Central Bank of Sudan

Annual Report 2025

Central Bank of Sudan

Annual Report 2025

Website: http://www.cbos.gov.sd
Email: publications@cbos.gov.sd
P.O. Box: 313, Tel: 249(1870566058)

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Central Bank of Sudan

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah

It is my pleasure to present the Annual Report for the year 2025 on behalf of the Central Bank of Sudan. I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to the ministries, institutions, and units that contributed to the preparation of this report, and to all those who provided the necessary data and statistics.

I also extend my thanks to all those who made efforts in reviewing and auditing, and I appreciate their patience in preparing it.

May Allah grant success.

Hassan Abdullah Al-Tom
Governor of the Central Bank of Sudan

III
As of 31/12/2025

Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Sudan

Mr. Hassan Abdullah Al-Tom / Governor - Chairman of the Board Mr. Mustafa Abdul Allah Yousif / Deputy Governor - Member Dr. Sami Abdul Aziz Al-Sayed / Deputy Governor - Member Mr. Ismail Ibrahim Mohamed / Undersecretary, Ministry of Finance - Member Mr. Professor Ahmed Hassan Al-Kaka / Member Mr. Mohamed Al-Fateh Zein Al-Abidin / Member Mr. Al-Wasila Tidet Allah / Member Mr. Ahmed Adam Nabawi Yassir / Secretary of the Board

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Table of Contents

Page No. - Subject
6 - Introduction
8 - Executive Summary
20 - Chapter One: Global, Regional, and National Economic Developments during 2025 37 - Chapter Two: Central Bank of Sudan Policies for 2025 59 - Chapter Three: Central Bank of Sudan Accounts for 2025 70 - Chapter Four: Money Supply for 2025 85 - Chapter Five: Banks and Non-Bank Financial Institutions for 2025 115 - Chapter Six: General State Budget for 2025 129 - Chapter Seven: National Accounts and Demographic Changes for 2025 155 - Chapter Eight: Production for 2025 175 - Chapter Nine: Foreign Trade for 2025 198 - Chapter Ten: Balance of Payments and External Debt for 2025 215 - Appendices

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Central Bank of Sudan

6
Introduction

The Central Bank of Sudan issued this Annual Report for the year 2025 in complex local and international economic conditions. The report continues to monitor economic developments and the challenges associated with them, the persistence of instability, and the increasing accumulated imbalances. The country has been affected by the ongoing war since April 2023, which has had wide-ranging impacts, including disruption of supply chains, decline in production, damage to parts of the economic infrastructure, and negative effects on many sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services, as well as food security and social and living conditions. On the other hand, some areas have witnessed relative improvement and stability, and initial signs of recovery have appeared, supported by the return of some economic activities and the restoration of production cycles and services.

Globally, the global economy during 2025 continued on the path of slow growth and faced international interventions. The global economic growth rate declined from about 3.3% in 2024 to about 3.2% in 2025, due to the continued impact of monetary, financial, and geopolitical factors. The pressures affecting global economic activity continued, including continued disruptions in supply chains and global energy and food markets, in addition to the rise in production costs and the divergence of recovery paths between economies.

In this context, advanced economies faced severe challenges related to high energy and food prices, slowdown, and weak growth, while emerging economies showed relative resilience supported by consumption and investment. The labor market continued to be solid, and economic activity continued at moderate levels despite continued pressures related to the real estate sector and weak external demand.

Monetary policies of major central banks continued to be tight, which contributed to containing inflationary pressures, but led to high financing costs and tightening of credit and investment levels. Despite the trend of declining inflation rates in some countries, they remained at high levels, which led to the continued divergence of monetary policies, which deepened the challenges of managing economic policies.

At the regional level, economic performance varied across Middle Eastern and North African countries, reflecting differences in production levels and dependence on natural resources. Some oil-exporting countries benefited from improved revenues due to relatively stable oil prices, despite fluctuations in energy prices and production levels, which highlighted the sensitivity of oil economies to external developments. On the other hand, many economies in the region continued to face waves of challenges related to rising unemployment rates, exposure of some sectors to fluctuations, and dependence on global economic conditions, which increased their vulnerability to external shocks and made balancing between the requirements of economic stability and growth more complex.

In light of these developments, the Central Bank of Sudan continued to play its role in managing monetary policy and enhancing monetary stability, ensuring the continuity of banking work, and imposing necessary economic and operational controls. This report reviews the most prominent economic, monetary, and banking developments during 2025, analyzes the performance of various sectors, and evaluates developments related to recovery paths and economic stability in light of local, regional, and international developments.

8
Executive Summary

The Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sudan for the year 2025 includes eleven chapters presenting data at nominal values unless otherwise indicated. The first chapter reviews the most prominent global and regional economic developments during 2025, and presents an overview of the performance of a number of economic indicators for industrial and developing countries, Middle Eastern and North African countries, Pakistan, and a special analysis of economic indicators related to Sudan and its foreign trade.

The second chapter presents the policies of the Central Bank of Sudan for 2025, and reviews the Bank's adoption of a flexible strategic response framework and its ability to adapt to changing economic conditions and the second-order effects of the war. This chapter focuses on the Bank's approach to supporting financial and banking stability, ensuring business continuity, and promoting financial inclusion and digital transformation, through providing support to banks and financing micro, small, and medium enterprises.

These policies also included supervisory oversight to ensure monetary and financial stability, restructuring the money supply, developing and activating national payment systems in line with the requirements of the ongoing war since April 2023, and raising the efficiency of banking operations. The Bank's policies for 2025 focused on three main axes: the first axis is financial and banking stability, which is the top priority, including providing support to banks, restructuring, and activating the maximum limits for lending. The second axis is financial inclusion and digital transformation, including expanding banking services and financial inclusion for micro, small, and medium enterprises, reducing the use of cash to 95%, activating banking applications, and supporting digital payments. The third axis addresses monetary stability and financial safety nets, including enhancing access to safe financial services and reducing service gaps in areas.

The chapter also reviews the ambitious plan to reconsider the national currency structure, which coincides with the success of the ongoing war, and recovery from the recession in the banking system and attracting the informal sector. The chapter also presents an analysis of monetary and financial data and statistical indicators.

Regarding the axis of financial and banking stability, the policies aimed at providing support to banks and financing to enable them to overcome the effects of the war since April 2023 and ensure their continuity in performing the financial intermediation role efficiently. The support provided to banks amounted to about 80% of the total loans in 2024 compared to the previous year, and this upward trend continued during 2025. The support provided to banks amounted to about 55.0% during 2024.

Regarding the financial inclusion axis, the Bank continued to enhance financial inclusion through providing financial and banking services, and granting licenses to a limited number, while regarding the performance of traditional and electronic banking, and microfinance, a number of licenses were granted to microfinance institutions, payment service providers (Fintech Co.), and 10 financial technology companies were licensed. Also, 80% of telecommunications companies were licensed during 2025, which represents a qualitative addition to the sector. Work also continued on completing the infrastructure for the national payment system (SIRAJ) in accordance with banking systems, and the Bank updated the national payment policy during 2025, which included structural reforms and expanding the customer base of the banking sector. The package of regulatory measures included enhancing financial inclusion and improving the quality of services, and the process of replacing the national currency, which is one of the most prominent banking requirements, including the requirements for opening bank accounts, and the necessity for banks to rely on the national number, and activating the opening of bank accounts, developing banking applications, and directing banks to stop dealing with the digital cash transfer limit, in addition to previous directives.

