CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA
Financial Policy and Regulation Department Central Business District P.M.B. 0187 Garki, Abuja.

Tel: 09-46237401 E-mail:fprd@cbn.gov.ng FPR/DIR/GEN/PAR/02/012 August 23, 2019

Exposure Draft On The Prudential Guidelines For Finance Companies

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), in June 2010, issued the revised Prudential Guidelines to deposit money banks in Nigeria as part of its efforts at enhancing the quality of banks' assets. The need for sector-specific Guidelines has become apparent given developments which had specific impact on different classes of financial institutions over the years.

Accordingly, the CBN hereby issues for observations and comments, the attached draft Prudential Guidelines for Finance Companies. The Guidelines may be downloaded from the CBN website, www.cbn.gov.ng.

We would be pleased to receive your comments by Friday, September 20, 2019. Soft copies of your presentation may be forwarded to pgofis@cbn.gov.ng.

Thanks.

KEVIN N. AMUGO
DIRECTOR, FINANCIAL POLICY AND REGULATION DEPARTMENT CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA PRUDENTIAL GUIDELINES FOR FINANCE COMPANINES IN NIGERIA [AUGUST 2019] [1ST DRAFT OF PGS FOR FC - JUNE 2019]

Table of Contents
PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FINANCE COMPANIES .
RISK MANAGEMENT .
1.	Credit Policy .
2.	Credit Concentration Policy .
3.	Exposures to Directors and their Related Interests
4.	Disclosure of Insider-related Credits in Financial Statements .
5.	Lending Limits.
6.	Bankers Acceptances and Commercial Papers
7.	Basic Information on Borrowers.
8.	Minimum Information on Credit Print-Outs
9.	Revaluation of Fixed Assets
10.	Management of Market Risk .
11.	Liquidity Requirements
	Maintenance of Reserve Fund .
12.
13.	Capital Adequacy Requirements
14.	Restrictions on Declaration of Dividends
15.	Credit Ratings.
16.	Write-Off of Fully Provided Credit Facilities .
17.	Non-Performing Loans
18.	Investment in Fixed Assets
19.	Investment in any Venture .
20.	Financial Assets and Income
21.	Borrowing limits
22.	Foreign Currency Borrowing
	1

23.	Other Known Losses
24.	Keeping of Proper Records
CODE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
KNOW-YOUR-CUSTOMER AND ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING MEASURES .
1.	Anti-Money Laundering Measures.
2.	Records Retention .
3.	Suspicious Transactions .
4.	Implementation of Examination Report Recommendations
LOAN CLASSIFICATION AND LOSS PROVISIONING .
1.	Loan classification system
2.	Loan Loss Provisioning.
	Collateral Adjustment for Lost Facilities .
3.
4.	Treatment of IFRS Impairment Charge for Prudential Purposes .
5.	Credit Portfolio Disclosure Requirement
6.	Interest Accrual
7.	Classification and Provisioning for Other Assets.
8.	Off- Balance Sheet Engagements.
FINANCIAL SOUNDNESS INDICATORS AND FINANCIAL RATIOS .
UPDATE OF THE PRUDENTIAL GUIDELINES
EFFECTIVE DATE.

Prudential Requirements For Finance Companies

Every Finance Company (FC) shall comply with the following prudential requirements:

1.0. Risk Management 1.1. Credit Policy

a. An FC shall put in place a comprehensive credit policy duly approved by its Board of Directors.

b. The policy shall include the eligibility requirements for borrowers, the products offered, terms and conditions for granting loans/facilities, procedures for loan administration and disbursement, appropriate monitoring mechanism and set out the standards to be used to manage credit risk.

c. The policy shall also indicate the FC's collateral requirements, including the types of qualifying collateral and the collateral coverage for each type of credit facility, if any, for the different types/classes of facilities.

d. Credit facilities shall be granted at non-preferential terms and conditions that are clearly disclosed, and at prices that reflect the credit risk.

e. Investments in bankers' acceptances and commercial papers shall be treated as part of the loan portfolio.

f. The credit policy shall address lending to directors as part of lending to related parties.

g. FCs shall register all movable collaterals with the National Collateral Registry (NCR). Evidence of the NCR registration is a necessary part of the loan documentation.

h. An FC shall have a Credit Portfolio Plan as part of its credit concentration policy, which shall consider the following, among others:
a. The target market and portfolio size; b. Macro-economic conditions, including fiscal and monetary policy guidelines; c. Minimum risk acceptance criteria; d. The credit concentration policy; e. Historical portfolio performance; i. An FC shall review its credit portfolio plan on a quarterly basis to ensure that the plan is still reflective of current market conditions. In the event of adverse changes in the macro-economic environment or particular sectors, industries or regions, appropriate review and mitigation strategies shall be conducted.

j. The policy shall be reviewed at least every three (3) years.

