterparty in the form of an electronic message;

electronic documents (electronic messages) confirming the receipt and payment of funds.

Article 21. Specific features of contract terms in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.10.00.00 Law of obligations / 03.10.05.00 Contract. Conclusion, modification and termination of contracts; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.06.00 Personal data and their protection]

Contract terms must be formed in a clear and understandable form in the state language. If necessary, they may also be drawn up in other languages convenient for the parties simultaneously with the state language.

Contract terms may include:

the method of drawing up documents and the procedure for exchanging electronic documents (electronic messages);

the procedure for checking the reliability of methods that allow for the identification and confirmation of the identity of the person signing the document;

the procedure for using personal data and other restricted information.

Chapter 5. Settlements in the field of electronic commerce

Article 22. Methods of making payments in the field of electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.11.00.00 Specific types of obligations / 03.11.16.00 Bank account; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Payments in the field of electronic commerce are made by the following methods:

with cash funds - by presenting documents to the buyer confirming the acceptance of cash funds as a payment instrument through virtual terminals ("E-POS"), as well as documents reflecting information about the seller and the sold goods (works, services);

by transferring funds from a bank account - by transferring funds from a bank account (including bank card accounts), including through a personal account (remote service system) or through the system of a payment organization;

using electronic money - by transferring funds in an electronic wallet opened in an electronic money system.

Article 23. Specific features of making payments in the field of electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

An electronic invoice is formalized by business entities in the field of electronic commerce when realizing goods (works, services).

The realization of goods (works, services) to business entities is carried out using a mandatory virtual cash register that allows for the transmission of information about settlements to tax authorities in online mode. [ OKOZ: 1. 09.00.00.00 Entrepreneurship and economic activity / 09.16.00.00 Communication / 09.16.07.00 Electronic mail]

When making payments in the field of electronic commerce using electronic payment instruments, the electronic receipt of the virtual cash register must be sent to the buyer's subscriber number, the buyer's specified electronic mail address, or the buyer's personal account, indicating the recipient of the funds. [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.11.00.00 Specific types of obligations / 03.11.01.00 Sale and purchase / 03.11.01.03 Delivery of goods; 2. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Entrepreneurial entities providing services related to the delivery of goods (works, services) in the field of electronic commerce are granted the right to accept payment for third parties (sellers) with subsequent collection in the prescribed manner.

Article 24. Deposit system for funds [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

The deposit of funds in the field of electronic commerce (hereinafter referred to in the text as "escrow" service) is a service of holding funds paid by the buyer until the relevant obligations under the contract are fully performed.

Operators of trading platforms, providers of payment services, and legal entities providing delivery services for goods (works, services) (hereinafter referred to in the text as "escrow" service providers) may introduce the "escrow" service into their information systems or bank accounts.

When making payment for goods (works, services) by the buyer, the "escrow" service provider has the right to hold the paid funds until confirmation is received that the goods (works, services) have been received.

When introducing the "escrow" service, within the framework of the relevant contract, if the goods are not delivered or do not match the description, the "escrow" service provider returns the funds to the buyer (in the presence of a valid claim), or if the goods are received and accepted by the buyer, the funds are transferred to the seller's account.

If the buyer does not confirm or reject the fact of receiving the goods (works, services) after the expiration of the deadline for fulfilling obligations under the contract, the funds are automatically transferred to the seller's account within the period specified in the contract.

The "escrow" service provider, when performing the "escrow" service:

ensures that funds are stored in a separate special account of the bank or deposited on their bank card until the relevant terms of the contract are fulfilled;

ensures the accounting of deposited funds by linking them to specific contracts in electronic commerce;

provides information related to the fact of deposit of funds and their transfer to the parties to the contract;

must provide for the terms of providing "escrow" services in the rules for using information systems and in the offer.

Deposited funds of participants in electronic commerce are not considered the property of the "escrow" service provider and cannot be used to fulfill any of its obligations to any of its counterparties, including the state.

Chapter 6. Specific features of the delivery of goods in the field of electronic commerce, the exchange of defective goods and/or the elimination of defects in goods, as well as the return of paid funds to the buyer

Article 25. Delivery of goods in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

If the contract is concluded with the condition of delivering the goods, the seller must deliver the goods to the place specified by the buyer within the time limits specified in the contract.

For the delivery of goods to the place specified in the contract, the seller:

may independently carry out the delivery using transport vehicles belonging to him (except in cases established by legislation);

may use delivery services provided by entities that have the right to provide delivery services for goods (works, services);

may use other methods of delivery not prohibited by legislation.

In cases where legislation requires the formalization of a waybill, the delivery of goods (works, services) in electronic commerce is carried out only according to a waybill formed in electronic form.

If the deadline for delivering the goods is not specified in the contract and it is impossible to determine this deadline, the goods must be delivered within a period not exceeding thirty days from the moment the acceptance is received by the buyer.

If the seller violates the deadlines for delivering the goods to the buyer, the seller is liable in the manner established by legislation.

Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the seller must deliver the goods to the buyer and simultaneously provide the relevant documents provided for by legislation (technical passport, quality certificate, instruction manual).