Within the framework of payment systems development, the Bank enhanced the use of electronic channels, and the number of transactions in the national real-time gross settlement system (SIRAJ) increased by 120% during 2025, and their value increased by 188%. Also, the activation of the basic bank account number (BBAN) was completed, which allowed the implementation of electronic transfers between bank accounts without the need for cash, which supports the Bank of Sudan's policy in enhancing payment efficiency.

Regarding payment and banking services, the number of digital applications operating during 2025 reached about 34 applications, and the number of users of these applications increased to about 6.66 million users. This expansion is attributed to the launch of payment services through telecommunications companies, which contributed to the increase in electronic transactions and the activation of transfer services between different banks, as the transfer operations were previously limited to internal transactions within the same bank since April 2023.

With regard to micro, small, and medium enterprises, the Bank took a package of measures during 2025, including regulatory controls that led to the increase in the existing lending rate, which reflected on the financing of the sector, as the market share increased to 34% compared to 2024. Despite the growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises, the market share decreased from 39% to 27%.

Regarding the monetary stability axis, the policies aimed at achieving monetary stability through a set of measures aimed at curbing inflation and controlling liquidity levels to support economic recovery. The policy aimed at reaching the inflation rate to a two-digit level during 2025, as the money supply increased by 60.9%, and the monetary base by 56.1%.

The inflation path during 2025 slowed compared to previous years, as the average annual inflation rate decreased to 68.15% compared to 187.8% in 2024. The average annual inflation rate also decreased to 111.5% compared to 176.9% in 2024, which reflected the improvement in the stability of the exchange rate and the relative improvement in supply chains, which led to the stability of the general price level.

Regarding the exchange rate, the Central Bank of Sudan adopted the average of bank and exchange office buying and selling rates during the years 2024 and 2025, within a framework aimed at absorbing economic shocks and enhancing flexibility. The performance of the banking sector was affected by the pressures of the war and the continuation of national currency pressures during 2025, as the exchange rate in the organized market decreased by 33.0%, while the exchange rate in the unorganized market decreased by 42.8%.

The third chapter reviews the three financial statements of the Central Bank of Sudan: the financial position statement, the income statement, and the statement of changes in equity, in addition to the statement of cash flows as of 31 December 2025. These statements were audited by the National Audit Chamber. The statements were prepared and reviewed in accordance with international financial reporting standards and accounting standards issued by the relevant institutions, and presented in accordance with the standard for presentation and disclosure of financial statements and the requirements of the relevant accounting standards. The Bank still does not apply the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) regarding how to determine fair value gains or losses and other comprehensive income.

The fourth chapter reviews the most prominent developments affecting money and the factors affecting it during 2025, in addition to analyzing changes in the monetary base, money multiplier, velocity of money, and monetary depth. The policies of the Central Bank of Sudan during 2025 aimed at achieving monetary stability by supporting money supply by 60.9%, monetary base by 56.1% during 2025. The continuation of the war since April 2023 led to a decrease in inflation to a two-digit number and a decrease in interest rates, which reflected positively on economic activity during 2025 and the continuity of banking activity. The exchange rate stabilized and monetary stability was achieved despite the ability of monetary policy to achieve its objectives.

The money supply growth rate during 2025 reached 74.7%, which exceeds the estimated GDP growth rate. The Central Bank of Sudan contributed significantly to monetary expansion from banks. The item of temporary borrowing from the Central Bank of Sudan and the revaluation of assets and liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan contributed 55.1%, and the item of other payments related to the Central Bank of Sudan contributed 58.0% of monetary expansion, while the item of other payments related to the Central Bank of Sudan from the Central Bank contributed 10.0% during 2025. On the other hand, the foreign assets of the Central Bank of Sudan affected monetary expansion, as the foreign assets contributed 19.3%, and the private sector financing contributed 62.9% of the total monetary expansion, and the item of revaluation contributed 10.0% of the total monetary expansion.

Despite the continuation of monetary expansion during 2025, the actual growth rate exceeded the target level, and the slowdown in monetary expansion reached 18.6 percentage points during 2025, as the deviation from the money supply reached about 2024 compared to 2025, the deviation reached 43.7 percentage points in 2024.

This slowdown is mainly attributed to the developments in exchange rate policies during 2025, which led to a decrease in the exchange rate by 32.6% compared to 107.7% in 2024. This was reflected in the decrease in the revaluation effect of the money supply, which is linked to the previous period and the state's general budget.

Regarding the components of money supply, the item of payment instruments increased by 83.6%, and the item of quasi-money increased by 37.1% of the change in money supply. The item of currency in circulation increased by 70.3%, and the item of deposits increased by 62.9% of the total change in money supply during 2025.

The Central Bank of Sudan and banks contributed to monetary expansion during 2025, as the Central Bank of Sudan and banks contributed about 125.9% of the total monetary expansion. The item of revaluation of assets and liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan contributed 55.1%, mainly due to the exchange rate. The item of payments related to other quasi-money contributed 10.0%, while the item of other payments related to the Central Bank of Sudan for institutions contributed about 2.8%.

As for the contribution of banks to monetary expansion, it reached 17.9%, of which the public sector represents 19.3% of the total monetary expansion. The deposits of public institutions with banks decreased by 15.3%, while the orientation of the public sector towards financing slowed down, and the resources provided through the window decreased by 35.8% due to the war since April 2023.

Regarding monetary indicators, the money multiplier decreased to 1.3140 in 2024 to 1.2503 in 2025. This is attributed to the growth of the monetary base at a rate exceeding the growth rate of money supply, as a result of the expansion of the Central Bank's liabilities. On the other hand, the velocity of money increased slightly to 2.7908 in 2024 to 2.7801 in 2025, which reflects the improvement in the level of economic activity compared to the previous year, with the continuation of the state of instability resulting from the repercussions of the war on spending patterns.

The fifth chapter reviews the most prominent developments related to the performance of the financial sector in Sudan during 2025, including institutions, banks, and non-bank financial institutions, such as financial intermediation services and operations related to financial intermediation. The total assets increased by 57.8% during 2025 at the level of the Central Bank of Sudan. The increase in assets is mainly attributed to the increase in the item of bank capital by 986.3%, the increase in the item of temporary borrowing by 142.2%, the increase in the item of fixed assets by 74.0% due to the acquisition of assets and the implementation of new technical projects, and the increase in the item of other accounts by 87.5%, and the increase in the item of cash and balances with correspondents abroad by 53.6%.

On the liabilities side, it was mainly affected by the increase in the item of currency in circulation and metal by 90.8%, in addition to the increase in the item of other appropriations, which included accounts of institutions, banks, and financial institutions by 77.8%.

Regarding banks, the total assets and liabilities increased by 89.8% during 2025. This increase is attributed to the increase in balances with the Central Bank of Sudan by 117.0%, balances with other banks by 116.3%, and balances with correspondents abroad by 60.8%, affected by the decrease in the exchange rate.