1.2. Credit Concentration Policy

a. An FC shall have a board-approved credit concentration policy, covering the different forms of credit risk concentration to which an FC may be exposed. The policy shall include an effective system of internal controls to identify, measure, monitor, and control credit risk concentration. Credit concentration to which an FC may be exposed include:
i. Significant exposure to an individual counterparty or group of related counterparties; ii. Credit exposure to counterparties in the same economic sector or geographic region; and iii. Indirect credit exposure arising from an FC's Credit Risk Mitigation
(CRM) activities (e.g. exposure to a single collateral type or to credit protection provided by a single counterparty).

b. The policy shall specify concentration limits and the methodology for calculating credit concentration. Limits should be defined in relation to an FC's capital, credit portfolio, total assets or, other appropriate measures.

c. In defining the portfolio concentration limits for industries or sectors, FCs shall adopt the Standard Industry Classification of Economic Sectors (SIC) issued by the CBN;
d. An FC's management shall conduct stress tests of its credit portfolio at least on a quarterly basis. The tests shall also consider the credit concentration risk. The management shall review the results of the tests and make adequate plans to respond to plausible adverse changes in market conditions.

In assessing credit risk concentration of an FC, the CBN will consider the credit concentration policy, the credit portfolio plan and the extent to which the bank considers credit concentration as part of the subjective factors in making specific provisions. Non-compliance with an FC's established policy on credit concentration and monitoring shall form a basis for supervisory action, which may include additional loan loss provisions.

1.3. Exposures To Directors And Their Related Interests

FCs shall fully disclose their credit exposures to directors, significant shareholders and other insiders in their financial statements and returns prescribed by the CBN.

1.4. Disclosure Of Insider-Related Credits In Financial Statements

a. FCs shall disclose all transactions involving shareholders, employees, directors and their related/connected interests. Insider-related credits include credits to shareholders, employees, directors and their related interests.

b. The disclosure required to be presented in the financial statements is as follows: (i) The aggregate amount of insider-related loans, advances and leases outstanding as at the financial year end shall be separately stated in a note to the accounts and the non-performing component further analysed by security, maturity, performance, provision, interest-in suspense and name of borrowers.

(ii) Notes to the accounts on commitments and other contingent liabilities shall also provide details of those arising from related-party transactions.

(iii) The external auditors and audit committees shall include in their report, their opinion on related-party credits.

The requirements of this section do not apply to credits extended to employees under their employment scheme of service, or to shareholders whose shareholding and related interests are less than 5 per cent of the bank's paid up capital as at the date of the financial report or to public limited liability companies in which a director has an interest that is less than 5 per cent.

1.5. Lending Limits

a) The maximum loan to any borrower or group of related borrowers shall be 20 per cent of the FC's shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses.

b) Aggregate large exposures of an FC shall not exceed five (5) times the shareholders fund unimpaired by losses. Loans under a staff scheme are excluded but shall be in accordance with the conditions of service.

c) A large exposure is any credit to a customer or a group related borrowers that is at least 10 per cent of an FC's shareholders fund unimpaired by losses.

d) A director or a significant shareholder shall not borrow more than 1 per cent of shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses.

e) The aggregate credit facilities to all insiders and their related parties shall not exceed 10 per cent of shareholders' funds.

1.6. Bankers Acceptances And Commercial Papers

The issuance and treatment of BAs and CPs shall be in line with the CBN's "Guidelines on the issuance and treatment of Bankers Acceptances and Commercial Papers" issued on November 18, 2009 or as may be advised by the CBN.

1.7. Basic Information On Borrowers

An FC shall: a) Ensure that every borrower completes the Loan Application Form (LAF) designed by the FC and that the LAF is approved by relevant officers or organs of the FC.

b) Ensure that the LAF contains such information as the FC may require to evaluate the application, which may include recent audited financial statements/management accounts, projected cash flows, and records of past bank accounts.

c) Obtain credit reports within 30 days prior to the disbursement of facilities from at least two (2) credit bureaux before granting any facility to a customer. The result of the enquiry shall be documented in the credit file of the customer. In addition, compliance with the CBN Circular OFI/DIR/CIR/GEN/17/151 issued on May 10, 2017 on Data Exchange Agreement with at least two licensed Credit Bureaux is mandatory.

d) Provide evidence that a search has been conducted on the borrower in the CBN's Credit Risk Management System (CRMS) database.

e) Obtain the Bank Verification Number (BVN) of individual borrowers and directors of corporate borrowers.

f) Obtain the Tax Identification Number (TIN) of corporate borrowers. g) Obtain information on entities related to the borrowers. h) Maintain credit files whether in electronic, print or other form, on all its borrowers, which shall contain adequate and timely information on the credit-worthiness of the borrowers to enable:
i. proper and effective monitoring of credit facilities extended by the FC;
and ii. examiners, as well as the bank's internal and external auditors, to have immediate and complete factual information from which they can form an objective opinion on the credit facilities.

i) Maintain basic information (including those set out in the Annexure 1, where applicable), on the following to enable an objective evaluation of the quality of each facility:
i. the borrower; ii. the credit facility; iii. the appraisal of the credit application; iv. the conduct and status of the account; v. an offer letter showing conditions for draw down; and vi. evidence of acceptance of offer by the borrower.