Unless otherwise provided by legislation or the contract, the retail sale contract is considered fulfilled by the seller from the moment the goods are handed over to the buyer or any other person who presents a receipt or other document confirming the conclusion of the contract or the delivery of the goods.

Article 26. Exchange of defective goods and/or elimination of defects in goods in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

When the contract is terminated, the seller must notify the buyer of the place where the return of the goods will be carried out.

When selling goods by sample and/or description, the seller must provide goods that match the sample and/or description, and also allow the buyer to check their integrity, suitability, and full preservation of consumer properties when accepting the goods.

If the goods do not match the sample and/or description, the buyer has the right to demand their exchange or refund of the money.

The buyer's faultless delivery of damage, as well as the decrease in the value of the goods due to the purpose of inspecting and checking the goods by opening the packaging, does not deprive the buyer of the right to terminate the contract.

If the goods are returned unused, undamaged, in packaging, with preserved consumer properties, and there are grounds confirming that the goods were purchased from this seller, the buyer's claim for the exchange or return of the goods must be satisfied.

If the buyer identifies defects in the manufacture, structure, composition of the goods or other defects, the seller must exchange them for goods of the same brand (model, article) within seven days, or if additional quality check by the seller is necessary, within twenty days from the moment the buyer makes the claim.

If goods of the same brand (model, article) are not available, the buyer's claim for exchange must be satisfied within one month from the moment the claim is objected to.

If goods of the same brand (model, article) are not available, the contract is terminated, and the damage incurred must be compensated by the seller to the buyer within one month from the moment the claim is objected to.

With the consent of the buyer, the seller must exchange the defective goods for other goods of the same brand (model, article) and recalculate the purchase price accordingly.

Article 27. Specific features of returning paid funds to the buyer in electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Unless otherwise provided in the agreement of the parties to the contract, the return of the amount paid by the buyer to him is carried out in the same form in which the payment for the goods was made.

Expenses related to the return of the amount paid by the buyer under the contract are borne by the seller. [ OKOZ: 1. 03.00.00.00 Civil legislation / 03.10.00.00 Law of obligations / 03.10.02.00 Ensuring performance of obligations / 03.10.02.01 Penalty]

If the amount paid by the buyer is not returned to the buyer by the seller within the period specified in the contract after the contract is terminated, the seller pays a penalty (fine) to the buyer in the amount of one percent of the amount to be returned for each day of delay beyond the periods specified in the contract. In this case, the amount of the penalty (fine) may not exceed the amount to be returned. The payment of the penalty (fine) does not release the seller from obligations arising from the termination of the contract.

Chapter 7. Final Provisions

Article 28. Dispute resolution [ OKOZ: 1. 12.00.00.00 Information and informatization / 12.03.00.00 Information resources. Use of information resources / 12.03.02.00 Documentation of information. Electronic document circulation / 12.03.02.02 Electronic commerce]

Disputes in the field of electronic commerce are resolved in the manner established by legislation.

Article 29. Liability for violation of legislation on electronic commerce [ OKOZ: 1. 16.00.00.00 Security and law enforcement / 16.09.00.00 Administrative liability / 16.09.02.00 Administrative offenses; 2. 16.00.00.00 Security and law enforcement / 16.11.00.00 Criminal legislation / 16.11.02.00 Crime and criminal liability]

Persons guilty of violating legislation on electronic commerce are liable in the prescribed manner.

Article 30. Recognition of certain legislative acts as losing their force [ OKOZ: 1. 21.00.00.00 Comprehensive documents for amendments and additions / 21.01.00.00 Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan]

The following are recognized as losing their force:

1. Law No. 613-II "On Electronic Commerce" of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted on April 29, 2004 (Bulletin of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2004, No. 5, Article 82);

2. Resolution No. 614-II "On the Implementation of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan 'On Electronic Commerce'" adopted by the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan on April 29, 2004 (Bulletin of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2004, No. 5, Article 83);

3. Law No. URQ-385 "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan 'On Electronic Commerce'" adopted on May 22, 2015 (Bulletin of the Chambers of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2015, No. 5, Article 178);

4. Article 4 of Law No. URQ-455 of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Connection with the Improvement of Tax Administration" adopted on December 30, 2017 (Information Bulletin of the Chambers of the Supreme Parliament of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2017, No. 12, Article 773);

5. Article 158 of Law No. URQ-683 of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan" adopted on April 21, 2021 (Appendix to Issue No. 4 of the Information Bulletin of the Chambers of the Supreme Parliament of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2021).

Article 31. Ensuring the Implementation, Dissemination, and Explanation of the Substance and Significance of this Law

The Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Ministry of Justice, and other interested organizations shall ensure the implementation of this Law, its delivery to executors, and the explanation of its substance and significance among the population.

Article 32. Harmonization of Legislation with this Law

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall:

harmonize government resolutions with this Law;

ensure that state management bodies review and repeal their normative legal acts that contradict this Law.

Article 33. Entry into Force of this Law

This Law shall enter into force three months after the date of its official publication.

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. MIRZIYOYEV

Tashkent,

September 29, 2022,

Law No. URQ-792 (amendments dated 30.09.2022, No. 03/22/792/0870; 17.04.2025, No. 03/25/1057/0351; 14.07.2026, No. 03/26/1158/0727)