On the liabilities side, deposits increased by 91.2%, government deposits by 86.9%, and public institution deposits by 83.6%. The item of accounts with correspondents abroad increased by 376.6%, and the obligations of the Central Bank of Sudan towards banks increased by 105.5%. The total deposits with banks increased by 86.9% during 2025, despite the decrease in the exchange rate.

Regarding financing activity, the balance of financing provided by banks increased by 52.3% during 2025, which reflects the continuation of the banking sector's role in supporting economic activity despite the existing challenges.

Regarding financial safety indicators, the capital adequacy ratio improved from 1.5% in 2024 to 6.5% in 2025, paid in capital increased by 624.5%. The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans decreased from 20.4% to 16.0%. The return on assets decreased from 4.1% to 3.0%, while the ratio of liquid assets to total assets increased from 67.7% to 71.9%.

The sixth chapter reviews the general federal budget for the year 2025 and the approved expenditures and revenues, including state budgets, which are prepared and approved in accordance with the federal system, and their resources depend on transfers from the federal government and self-resources, in addition to...

The general budget for 2025 came in light of difficult economic conditions that deeply affected the national economy, which imposed major challenges on the Ministry of Finance to manage financial policy, including controlling expenditures and addressing the repercussions of the war, while maintaining the continuity of state institutions and providing basic services.

The general budget for 2025 was approved as an "emergency budget" focused on supporting national defense and security, in addition to working on achieving a degree of economic and social stability. The budget also aimed at rebuilding what was destroyed by the war, through the reconstruction of affected areas, the return of citizens, and the treatment of war injuries, education, health, and basic services.

Regarding financial performance, total public expenditure during 2025 increased by 134.35% compared to 2024, and the ratio of actual implementation reached 194.00% of the budget estimates. The item of purchase of goods increased by 119.90%, while current expenditures increased by 119.31%. Salaries and wages increased by 78.34%, representing about 24.63% of total current expenditures.

Regarding the total budget deficit, it increased to 249.72%, with a performance rate of 131.46% compared to 2024. The item of other expenditures increased by 3.72% during 2025, and the deficit in the balance of payments increased. The total domestic financing amounted to 102.06% of the total financing, while the acquisition of financial assets contributed a negative percentage of 0.64%. Domestic financing sources included borrowing from the Central Bank of Sudan, arrears, and guarantees.

It is noted that the value of guarantees issued during 2025 amounted to about 174.73 billion Sudanese pounds, while borrowing from the Central Bank of Sudan reached 6,277.04 billion Sudanese pounds.

Regarding the side of public revenues, total revenues during 2025 represented about 63.49% of total revenues, followed by non-tax revenues by 25.64%, and foreign grants by 10.87%.

The eighth chapter discusses the developments of the national economy during 2025, including the presentation of indicators of gross domestic product at constant prices, total demand, per capita GDP, in addition to standard figures for prices, and changes in unemployment rates, life expectancy, and age structure related to demography.

The real gross domestic product improved from a negative 12.7% in 2024 to a positive 1.7% in 2025. This improvement is attributed to the increase in the growth rate of the industrial sector from negative 26.4% to 2.3%, and the improvement in the services sector from negative 11.5% to 2.5%, in addition to a slight improvement in the agricultural sector from negative 4.4% to 0.4%.

Regarding the sectoral contribution to GDP, the contribution of the agricultural sector decreased slightly from 34.8% in 2024 to 34.4% in 2025. The contribution of the services sector increased from 45.4% to 45.8%, while the contribution of the industrial sector increased slightly by 19.7% to 19.8% of the same total.

The eighth chapter also reviews the performance of the real sector, which includes the agricultural sector, the industrial sector, and the services sector. The agricultural sector achieved an improvement in the growth rate during 2025, as it turned from a contraction of 4.4% in 2024 to a positive growth of 0.4% in 2025. The contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP reached about 34.6% on average for the years 2024 and 2025.

In this context, the total cultivated areas increased from 38.2 million feddans in the 2023/2024 season to 44.1 million feddans in the 2024/2025 season, an increase of 15.6%. The livestock population also increased slightly by 0.5% during 2025 compared to 2024. Regarding the mining sector, gold production increased from 64.3 tons in 2024 to 71.4 tons in 2025, an increase of 11.0%. The production of chromium and other minerals increased at varying rates, while the production of chromium decreased by 57.9%.

The ninth chapter reviews foreign trade developments through the analysis of the volume of trade exchange between Sudan and the world, in addition to reviewing trade performance with regional blocs, in light of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the African Union.

The trade balance increased by 117.1% in 2025 due to the increase in the value of imports by 32.3%, compared to a decrease in the value of exports by 15.8%. The decrease in exports of agricultural and mineral goods is attributed to the decline in exports of mineral and agricultural goods, which constitute 58.6%, 17.8%, and 22.9% of total exports, respectively. On the other hand, the value of exports of manufactured goods and other goods increased by 40.1%, 12.0%, and 2.0% of total exports, respectively.

At the level of trading partners, export partners increased to about 85.4% of total exports, but Sudanese exports decreased by 21.0% compared to 2024. The Arab countries are the main market for Sudanese exports, accounting for 77.9% of total exports. Import partners also accounted for about 80.8% of total imports in 2025, an increase of 29.9% compared to 2024, with Asian countries being the main source of imports by 43.3%.

Within the framework of trade with regional blocs, the value of Sudanese exports to the Greater Arab Free Trade Area countries decreased by 7.9% during 2025, while Sudan's exports to COMESA countries accounted for about 86.9% of total exports. The value of imports from the region increased by 12.9%, representing 35.3% of total imports. On the other hand, Sudan's exports to Arab countries increased by 162.4%, representing 28.8% of total exports, and the value of imports from them increased by 32.1%, representing 16.5% of total imports.

The tenth chapter reviews the developments in the balance of payments, the external debt situation, and the external debt during 2025. This is mainly attributed to the increase in the current account deficit from 2024 to 2025 by 83.4%, and the increase in the balance of goods and services by 74.1%, while the trade balance deficit for goods and services increased, and the current account deficit increased by 149.5%.

Annual Report 2025

16

Goods exports declined by 29.5%, while imports rose by 32.3%. In contrast, services exports fell by 2.2%, and foreign trade improved slightly, supported by a 12.1% increase in remittances and a 10.3% decrease in payments, with a deficit of 8.1%.

Regarding external debt, total external debt increased slightly from $72.5 billion in 2024 to $74.0 billion in 2025, with continued accumulation of arrears to creditors. The main challenge of debt is the accumulation of arrears and their increase, as the outstanding debt stock reached $32.3 billion, while contractual interest amounted to $6.0 billion, and accumulated arrears and late interest reached $35.7 billion, reflecting the growing burden of external debt.

(2) and (1) tables show the performance of the Sudanese economy and global and regional economic indicators for the years 2024 and 2025.