1.8. Minimum Information On Credit Print-Outs

All FCs should provide the following minimum details in their credit printouts:
i. Account number of customer; ii. Name of customer; iii. Type of facility; iv. Date facility was granted; v. Interest Rate; vi. Authorized limit of facility; vii. Original expiry date; viii. Restructure Date (if any);
ix. Balance on account; x. Date of last lodgment or credit operation by the customer; and xi. Sector/Industry; xii. Type and value of security pledged; xiii. Borrower's BVN or TIN;
xiv. Evidence of NCR registration.

1.9. Revaluation Of Fixed Assets

The prior approval of the CBN shall be obtained by an FC before the recognition of revaluation surplus on fixed assets in its books. The valuation shall be made by qualified professional(s) whose identity and qualifications are stated, with the valuation basis clearly shown. FCs are to note that revaluation of fixed assets is applicable to own premises only.

1.10. Management Of Market Risk

a) FCs are required to institute strategies to manage market risk including the development of risk appetite, appropriate policies, processes, and organization structures to support ongoing management and quantification market risk b) In addition to any hedging instruments held, an FC shall be required to match its long-term loans to borrowers with liabilities of similar characteristics and duration so as to maintain minimal risk exposure to fluctuations in market interest rates.

c) An FC shall employ appropriate risk management tools to assess and report to the CBN each quarter its market risk exposure.

1.11. Liquidity Requirements

a) The liquidity ratio shall be the proportion of liquid assets to borrowings due within one (1) year.

b) An FC shall maintain at all times sufficient liquid assets to meet its maturing obligations in amounts that comply with a minimum liquidity ratio of 10 per cent or as may be prescribed by the CBN.

c) An FC shall adopt and implement sound and prudent liquidity management framework, which shall describe in detail its Asset Liability Management (ALM) Policy and be overseen by its Asset/Liability Management or similar Committee.

d) An FC's liquidity management framework shall include:
i. Techniques that effectively identify, measure and manage its liquidity risk.

ii. Periodic analyses of net funding requirements under alternative scenarios.

iii. Contingent liquidity planning.

1.12. Maintenance Of Reserve Fund

a) Every FC shall maintain a reserve fund appropriated out of its net profits for each year (after adequate provision has been made for taxation and before any dividend is declared), where the amount of the reserve funds is:
i. Less than the paid-up share capital, transfer to the reserve fund a sum equal to not less than 15% of the net profits; and ii. Equal to or in excess of the paid-up share capital, transfer to the reserve fund a sum equal to not less than 10% of the net profit.

b) The CBN may vary the proportion of net profit transferable to the reserve fund.

c) No accretion shall be made to the reserve fund until:
i. All preliminary and pre-operational expenses have been written off; ii. Adequate provision has been made for loan loss/assets deterioration; iii. All identifiable losses have been fully provided for.

1.13. Capital Adequacy Requirements

a) An FC shall commence operations with, and maintain at all times, a minimum paid-up capital as may be prescribed by the CBN.

b) The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of an FC shall be measured as the ratio of qualifying capital to its risk weighted assets.

c) The minimum CAR for each FC shall be 12.5 per cent or as may be prescribed by the CBN from time to time.

d) An FC shall maintain a ratio of not more than 1:10 of its shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses to its net credits.

e) FCs that do not possess adequate capital shall be classified in line with the Supervisory Intervention Framework and appropriate actions taken in line with the Framework.

In line with the Supervisory Intervention Framework, FCs that do not possess adequate capital may be classified and supervisory actions taken as indicated in the framework.

1.14. Restrictions On Declaration Of Dividends

No dividend shall be paid until after: a) All accumulated losses have been fully absorbed and written off. b) All preliminary and pre-operational expenses have been written off. c) Capital Adequacy ratio has been met. d) All matured obligations have been met.

1.15. Credit Ratings

a) FCs shall have a board-approved credit rating policy and model for rating counterparties/obligors and sectors. The ratings of obligors shall be updated, at least, on a quarterly basis.

b) In measuring credit risk of loans and advances to customers and/or counterparty level, FCs must ensure that the following components are considered: (i) The probability of default of the obligor; (ii) The exposure at default; (iii) The loss given default; (iv) Forward looking information; and (v) The peculiarities of the sector in which the obligor operates.

1.16. Write-Off Of Fully Provided Credit Facilities

The following conditions shall apply to the write off of fully provisioned credit facilities:
a) The facility must have been fully provided for in line with the loan loss provisioning guidelines and must be in FC's book for at least one year after full provision.

b) The write-off shall be approved by the FC's board of directors. c) If the facility is insider or related party credit, the prior written approval of CBN is also required.

d) The write-off shall be appropriately disclosed in the audited financial statements.

1.17. Non-Performing Loans

The maximum ratio of non-performing loans to total gross loans for FCs shall not at any point in time exceed 10 per cent or such other level as may be prescribed by the CBN from time to time.

1.18. Investment In Fixed Assets

The maximum amount that an FC may invest in fixed assets is 20 per cent of its shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses.

1.19. Investment In Any Venture

An FC shall not invest more than 20 per cent of its shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses in any venture without prior approval of the CBN.

1.20. Financial Assets And Income

The financial assets to total assets ratio of an FC shall not be less than 75 per cent. Also, at least 75 per cent of its income shall be derived from the principal activities of an FC.