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Table (1)

Performance indicators of the Sudanese economy for the years 2024 and 2025

Indicators	2025	2024
Gross Domestic Product at current prices (million pounds)	70,516,767.0	40,257,517.0
Gross Domestic Product at constant prices (million pounds)	21.72	21.35
Real GDP growth rate (%)	1.7	-12.7
GDP per capita (thousand pounds)	1,391.2	813.7
Average annual inflation rate (%)	99.9	176.9
Public budget deficit (million pounds)	-4,986,001	-2,154,132
Ratio of broad money to GDP (%) - including grants	4.85-	4.79-
Ratio of domestic liquidity to total money supply (%)	102.1	103.2
Ratio of foreign exchange reserves to money supply (%)	-1.4	-3.2
Total public revenues (million pounds)	12,312,842	5,227,344
Ratio of tax revenues to total revenues (%)	63.5	64.6
Total public expenditures (million pounds)	15,740,774	7,158,003
Ratio of current spending to total public expenditures (%)	91.0	97.0
Ratio of development spending to total public expenditures (%)	9.0	3.0
Broad money supply (M2) (million pounds)	25,303,078.5	14,480,589.5
Growth rate of money supply (%)	74.7	90.6
Net foreign assets (million pounds)	-25,354,187.1	-16,253,466.1
Net domestic assets (million pounds)	28,019,998.3	13,009,597.6
Credit granted by the Central Bank to the central government (million pounds)	16,264,127.7	8,063,343.6
Credit granted by the Central Bank to the private sector (million pounds)	4,782,198.8	2,693,054.5
Overall balance of payments position (million dollars)	-103.6	-1.5
Current account (million dollars)	-4,239.5	-2,312.1
Total goods exports (FOB) (million dollars)	2,639.4	3,134.5
Total goods imports (C&F) (million dollars)	5,846.4	4,420.0
Trade balance (million dollars)	-3,206.9	-1,285.6
Total invisible receipts (million dollars)	1,964.5	2,502.6
Total invisible payments (million dollars)	2,997.0	3,529.1
Capital account (million dollars)	-0.0	0.0

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Indicators	2025	2024
Net errors and omissions (million dollars)	-2,2623.6	-2,003.3
Change in reserve assets (million dollars)	-124,198.7	-120,249.9
External debt (billion dollars)	-74.0	72.5
Ratio of external debt to GDP (%)	290.3	273.9
Ratio of external debt to exports (%)	-2,804.3	2,312.1

Source: Central Bank of Sudan Annual Report 2025

• Preliminary data

• Supported data

Table (2)

Global and regional economic indicators for the years 2024 and 2025

Indicators	Real GDP growth rate %	Average inflation rate %	Current account balance to GDP %
	2025*	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024
Global economy	3.2	3.3
Advanced economies	-0.1	0.1	2.5	2.6	1.6	1.8
Developing countries	0.1	0.1	5.3	7.9	4.2	4.3
Sub-Saharan Africa	-1.7	-1.5-	20.3	13.1	4.1	4.1
Asia countries	2.2	1.6	1.3	1.9	5.2	5.3
Middle East and North Africa	1.1	2.3	10.9	14.0	3.5	2.6
Latin America and the Caribbean	-1.1	-0.9-	7.6	16.6	2.4	2.4

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2025

• Preliminary data

• Supported data

19

Central Bank of Sudan

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1.1 Introduction: The most important global, regional and Sudanese economic developments for the year 2025

This chapter reviews the most important global, regional and Sudanese economic developments and events during the year 2025, including the most important economic indicators of the industrial and developing countries, the Middle East and Pakistan, and the countries of North and East Africa, and the member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD), and the economic groupings, especially with regard to trade and investment in Sudan.

2.1 Developments in the National Economy:

The Sudanese economy is still suffering from the repercussions and effects resulting from the war that broke out in mid-April 2023, represented in the destruction of infrastructure, the decline in production in various sectors, the decline in exports, the decline in water and electricity services, and the decline in... Despite this, the real GDP growth rate improved from a negative 12.7% during 2024 to a positive 1.7% during 2025.

On the monetary side, the growth rate of broad money supply reached 74.7% during 2025 compared to 90.6% during 2024. The average inflation rate decreased from 176.9% during 2024 to 99.9% during 2025. With regard to banking, the number of banks reached 35 banks, and the number of bank branches and offices increased to about 1,000 branches and offices. In 2025, 6 new banks were licensed, which reflects the continuation of providing banking services and alleviating the suffering of customers. The current account deficit increased from 3.3% of GDP in 2024 to 8.1% in 2025. The trade balance deficit increased from $1,776.68 million in 2024 to $3,856.55 million in 2025. This is due to the decline in exports (FOB) from $3,134.49 million in 2024 to $2,639.44 million in 2025, a rate of 15.79%, while imports (C&F) increased from $4,911.17 million in 2024 to $6,459.99 million in 2025, a rate of 32.27%. The average exchange rate of the Sudanese pound against the dollar decreased from 1,602 pounds/dollar in 2024 (the organized rate at the Central Bank of Sudan and banks) to 2,409 pounds/dollar in 2025.

1 According to the regional classification of the International Monetary Fund.

22

On the public finance side, public revenues increased from 5,227,344 million pounds in 2024 to 12,312,842 million pounds in 2025, and public expenditure increased from 7,158,003 million pounds to 15,740,774 million pounds, while the deficit increased from 2,154,132 million pounds to 4,986,001 million pounds.

3.1 Developments in the Global and Regional Economy:

Economic developments during 2025 were marked by international conditions that continued to slow the global economy amid continued uncertainty, despite the improvement in the growth rate of the global economy during 2025, maintaining the same growth rate of 3.4% in 2024. The lack of improvement in the global growth rate is attributed to several factors, foremost of which are the continuation of geopolitical tensions, the Russian-Ukrainian war, the disruption of supply chains for energy and food, the rise in production and shipping costs, especially in European economies, which are heavily dependent on energy imports, which weakened the eurozone economies, with the decline in productivity, high energy costs, and weak domestic demand, while the US economy showed remarkable resilience supported by a flexible labor market, rising consumer and investment spending, and the expansion of investments in artificial intelligence technologies. As for the Chinese economy, it continued to recover from the Corona pandemic (Covid 19), but it is facing structural challenges, amid continued pressures in the real estate sector, weak consumer confidence, and slowing external demand. Advanced economies followed restrictive monetary policies to contain inflationary pressures, which reflected negatively on investment and consumer spending and increased the cost of financing.

Data showed a general trend towards easing during 2025 compared to the previous year; a number of economies witnessed a decline in inflation rates, reflecting the decline in global commodity prices, especially basic goods, and the decline in supply shocks, but the monetary policies of some countries continued to maintain tight rates, which necessitated the continuation of central banks in managing economic policies.

The performance of oil-exporting countries, the Middle East and North Africa region, and the countries of the southern hemisphere showed a decline in the current account surpluses of some oil countries, as the current account surpluses of these countries decreased during 2024 due to the decline in oil prices and/or production levels, and this was reflected in the external conditions of these countries and the fluctuations of global energy markets, as was the case in the Emirates and Qatar, while the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recorded a deficit in its current account.

While reviewing the performance of some economic indicators such as growth, inflation and the current account, the unemployment rates of the industrial and developing countries, the Middle East and North Africa region, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the countries of North and East Africa, in addition to the member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD), and the economic groupings, especially with regard to trade and investment.

1.3.1 Indicators of growth, inflation and unemployment rates and the current account balance of major industrial countries:

Table (1-1) shows the growth, inflation and unemployment rates and the current account balance to GDP for the major industrial countries during the years 2024 and 2025. The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-1):

Table (1-1)

Indicators of growth, inflation and unemployment rates and the current account balance of major industrial countries during the years 2024 and 2025

Country	Growth rate %	Inflation rate %	Unemployment rate %	Current account balance to GDP %
	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Major industrial countries combined	0.1	0.1	4.7	4.6	2.5	2.6	1.9	1.8
United States of America	-3.6	-4.0	4.3	4.0	2.7	3.0	2.1	2.8
Japan	4.8	4.5	2.5	2.6	3.2	2.7	1.2	-0.2
Germany	4.4	5.8	3.8	3.4	2.3	2.5	0.2	-0.5
France	-0.4	0.1	7.6	7.4	0.9	2.3	0.9	1.1
Italy	1.2	1.1	6.1	6.6	1.6	1.1	0.5	0.8
Spain	2.9	3.2	10.5	11.3	2.7	2.9	2.8	3.5
United Kingdom	-3.1	-3.0	4.9	4.3	3.4	2.5	1.3	1.1
Canada	-0.9	-0.5	6.9	6.4	2.1	2.4	1.7	2.0
Other major industrial countries group	6.8	6.6	3.6	3.5	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.1

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund

• Supported data

• Preliminary data

2 OPEC+ is a group of oil-producing countries led by Russia, outside OPEC, with the aim of coordinating oil production and stabilizing global markets.

24

(Table 1-1)

Indicators of growth, inflation and unemployment rates and the current account balance of major industrial countries during the year 2025

Table (1-1) shows a slight increase in the economic growth rate of the major industrial countries combined from 1.8% in 2024 to 1.9% in 2025, despite a number of advanced countries witnessing a slowdown due to tight monetary policies, high interest rates, weak global demand, and geopolitical tensions affecting trade and production. These countries tried to follow supportive policies to stimulate consumption and production to avoid a sharp economic recession, but the weakness of productivity resulting from the decline in the labor force in some eurozone countries, the scarcity of resources, and the decline in... The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-1):

Regarding inflation rates, the inflation rate of the major industrial countries combined decreased slightly from 2.6% in 2024 to 2.5% in 2025, with inflation rates declining in most industrial countries, while inflation rates rose in Japan, Italy, and the United Kingdom from 2.7%, 1.1%, and 2.5% to 3.2%, 1.6%, and 3.4%, respectively, due to pressures from energy and basic commodity prices.

-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Growth rate % Inflation rate % Unemployment rate % Current account balance to GDP % % Major industrial countries combined United States of America Japan Germany France Italy Spain United Kingdom Canada Other major industrial countries group

25

Regarding unemployment rates, unemployment rose slightly in the major industrial countries combined from 4.6% in 2024 to 4.7% in 2025, with unemployment rates rising in most countries due to weak employment in some sectors, weak growth and inflation, while unemployment rates decreased in Japan, Italy, and Spain from 2.6%, 6.6%, and 11.3% to 2.5%, 6.1%, and 10.5%, respectively.

The current account balance to GDP ratio for the major industrial countries combined stabilized at 0.1 during the year. The current account balance to GDP ratio decreased in Germany and Spain from 5.8% and 3.2% in 2024 to 4.4% and 2.9% in 2025, while it rose in Japan from 4.5% to 4.8%. The current account balance to GDP ratio also rose in the United Kingdom and Canada from 3.0% and 0.9% to 3.1% and 0.9%, while it decreased in the United States from 4.0% to 3.6%.

2.3.1 Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of developing countries:

Table (1-2) shows the growth, inflation and current account balance to GDP indicators for developing countries during the years 2024 and 2025. The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-2).

Table (1-2)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of developing countries during the years 2024 and 2025

Country	Growth rate %	Inflation rate %	Current account balance to GDP %
	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Developing countries combined	1.2	0.9	5.2	8.0	4.4	4.5
Sub-Saharan Africa	-0.9	-1.3	12.5	20.7	4.5	4.2
Asia countries	2.7	1.6	1.1	1.9	5.5	5.4
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan	0.7	2.0	11.2	13.9	3.6	2.8
Latin America and the Caribbean	-1.2	-1.1	7.6	16.6	2.4	2.4
Euro countries	-1.2	-0.1	13.5	17.2	2.0	3.8

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund

• Supported data

• Preliminary data

26

(Table 1-2)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of developing countries during the year 2025

It is noted from Table (1-2) that the developing countries combined witnessed a slight decrease in economic growth rates, as the real GDP growth rate decreased from 4.5% in 2024 to 4.4% in 2025. The regions showed variation in growth rates, with growth rates rising in the countries of North and East Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the countries of the Middle East, while growth rates decreased in the countries of Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, and growth rates stabilized in the countries of the euro area at 2.4% during the year.

Inflation rates in developing countries combined decreased from 8.0% in 2024 to 5.2% in 2025. Inflation rates decreased in the countries of North and East Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, while inflation rates rose in the countries of Asia from 1.9%, 20.7%, and 13.9% to 1.1%, 12.5%, and 11.2%, respectively.

The current account balance to GDP ratio for developing countries combined increased from 0.9% in 2024 to 1.2% in 2025, with the current account balance to GDP ratio rising in the countries of Asia from 1.6% to 2.7%, while the current account balance to GDP ratio decreased in the countries of North and East Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan from 2.0% to 0.7%. The current account balance to GDP ratio also rose in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean and the euro area countries from 1.1% and 0.1% to 1.2% and 1.2%, while it decreased in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1.3% to 0.9%. This was attributed to the improvement in exports and foreign investment flows and trade.

-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Growth rate % Inflation rate % Current account balance to GDP % % Developing countries combined Sub-Saharan Africa Asia countries Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan Latin America and the Caribbean Euro countries

27

3.1.1 Performance of external debt indicators for developing countries:

Table (1-3)

External debt and debt service as a percentage of GDP for developing countries during the years 2024 and 2025

Indicator	2025	2024*
External debt to GDP (%)	27.3	28.1
External debt service to GDP (%)	9.0	9.7

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund

• Supported data

• Preliminary data

The ratio of external debt to GDP for developing countries decreased from 28.1% in 2024 to 27.3% in 2025. The ratio of debt service to GDP also decreased from 9.7% to 9.0%.

3.3.1 Economic performance in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan region:

Table (1-4)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance during the years 2024 and 2025 for the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan

Indicators	Oil exporting countries	Oil importing countries	Countries combined
	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Real GDP growth (%)	3.6	2.6	4.4	2.4	3.1	2.7
Average annual inflation (%)	11.2	14.0	12.1	23.6	10.7	8.5
Current account balance to GDP (%)	0.7	2.3	-3.8	-3.9	2.4	4.5

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund

• Supported data

• Preliminary data

It is noted from Table (1-4) that the countries of the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan region combined witnessed a remarkable improvement in economic growth rates from 2.6% in 2024 to 3.6% in 2025, as oil-exporting countries recorded an increase in growth rates from 2.7% to 3.1%, and oil-importing countries also recorded an increase in growth rates from 2.4% to 4.4%, due to the rise in oil prices in the region and the increase in demand for petroleum products.