1.21. Borrowing Limits

a. The minimum amount that an FC can borrow from an individual is N50,000 and from a corporate body, N2,000,000.

b. The maximum total borrowings of an FC shall not be more than 10 times its shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses.

1.22. Foreign Currency Borrowing

In line with CBN letter OFI/DIR/DOC/GEN/018/271 on foreign borrowing dated February 12, 2018, the aggregate foreign currency borrowing of an FC shall not exceed 125% of its shareholders' funds unimpaired by losses or such other level as the CBN may specify from time to time. In addition, FCs shall borrow and lend in the same currency (natural hedging) to avoid currency mismatch associated with foreign currency risk. They shall ensure that the basis of the interest rate for borrowing matches that of lending i.e. floating rate liabilities shall be used to create only floating rate assets and fixed interest rates liabilities used to create only fixed rate assets.

1.23. Other Known Losses

All assets for which the net realizable value has fallen below the carrying value shall have the difference in value recognized and charged to the income account as "other known losses".

1.24. Keeping Of Proper Records

FCs shall keep proper records of all transactions as may be required by the CBN. Such documents should be arranged sequentially and be made available to CBN and other regulatory authorities on demand.

1.25. Implementation Of Examination Report Recommendations

The Board and management of FCs shall ensure the implementation of all recommendations contained in the CBN Examination Reports.

2. Code Of Corporate Governance

All FCs shall comply with the provisions of the Code of Corporate Governance for Finance Companies as issued by the CBN Circular FPR/DIR/CIR/GEN/07/017 dated October 26, 2018 or any other relevant circular(s) as the CBN may issue from time to time.

3. Know-Your-Customer And Anti-Money Laundering Measures

FCs shall be required to comply with the principles and procedures of Know Your Customer (KYC) and relevant circulars issued by the CBN.

3.1. Anti-Money Laundering Measures

FCs shall be required to comply with the Anti-Money Laundering Act 2011, CBN AML/CFT (for Banks and Other Financial Institutions) Regulation 2013 and relevant circulars issued by the CBN.

3.2. Records Retention

FCs shall keep records on all transactions for a minimum period of six (6) years and shall retain such records for a longer period where the transactions relate to litigation or are required by a court of law or by any other competent authority.

3.3. Suspicious Transactions

FCs should pay special attention to all complex, unusually large transactions, and all unusual patterns of transactions, which have no apparent economic or visible lawful purpose. Examples of such suspicious transactions are as listed in Schedule III of the CBN AML/CFT Regulation, 2013.

4. Oan Classification And Loss Provisioning

4.1. Loan Classification System

a. FCs shall review their credit portfolio continuously (at least once in a quarter) with a view to recognising deterioration in credit quality. Such reviews shall classify the credit exposures based on the risk of default.

b. In order to facilitate comparability of FCs' classification of their credit portfolios, the assessment of risk of default shall be based on criteria which shall include, but are not limited to repayment performance and borrower's repayment capacity on the basis of current financial condition.

c. For syndicated facilities, the classification shall be the same across all FCs involved in the syndication. Thus, the worst classification by any of the FCs involved in the syndication shall apply across board.

d. Credit facilities shall be classified as "performing", "watchlist" or "nonperforming" as defined below: 1. Performing facility: A credit facility is deemed to be performing if all due principal and interest have been settled or if not past due by more than 30 days.

2. Watchlist facility: - A facility where principal and/or interest is past due by 31 to 90 days; 3. Non-performing facility: A credit facility shall be deemed as nonperforming when any of the following conditions exists:
   i. interest or principal is past due for more than 90 days; ii. interest past due for 91 days or more have been capitalised, rescheduled or rolled over into a new loan; iii. off balance sheet obligations crystallise.

e. Non-performing credit facilities shall be classified into three categories namely, sub-standard, doubtful or lost on the basis of the criteria below:

(1) Sub-Standard

The following objective and subjective criteria shall be used to identify sub-standard credit facilities:
i. Objective Criteria: credit facilities on which past due principal and/or interest remain outstanding for at least 91 days but not more than 180 days.

ii. Subjective Criteria:
a. Credit facilities which display well defined weaknesses which could affect the ability of borrowers to repay such as inadequate cash flow to service debt, undercapitalisation or insufficient working capital, absence of adequate financial information or collateral documentation, irregular payment of principal and/or interest, non-performing facilities with other banks and inactive accounts where withdrawals exceed repayments or where repayments can hardly cover interest charges.

b. Significant deterioration in credit rating of the borrower/obligor between initial recognition and the reporting date.

c. Significant financial difficulty of the borrower. d. Grant of concessions to the borrower/obligor by its lender(s) for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower/obligor's financial difficulty, especially where the lender(s) would not ordinarily consider such concession(s).

e. It is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization.

f. The purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects credit losses.

(2) Doubtful

The following objective and subjective criteria shall be used to identify doubtful credit facilities:
a. Objective Criteria: credit facilities on which unpaid principal and/or interest remain outstanding for at least 181 days but not more than 360 days.

b. Subjective Criteria: credit facilities which, in addition to the weaknesses associated with sub-standard credit facilities reflect that full repayment of the debt is not certain or that realisable collateral values will be insufficient to cover bank's exposure.