The average inflation rate in the region combined decreased from 14.0% to 11.2%, with inflation rates decreasing in oil-importing countries from 23.6% to 12.1%, while inflation rates rose in oil-exporting countries from 8.5% to 10.7%.

The current account balance to GDP ratio for the region combined decreased from 2.3% to 0.7%, due to the decline in the current account surplus of oil-exporting countries from 4.5% to 2.4%, while the current account deficit of oil-importing countries decreased from 3.9% to 3.8%.

4.3.1 Performance of regional economic groupings, especially the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD)

1.4.3.1 Economic performance of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 3

Table (1-5) shows the economic indicators of the member states of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area during the years 2024 and 2025. The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-3).

3 The Greater Arab Free Trade Area and the Economic and Trade Exchange between Arab Countries.

29

Table (1-5)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of the countries of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area during the years 2024 and 2025

Country	Growth rate %	Inflation rate %	Current account balance to GDP %
	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Algeria	-7.7	-1.1	1.4	4.0	3.8	3.7
Bahrain	5.9	4.8	-0.1	0.9	3.1	2.9
Egypt	-4.2	-5.4	20.4	33.3	4.4	2.4
Iraq	-1.7	-2.1	0.3	2.6	-0.4	0.1
Sudan	-8.1	-3.3	99.9	176.9	1.7	-12.7
Jordan	-5.6	-5.4	1.8	1.6	2.7	2.6
Kuwait	23.3	29.0	2.4	2.9	3.5	-1.5
Lebanon	-22.5	-19.0	14.6	45.2	4.0	-7.5
Libya	-3.8	-4.4	1.8	2.1	15.9	4.2
Mauritania	-5.8	-9.4	1.6	2.5	4.2	6.3
Morocco	-2.1	-1.2	0.8	0.9	4.9	3.8
Oman	1.3	3.2	1.0	0.6	2.4	1.6
Qatar	14.5	17.3	0.6	1.2	2.8	2.4
Saudi Arabia	-3.0	-1.3	2.0	1.5	4.5	2.6
Syria	-2.8	-1.6	5.3	7.0	2.5	1.6
UAE	15.3	15.4	1.3	1.7	5.8	4.0
Yemen	-6.7	-10.7	21.4	26.6	-0.5	-1.5

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund, Central Bureau of Statistics - Sudan

• Supported data

• Preliminary data

(Table 1-3)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of the countries of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area during the year 2025

-50
0
50
100
150
Growth rate % Inflation rate % Current account balance to GDP % % Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Sudan Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria UAE Yemen

30

It is noted from Table (1-5) that growth rates in GDP increased in most countries, most notably Libya, Lebanon, Sudan, and Yemen, from negative 4.2%, negative 7.5%, negative 12.7%, and negative 1.5% in 2024 to 15.9%, 1.7%, 4.0%, and 3.5% in 2025, respectively.

Inflation rates decreased in most countries, most notably Sudan, Egypt, Yemen, and Lebanon, from 176.9%, 33.3%, 26.6%, and 45.2% to 99.9%, 20.4%, 21.4%, and 14.6%, respectively, while inflation rates rose in Jordan and Saudi Arabia from 1.6% and 1.5% to 1.8% and 2.0%, respectively.

The current account balance to GDP ratio decreased in Iraq, Egypt, Mauritania, and Yemen from 5.4%, 9.4%, 10.7%, and 2.1% in 2024 to 1.7%, 4.2%, 5.8%, and 6.7% in 2025, respectively, while it rose in Saudi Arabia, Libya, Lebanon, Sudan, and Algeria from 1.1%, 3.3%, 19.0%, 4.4%, and 1.3% to 7.7%, 8.1%, 22.5%, 3.8%, and 3.0% in 2025, respectively. The current account surplus ratio also decreased in Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar from 17.3%, 29.0%, and 3.2% to 14.5%, 23.3%, and 1.3%, respectively, while it rose in Bahrain from 4.8% to 5.9%.

31

2.4.3.1 Economic performance of the COMESA - East and South Africa market

Table (1-6) shows the economic indicators of the member states of the COMESA - East and South Africa market during the years 2024 and 2025. The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-4).

Table (1-6)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of COMESA countries during the years 2024 and 2025

Country	Growth rate %	Inflation rate %	Current account balance to GDP %
	2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Democratic Republic of the Congo	-3.7	-4.2	7.4	17.7	5.7	6.1
Ethiopia	-0.9	-4.2	13.2	21.0	9.2	8.1
Sudan	-8.1	-3.3	99.9	176.9	1.7	-12.7
Eritrea	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Burundi	-6.1	-8.6	34.2	20.2	3.9	4.1
Comoros	-2.9	-2.3	3.2	5.0	3.8	3.3
Kenya	-2.7	-2.3	4.1	4.5	4.9	4.7
Libya	-3.8	-4.4	1.8	2.1	15.9	4.2
Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)	-0.6	1.6	3.1	4.0	3.6	3.0
Seychelles	-6.5	-7.9	0.3	0.3	5.1	3.4
Madagascar	-5.8	-5.3	8.0	7.6	2.8	4.3
Malawi	-16.5	-18.5	28.4	32.2	2.1	1.7
Egypt	-4.2	-5.4	20.4	33.3	4.4	2.4
Mauritius	-6.4	-6.4	3.7	3.6	3.1	4.9
Rwanda	-13.0	-12.1	7.0	4.8	7.0	7.2
Zambia	-3.5	-4.4	13.9	15.0	3.8	3.8
Zimbabwe	4.0	1.0	81.4	736.1	7.5	1.7
Uganda	-6.2	-7.3	3.6	3.3	6.7	6.0
Djibouti	10.2	14.6	-0.3	2.1	6.0	7.0
Somalia	-9.5	-9.1	3.7	5.5	3.0	4.1
Syria	-2.8	-1.6	5.3	7.0	2.5	1.6

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2026 – International Monetary Fund, Central Bureau of Statistics - Sudan

• These countries are added to Sudan in the COMESA and East African Community
• Supported data

• Preliminary data

32

(Table 1-4)

Indicators of growth, inflation and current account balance of COMESA countries during the year 2025

It is noted from Table (1-6) that GDP growth rates increased in most COMESA countries, while they decreased in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Djibouti, Somalia, and Madagascar from 6.1%, 4.1%, 4.9%, 7.2%, 7.0%, 4.1%, and 4.3% in 2024 to 5.7%, 3.9%, 3.1%, 7.0%, 6.0%, 3.0%, and 2.8% in 2025, respectively.

Inflation rates decreased in most COMESA countries, while they rose in Burundi, Mauritius, Rwanda, and Uganda from 20.2%, 3.6%, 4.8%, and 3.6% to 34.2%, 3.7%, 7.0%, and 3.6%, respectively.