(3) Lost Credit Facilities

The following objective and subjective criteria shall be used to identify lost credit facilities:
a. Objective Criteria: facilities on which unpaid principal and/or interest remain outstanding for more than 360 days and off-balance sheet engagements that have crystalized.

b. Subjective Criteria: facilities which in addition to the weaknesses associated with doubtful credit facilities, are considered uncollectible and are of such little value that continuation as a bankable asset is unrealistic such as facilities that have been abandoned, facilities secured with unmarketable and unrealizable securities and facilities extended to judgment debtors with no means or foreclosable collateral to settle debts.

f. A restructured or rolled-over facility shall not be treated as a new facility. g. Where a credit facility already classified as "non-performing" is renewed, restructured or rolled-over, that facility shall retain its previous classification as if the renewal, restructuring or roll over did not occur.

h. When a facility rescheduling is agreed with a customer, provisioning shall continue until it is clear that the rescheduling is working, at a minimum, for a period of 90 days.

i. For a "non-performing" or "watchlist" facility to be re-classified as
"performing", outstanding interest and due but unpaid principal shall not exceed 30 days. Similarly, for a "non-performing" facility to can be reclassified as "watchlist", outstanding interest and due but unpaid principal shall not exceed 90 days.

j. FCs are required to adopt the criteria specified in paragraphs 4(1)(a) to 4 (1)(e) to classify their credit portfolios in order to reflect the recoverable values of their credit facilities.

k. FC should note that the CBN reserves the right to object to the classification of any credit facility and to prescribe the classification it considers appropriate for such credit facility.

4.2. Loan Loss Provisioning

(a) FCs are required to make adequate provisions for perceived losses based on the credit portfolio classification system prescribed in paragraph 4 (1). Two types of provisions (that is specific and general) are considered adequate to achieve this objective.

(b) Specific provisions are made on the basis of perceived risk of default on credit facilities while general provisions are made in recognition of the fact that a performing credit facility may be inherently risky.

(c) Consequently, FCs shall make provisions for credits as specified below:
i. General Provision - 2 per cent of the outstanding balance of performing facilities or as may be advised by the CBN from time to time.

ii. Specific provisions shall be applied as follows:
aa. For facilities classified as non-performing, interest overdue by more than 90 days shall be fully (100 per cent) provided for and recognized on cash basis only.

ab. For facilities classified as non-performing, principal repayments that are past due shall be fully (100 per cent) provided for and recognized on cash basis only.

ac. For outstanding principal of facilities classified as "watchlist", 5 per cent provision on the outstanding principal amount.

ad. For principal repayments that are not yet due on non-performing credit facilities, provisions shall be made on the outstanding principal balance as follows:

• Sub-Standard: 20 per cent; - Doubtful: 50 per cent; and
• Lost: 100 per cent.

4.3. Collateral Adjustment For Lost Facilities

a. To encourage utilisation of more credit enhancement and mitigation strategies, collateral adjustments shall be applied in loan provisioning. 1. For collateral to be considered for "Haircut Adjustments", it must be:
i. Perfected; ii. Realisable, with no restrictions on sale; and iii. Regularly valued with transparent method of valuation; 2. All documentation used in collateralized transactions must be binding on all parties and legally enforceable in all jurisdictions. FCs must conduct sufficient legal review to verify this and have a well-founded legal basis to reach this conclusion, and undertake such further review as necessary to ensure continuing enforceability.

3. Valuations of residential and commercial properties shall be carried out by an independent professional valuer. The valuer, while assigning any values to the mortgaged residential and commercial property, shall take into account all relevant factors affecting the saleability of such assets including any difficulty in obtaining their possession, their location, condition and the prevailing economic conditions in the relevant sector, business or industry.

4. The values of mortgaged residential and commercial properties so determined by the valuer must be a reasonably good estimate of the amount that could currently be obtained by selling such assets in a forced/distressed sale condition. Valuers shall also mention in their report the assumptions made, the calculations/formulae/bases used and the method adopted in the determination of the values i.e. the forced sale value (FSV).

5. The following are collateral instruments that are eligible for haircut:
   i. Treasury bills and other government securities.

ii. Quoted equities and other traded securities.

iii. Bank guarantees and receivables of blue chip companies.

iv. Residential legal mortgage.

v. Commercial legal mortgage vi. Other collaterals as defined by the CBN from time to time.

6. The following hair cut adjustments shall be applicable on all loan types classified as lost:

Description of Collateral	Haircut adjustments
Cash	0% weightings
Treasury Bills and government securities e.g. bonds 0% Quoted equities and other traded securities 20% Bank guarantees and Receivables of blue chip 20% companies Residential legal mortgage 50% Commercial legal mortgage 50%

7. The haircuts adjustment weightings shall be taken into consideration in arriving at the adjusted provisions for facilities classified as lost. The adjusted provisions shall be derived as follows: Required Provision = E - {VC X (1- HW)} Where, E = Total Exposure HW = haircut weightings VC = Value of Collateral If {VC X (1-HW)} is greater than E then no provision is required. The value of collateral for quoted equities and other traded securities shall be market value while for mortgages, it shall be forced sale value (FSV).

8. The CBN will review the list of eligible collaterals and the haircut adjustments applicable from time to time.

B. Other Conditions For Haircut Adjustments

1. The non-performing facilities requiring haircut adjustments and the haircut adjustment calculations including valuation of collaterals shall be reviewed by the FC's auditors and must be ratified by the CBN.

2. For the purpose of (1) above, review of valuation by external auditors does not fall under appraisal or valuation services prohibited by the Code of Corporate Governance.

3. A maximum of 1 year is allowed for the haircut adjustments pending which the collaterals shall be realized and shortfall in provision taken.

If the facility on which haircut adjustment has been applied remains nonperforming after one year, then the haircut adjustment will be disregarded.

4.4. Treatment Of Ifrs Impairment Charge For Prudential Purposes

FCs shall compute impairment charge on financial instruments and offbalance sheet engagements as prescribed in the relevant IFRS. a. The IFRS impairment charge shall be compared with provisions determined under these Guidelines and the difference shall be treated as follows:
i. If prudential provisions are greater than IFRS impairment charge, the difference shall be transferred from the general reserve to a nondistributable regulatory risk reserve.

ii. If prudential provisions are less than IFRS impairment charge, the difference shall be transferred from the regulatory risk reserve account to the general reserve to the extent of the non-distributable regulatory risk reserve previously recognized.

b. The non-distributable regulatory risk reserve shall not be recognised as a component of qualifying capital.

4.5. Credit Portfolio Disclosure Requirement

a. An FC shall provide in its audited financial statements, an analysis of its credit portfolio into "performing", "watchlist", and "non-performing" as defined in these Guidelines.

b. The amount of provision for deterioration in credit quality (that is, losses) shall be segregated between principal and interest.

c. A maturity profile of credit facilities based on contracted repayment programme, shall be provided along with the maturity profile of deposit liabilities in the financial statement.

d. An FC is also to provide a vintage analysis of its portfolio as follows:

<=	1	> 1 year <=3	>	3	Total
year	years	years
N	N	N	N
Performing Watchlist Nonperforming Total

4.6. Interest Accrual

a. It is the responsibility of an FC's management to recognize interest revenues when they are earned or realized and make provision for all losses as soon as they can be reasonably estimated.

b. However, interest on non-performing credit facilities overdue by more than 90 days shall be fully (100 per cent) provided for and recognized on cash basis only.

4.7. Classification And Provisioning For Other Assets

a. The term "other assets" relates to those asset items that are not shown separately in the balance sheet of an FC. These items include impersonal accounts (of various descriptions), suspense accounts such as frauds and cashiers' shortages, cheques purchased, uncleared effects and inter-branch items. The accounts could contain long outstanding items, the origins of which had been forgotten, untraceable or irreconcilable. In situations like these, the items if not material shall be written off and where material (i.e. at least 10 per cent of aggregate balance of other assets) shall be classified as shown below. It shall be noted that items enumerated below are by no means exhaustive:

1. Sub-Standard

Fraud cases of up to 1 month but less than 3 months old and under police investigation regardless of the likely outcome of the cases. A minimum provision of 20 per cent shall be made for "other assets" classified as sub-standard.

2. Doubtful

Items for doubtful classification shall include, but are not limited to outstanding fraud cases of 3 to 6 months old, with slim chances of full recovery. A minimum of 50 per cent provision shall be made for "other assets" classified as doubtful.

3. Lost

Items for lost classification shall include, but are not limited to the following:
i. Cheques purchased and uncleared effects over 30 days old and for which values had been given.

ii. Outstanding fraud cases over 6 months old and involving protracted litigation.

iii. Inter-branch items over 30 days old whether or not the origins are known.

iv. All other intangible suspense accounts over 30 days old.

Full provision (i.e. 100 per cent) shall be accorded to items classified lost.

4.8. Off- Balance Sheet Engagements

a. A proper appraisal of off-balance sheet engagements shall be undertaken with a view to determining the extent of loss a bank may likely sustain. Off-balance-sheet engagements include standby letters of credit, bonds, guarantees, indemnities, acceptances, and pending or protracted litigations (the outcome of which may not be easily determined).

b. The following factors shall be taken into consideration in recognizing losses on Off-Balance-Sheet engagements:
i. Date the liability was incurred ii. Expiry date iii. Security pledge iv. Performance of other facilities being enjoyed by the customer, e.g.

loans and advances v. Perceived Risk.

c. Non-performing off balance sheet engagements shall be recognized on the balance sheet, classified lost and provisions made in line with Section 4 (1) and 4 (2).