The current account balance to GDP ratio decreased in most COMESA countries, and rose in Kenya from 2.3%, 2.7%, 5.8%, 13.0%, 9.5%, 8.1%, 2.9%, and 2.8% in 2024 to 3.3%, 2.3%, 1.6%, 12.1%, 9.1%, 5.3%, 2.3%, and 2.8% in 2025, respectively. The current account surplus ratio also decreased in Eswatini and Djibouti from 1.6% and 14.6% to 0.6% and 10.2%, respectively, while it rose in Zimbabwe from 1.0% to 4.0%.

5.3.1 Performance of the main indicators of the Sudanese economy in the field of foreign trade:

Table (1-7) shows the details of the growth rate, inflation and current account balance to GDP for the main indicators of the Sudanese economy in the field of trade and investment during the years 2024 and 2025. The following is a statement of the performance of these indicators during the year 2025 (Table 1-5).

-100
0
100
200
Growth rate % Inflation rate % Current account balance to GDP % % Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Sudan Burundi Comoros Kenya Libya Eswatini Seychelles Madagascar Malawi Egypt Mauritius Rwanda Zambia Zimbabwe Uganda Djibouti Somalia Syria

33
(Table 7-1)
Indicators of Growth and Monetary and Financial Stability in Sudan's Foreign Trade and Investment Environment for the Years 2024 and 2025

Indicators	Countries	Real GDP Growth Rate %	Growth and Support %	Support %
		2025	2024*	2025	2024*	2025	2024*
Sudan	-	8.1	-3.3	99.9	176.9	1.7	-12.7
UAE	15.3	15.4	1.3	1.7	5.8	4.0
Qatar	3.7	2.2	0.0	0.2	5.0	5.0
Saudi Arabia	-3.0	-1.3	2.0	1.5	4.5	2.6
Egypt	-4.2	-5.4	20.4	33.3	4.4	2.4
Jordan	-0.9	-0.6	2.1	4.6	7.6	7.1
Malaysia	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.8	5.2	5.1
Thailand	3.1	2.2	-0.1	0.4	2.4	2.9
Turkey	-1.9	-1.0	34.9	58.5	3.6	3.3
Japan	4.8	4.5	3.2	2.7	1.2	-0.2

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026, Central Bureau of Statistics - Sudan

• Supported data
  Preliminary data

34
(Figure 1-5)
Indicators of Growth and Monetary and Financial Stability in Sudan's Foreign Trade and Investment Environment for the Year 2025

From Table (7-1), it is noted that growth rates rose in Sudan, Thailand, and Malaysia, while growth rates declined in the rest of the countries. The growth rate in Qatar stabilized at 5.0%, while the growth rate declined from 2.9% in 2024 to 2.4% in 2025.

Most support rates declined, as the support rate in Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey decreased from 58.5%, 4.6%, and 34.9% to 20.4%, 2.1%, and 2.7%, respectively, while support rates rose in Saudi Arabia and Japan from 1.5% and 2.7% to 2.0% and 3.2%.

[Chart: Real GDP Growth Rate %]
-20
-10
0
5
10
15
%
Sudan UAE Qatar Saudi Arabia Egypt Jordan Malaysia Thailand Turkey Japan

[Chart: Support Rates %]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
%
Sudan UAE Qatar Saudi Arabia Egypt Jordan Malaysia Thailand Turkey Japan

[Chart: Growth Rates %]
0
2
4
6
8
%
Sudan UAE Qatar Saudi Arabia Egypt Jordan Malaysia Thailand Turkey Japan

35
The current account surplus indicator rose for Japan, Malaysia, and Thailand from 2.2%, 1.4%, 2.2%, and 4.5% in 2024 to 3.7%, 1.6%, 3.1%, and 4.8% in 2025, respectively, while it declined slightly for the UAE from 15.4% to 15.3%. The current account balance as a percentage of GDP rose for Qatar, while it declined for Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Turkey, and Egypt from 0.6%, 1.0%, 3.3%, 1.3%, and 5.4% to 0.9%, 1.9%, 8.1%, 3.0%, and 4.2%.

36
Central Bank of Sudan

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38
Central Bank of Sudan Policies for the Year 2025

1.2 Introduction
The Central Bank of Sudan's policies during 2025 focused on dealing positively and flexibly with the negative repercussions resulting from the continuation of the war that began on April 15, 2023, and one of the most important of which is maintaining the safety of the banking sector, which represents a fundamental pillar for the stability of the economy and the continuation of its activity. This was followed by the continuation of the transition towards achieving financial stability and ensuring the continuity of business; support was provided to the economy, especially the weak and small productive sectors affected by the war repercussions, and the umbrella of financial inclusion was expanded to include the affected and displaced persons. The Central Bank also maintained monetary and price stability. The policies also included achieving stability through the following mechanisms during the year 2025:

1. Evaluating the performance of the 2024 policies outputs.
2. The 2025 general budget of the state.
3. The results of the April 15, 2023 war on the banking sector.
4. The IMF program for the central banks of the Middle East and North Africa.
5. Requirements for trade liberalization in the COMESA and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area.
6. The Dubai Declaration issued by the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.
7. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations.
8. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Accordingly, the Central Bank of Sudan's policy during the year focused on the following axes:

First: The Axis of Monetary and Banking Stability: The highest priority was given to providing support to banks, which led to strengthening the regulatory frameworks, which led to a qualitative leap in the banking sector, and strengthening the ability of the sector to grant financing, with support reaching 80%.

Second: The Axis of Financial Inclusion and Digital Transformation: Expansion in financial inclusion services with support reaching 95%, reducing gaps in financial inclusion, strengthening safe areas and payment services, which activated financial technology and banking applications, and the Central Bank also became a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion and the Principles for Responsible Banking, as well as integrating climate and environmental work into the banking sector to keep pace with the global trend towards sustainable economy.

Third: The Axis of Monetary Stability: The monetary policy pursued to reduce inflationary pressures, as the inflation rate declined from 187.8% in 2024 to 68.15% in 2025, accompanied by an ambitious plan to reconsider the exchange rate of the national currency, which was not just a procedure but a tool to restore the circulation of the currency and build reserves.

The following is a review of the Central Bank of Sudan's policies and performance during the year 2025 through the following axes:

2-2 The Axis of Monetary Stability:

2-2-1 Objectives:

The Central Bank adopted policies that contributed to enabling the banking sector to overcome the repercussions and effects of the war, ensuring its continuation and efficient performance of financial intermediation, including:

a) Strengthening the financial and banking institutions: by strengthening the financial positions of banks and reducing financial costs, helping banks to build capacities, strengthening regulatory frameworks and governance, and providing financing to priority economic sectors and productive sectors, especially agriculture, industry, and exports, and re-imagining the banking sector, including ownership, merger, capital increase options, in addition to rebuilding, acquisition, or liquidation.

b) Updating the regulatory and supervisory frameworks and indicators necessary to assess systemic stability and performance efficiency: by activating governance systems, internal review, and internal control departments in banks, continuing to transition from compliance-based supervision to risk-based supervision, obligating banks to develop business continuity policies (Business Continuity) and contingency plans to ensure work during crises.

c) Infrastructure and payment systems and digital transformation: approving the legal and institutional framework for national payment systems and digital financial services, activating the national switch, updating the IBAN system, strengthening cybersecurity, developing policies for the global system (Buna), and establishing centers to ward off risks, business continuity (Business Continuity), and financial and banking alliances and financial technology (Fintech) companies, and launching the national system for financial transactions and expanding the digitization of banking services.

d) Strengthening preventive and regulatory measures and international standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing: by applying the standards of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), developing and updating national systems, mechanisms for monitoring and combating money laundering and terrorist financing, and continuing to use effective systems and technologies in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

2-2-2 Performance:

a) Deposits:
The total deposits of the banking sector increased to 21,591,810 million Sudanese pounds in 2025, achieving a growth of 80% compared to 2024, which amounted to 11,993,171 million pounds.