d. Off-balance sheet engagements shall not form part of balance sheet totals while their disclosure in note form shall distinguish between:
i. direct credit substitutes, e.g. general guarantees of indebtedness
(including standby letters of credit serving as financial guarantees for loans and securities), and acceptances (including endorsements with the character of acceptances)
ii. certain transaction-related contingent items (e.g. performance bonds, bid bonds, warranties and standby letters of credit related to particular transactions; iii. sale and repurchase agreements and assets sales with recourse, where the credit risk remains with the bank; iv. similar commitments with an original maturity of up to one year, or which can be unconditionally cancelled at any time; v. commitments that are unconditionally cancellable, or that effectively provide for automatic cancellation due to deterioration in a borrower's creditworthiness; vi. lending of FCs' securities or the posting of securities as collateral by FCs, including instances where these arise out of repo-style transactions (i.e. repurchase/reverse repurchase and securities lending/securities borrowing transactions); and vii. other commitments (e.g. formal standby facilities and credit lines)
with an original maturity of not more than one year.

e. FCs shall make a general provision of 1 per cent of the credit equivalent value (CEV) of off-balance sheet engagements.

f. To compute the CEV, FCs shall apply a credit conversion factor of 50 per cent to all categories of off-balance sheet engagements.

5. Financial Soundness Indicators And Financial Ratios

a) An FC shall, as part of its risk management framework, institute a process for computing financial ratios and financial soundness indicators for assessing its financial health.

b) Benchmarks should be set and actual results computed and compared to the benchmarks at least on a quarterly basis. The report should be presented to the Board of Directors or appropriate Board Committees for deliberation and remedial actions as considered necessary; c) Illustrative examples of financial soundness indicators and financial ratios are presented in Annexures 3 and 4.

6. Update Of The Prudential Guidelines

The CBN shall review these Guidelines as and when necessary but not later than five years from the effective date set out below.

7. Effective Date

These Guidelines shall take effect from January 1, 2020.

Annexure 1 Information To Be Maintained In Credit Files

(A) Information On Borrower:

i. Natural Persons - Occupation, Employer, Salary/Income, Financial position/net worth and any other relevant information.

ii. Others - Constitution (proprietorship, partnership, private company, public company, society, club, co-operative, statutory board), business background and history, organization structure, management team/directors, shareholders/proprietor/partners, financial position and performance, and any other relevant information as may be prescribed by the CBN.

(B) Information On Credit Facility:

i. Description of facility type ii. Purpose of facility iii. Terms of facility - limits, interest rates, repayment schedules, expiry dates iv. Collateral - types, valuation amount, valuation date and where applicable, name of the valuer v. Guarantors - names, financial position and net worth

(C) Information For Appraisal Of Credit Application:

(Certain information would not be applicable for borrowers who are natural persons.) (1) Assessment and recommendations of account officer/manager (2) Approval and basis of approval by management/credit committee (3) Qualitative analyses based on:
i. borrower Information ii. history of relationship with customer iii. information on the banking relationship of other related groups of the borrower with the bank iv. information obtained on the borrower from other institutions and sources, including related offices of the bank v. analysis of industry and business risk vi. single customer concentration (if appropriate)

(4) Quantitative Analyses Based On:

i. Financial position and performance (previous, current and projected)
ii. Business plans, sources and cash flow forecast for meeting repayment requirements
(5) Capital resources (6) Other commitments (7) Collateral appraisal and value

(D) Information For Periodic Credit Review

(Certain information would not be applicable for borrowers who are natural persons.) (1) Assessment and recommendations of credit review officer, including:
i. Credit grading/rating accorded ii. Provision for losses iii. Suspension of interest
(2) Approval and basis of approval for renewals; revision in terms and conditions; and changes in credit grading (3) Latest available information on:
i. Outstanding facilities utilized, including contingent liabilities, commitments and other off-balance sheet transactions ii. Conduct and servicing of account iii. Correspondences and call reports from meetings with borrowers and site visits iv. Current qualitative analyses based on latest updated v. Information on borrower, including review comments from internal and external auditors where available
(4) Current quantitative analyses based on latest updated financial information, appraisals and valuations (5) Information on the account conduct of other related groups of the borrower (6) Analysis of industry and business risk

Annexure 2 Financial Soundness Indicators

Indicator	Indicates	Comments and basis of computation
Capital	Broad measure of capital including items
adequacy	giving less protection against losses, such as subordinated debt, tax credits, unrealized capital gains
Regulatory capital to risk- weighted assets	Total qualifying capital	x	100
	Risk weighted assets
Capital	Highest quality capital such as shareholder
adequacy	equity/ retained earnings, relative to risk weighted assets
Regulatory Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets	Total tier 1 capital x	100
	Risk weighted assets
Capital	Tier 2 capital relative to risk weighted
adequacy	assets
Regulatory Tier 2 capital to risk weighted assets	Total tier 2 capital x	100
	Risk weighted assets

Indicator	Indicates	Comments and basis of computation
Capital	Indicates	potential	size	of	additional
adequacy	provisions that may be needed relative to capital
Non-performing loans net of provision to capital	NPL - Provision	X	100
	Total qualifying capital
Capital	Broad measure of capital adequacy which
adequacy	is a buffer for losses
Capital to assets	Total qualifying capital	X	100
	Total assets
Asset	Indicates the credit quality of banks' loans
quality
Non-performing loans to total gross loans	Non-performing loans	X 100
		Gross loans
Asset	Identifies	exposures	concentrations	to
quality	particular sectors
Sectoral distribution of loans to total loans		Loans per Sector	X 100
	Gross loans
Asset	Identifies credit exposure to large borrowers
quality	Aggregate large exposure	X 100
	Total qualifying capital
Large exposures to capital	A large exposure is any credit to a customer or a group of related borrowers that is at least 10% of a bank's shareholders fund unimpaired by losses
Asset	Identifies credit exposure concentrations to
quality	particular countries by the banking system
Geographical distribution of loans to total loans	Loans per defined geographical area X 100

Indicator	Indicates	Comments and basis of computation Gross loans
Earnings/	Assesses scope for earnings to offset losses
profitability	relative	to	capital	or	loan	and	asset
	portfolio
Return on assets	PAT	x 100
	Total assets
Earnings/	Indicates	importance	of	net	interest
profitability	income and scope to absorb losses
Interest margin to gross income	Net interest income Gross Income
Earnings/	Indicates	extent	to	which	non-interest
profitability	expenses weaken earnings
Non-interest expenses to gross income	Non-interest expense Gross Income
Liquidity	Assesses the overall liquidity status of the bank
Liquid assets to total assets	Specified liquid assets x 100 Total assets
Liquidity	Assesses the vulnerability of the bank to loss of access to market sources of funding or a run on deposits
Liquid assets to short term liabilities	Specified liquid assets	x 100
	Deposits due within one year
Liquidity	Market indicator of counterparty risks in the inter-bank market
Spread between highest and lowest inter-bank rate	Highest interbank rate - Lowest interbank rate

Indicator	Indicates	Comments and basis of computation
Liquidity	Assesses the vulnerability to loss of access to customer deposits
Customer deposits to total (non-interbank) loans	Customer deposits	x 100
	Loans and advances to customers
Exposure	Measures foreign currency mismatch
to FX risk
Net open position in foreign exchange to capital	Net Open Position Total Capital
Exposure	Measures risk to loan portfolios from
to FX risk	exchange rate movements
Foreign currencydenominated loans to total loans	Naira value of FCY loans	x 100
	Loans and advances to customers and banks
Exposure	Measures extent of dollarization
to FX risk
Foreign currencydenominated liabilities to total liabilities	Naira value of FCY liabilities	x 100
	Total liabilities
Earnings/	Indicates extent to which earnings are
profitability	available to cover losses
Return on equity	PAT	x 100
	Shareholders' fund
Earnings/	Indicates dependence on trading income
profitability
Trading income to total income	Net trading income	x 100
	Gross earnings

Indicator	Indicates	Comments and basis of computation
	Earnings/	Indicates the extent to which high noninterest expenses reduces earnings
	profitability	Staff costs	x 100
Staff costs to noninterest expenses		Other operating expenses
	Earnings/	Indicates dependence of earnings on the
	profitability	interest rate spread.
Spread between reference lending and deposit rates		(Reference lending rate - deposit rate) %
Total debt to equity	Leverage	Provides indication of credit risk Debt securities issued x 100 Shareholders fund
	Debt service capacity	Indicates extent to which earnings cover losses are reduced by interest and principal payments
Earnings to interest and principal expenses		PAT	x 100
		Interest & principal payments on debt securities

FINANCIAL RATIO	MEASURES	BASIS OF COMPUTATION
Average cost of deposits Earnings/		Interest expense
	profitability	Average deposit (i.e. opening + closing balances)/2
Basic earnings per share	Earnings/	Profit attributable to ordinary
	profitability	shareholders
		(after deduction of debenture int. and tax) Weighted average no of shares in issue
Cost to income ratio	Earnings/	Total cost (interest expense, operating
(1)	profitability	cost before loan loss expense)/Gross earnings
Cost to income ratio	Earnings/	Total overhead cost (operating cost
(2)	profitability	including loan loss expense)/Total net revenue
Cost of interest	Earnings/		Interest expense
bearing liabilities	profitability	Average interest-bearing liabilities (opening + closing balances)/2
Cost of risk	Earnings/	loan loss expense
	profitability	Average loans (i.e. opening + closing balances)/2
Marginal cost of	Earnings/	Increase in int. expense during the
funds	profitability	month Increase in average deposits during the same month (annualized)

Financial Ratios

FINANCIAL RATIO	MEASURES	BASIS OF COMPUTATION
Yield on interest	Earnings/	Interest income
earning assets	profitability	Weighted average interest earning assets Net Interest Income
Net Interest margin	Earnings/
(1)	profitability	Weighted average interest-earning assets
Net Interest margin	Earnings/pr	Net interest income
(2)	ofitability	Total interest income
Net revenue from	Earnings/	Interest income - (interest expense +
funds	profitability	loan expense)
Operating profit	Earnings/	Profit before taxation (PBT)
profitability
Operating profit	Earnings/	Operating profit
margin	profitability	Gross earnings
Liquidity ratio	Liquidity	Liquid assets
		Deposit liabilities (as prescribed by the CBN)
Loan to deposit ratio	Liquidity	Total loans
		Total deposit
Provisioning level	Asset	Total provision
quality		Total NPL
Risk asset ratio	Asset	Total loans
quality		Total assets
Leverage ratio	Capital		Total debt capital	x100
adequacy		Total shareholders' fund