The composition of deposits during 2025 witnessed a change in relative weights compared to 2024, as the national share (demand deposits) accounted for 43.9% of total deposits, amounting to 9,468,508.6 million pounds, savings deposits accounted for 36.0% of total deposits, amounting to 7,781,916.9 million pounds, and time deposits accounted for 18.9% of total deposits, amounting to 4,075,946.4 million pounds, in addition to 258,592.5 million pounds representing exchange rate differences. The number of accounts also reached 4.4% compared to 2024, representing 1.2% of total deposits.

b) Financing:
The total financing granted by the banking sector during 2024 and 2025 increased, as the balance reached 3,699,347.3 million pounds in 2024 to 6,298,829.8 million pounds in 2025, achieving a growth rate of 70.3%, due to the expansion of the sector's ability to recover financing and the return of banks to practice their activities, especially after the cessation of financing for customers affected by the war on April 15, 2023.

c) Financial Safety Indicators:
A number of key indicators of financial safety in the banking sector improved during 2025 compared to 2024 despite the continuation of some challenges. Capital adequacy ratio rose from 1.5% to 6.5%, with significant growth, and capital and reserves of banks increased from 1,339,139.42 million pounds to 2,230,949.41 million pounds, an increase of 66.6%. However, the capital adequacy ratio is still below the required 12% according to Basel III standards.

On the other hand, operating efficiency of banks declined, as the cost-to-income ratio rose from 88% in 2024 to 105% in 2025, exceeding the standard limit of 55%, which led to an increase in operating expenses compared to revenues, and the return on assets decreased from 4.24% to 1.7%, and the ability of banks to achieve profitability declined, although they continued to achieve returns in general.

As for liquidity, the ratio of financing to deposits rose from 34% to 43%, which led to an increase in the activity of financing and the return on assets. The ratio of non-performing loans decreased from 29.3% in 2024 to 10.6% in 2025, while remaining within acceptable limits. However, the decline is partly attributed to regulatory amendments that included amending lending policies, allowing rescheduling and extension of loans, and restructuring some debts, which contributed to improving non-performing loans without necessarily achieving an improvement in cash flows or the ability to repay.

On the other hand, the banking sector's losses increased to 47,215.10 million pounds in 2025 compared to 40,133.06 million pounds in 2024, an increase of 17.6%. Despite these challenges, the banking sector maintained an average annual return (CAL) during 2024 and 2025, reflecting the performance of stability and efficiency.

4 For more details, see Chapter Five: Banks and Financial Institutions.

42

3-2 The Axis of Financial Inclusion

3-2-1 Objectives:

The Central Bank adopted policies to achieve financial inclusion by providing financial and banking services to all segments of society, especially the productive and traditional sectors, through:

a) Strengthening the supply side: by encouraging banks to open accounts easily and providing traditional and digital banking products, facilitating transactions using financial technology, online payments, and electronic wallets (e-wallets) in compliance with KYC requirements, expanding banking services through branchless banking, spreading financial culture, developing safe payment methods, and using modern licensing procedures.

b) Expanding financing for micro, small, and medium enterprises: by directing banks to allocate at least 12% of the financing portfolio to micro, small, and medium enterprises, with a focus on productive activities, women, youth, cooperatives, and people with disabilities, and benefiting from the Central Bank's initiative during the war, reviewing the role of microfinance institutions, and ensuring the provision of services to micro, small, and medium enterprises, and the transition to digital transformation.

c) Protecting users of financial services: by issuing regulations and procedures for protecting users of financial services, enhancing transparency and credibility, activating dispute resolution mechanisms between financial institutions and clients, obligating banks to establish centers to receive customer complaints and observations, spreading financial awareness, and protecting data and digital payments.

3-2-2 Performance:

I. Payment Systems:
The Central Bank achieved a number of achievements, including:

a) The banks launched a service to convert customer accounts between different banks, and this service was well received. The conversion is not limited to customers of the same bank but allows a customer to transfer their account to another bank without closing the old account.

b) Licensing 10 digital banking services and financial technology companies, in addition to strengthening digital banking services, facilitating transactions using financial technology, and electronic wallets (e-KYC). It is expected that these steps during 2025 will contribute to strengthening financial inclusion and expanding access to financial services in the country.

c) The national switch system (80% complete) is being upgraded with continued work on completing the banking systems infrastructure according to the state's budget for modernizing the infrastructure.

The policies and measures taken by the Central Bank contributed to strengthening financial and banking safety and stability during 2025.

II. Number of Banking Accounts:
The customer base of the banking sector grew during 2025, as the national currency change included a process of replacing the national currency. The most prominent banking procedures were the simplification of account opening requirements, obligating banks to adopt digital identity, activating the service of opening bank accounts through banking applications without the need to visit the bank.

Table (2-1) shows the number of bank accounts opened during 2025.

(Table 2-1)
Number of Banking Accounts

Statement	2025	2024
Number of bank accounts opened directly through bank windows	7,834,815	Not available
Number of bank accounts opened online	2,393,063	Not available

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Payment Systems.

44

From the above table, we find:

• The number of bank accounts opened directly through bank windows reached 7,834,815 accounts in 2025.
• The number of accounts opened online reached 2,393,063 accounts in 2025.

III. National Switch System and Accounts Conversion:
Table (2-2) and Figure (1-2) show the transactions of the national switch system and accounts conversion during 2024 and 2025.

(Table 2-2)
Transactions of the National Switch System and Accounts Conversion during 2024 and 2025

Item	2024*	2025	Change %
Number of national switch transactions	354,105	780,752	120
Value of national switch transactions (million pounds)	12,793,997	36,842,759	188
Number of accounts conversion transactions (A2A BBAN System)	0	21,853,954	-
Value of accounts conversion transactions (A2A BBAN System) (million pounds)	0	2,904,959	-

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Payment Systems.

• Supported data for the number and value of national switch transactions.

From the above table, we find:

• The number of national switch transactions increased from 354,105 transactions in 2024 to 780,752 transactions in 2025, an increase of 120%.
• The value of national switch transactions increased from 12,793,997 million pounds in 2024 to 36,842,759 million pounds in 2025, an increase of 188%.
• The number of accounts conversion transactions (A2A BBAN System) reached 21,853,954 transactions in 2025, with a value of 2,904,959 million pounds.

5 Direct transfer system between bank accounts using the basic bank account number.

45
(Figure 1-2)
Volume and Number of National Switch and Accounts Conversion Transactions during 2024 and 2025

IV. Financial Inclusion Applications Transactions:
Table (3-2) shows the financial inclusion applications transactions during 2024 and 2025.

(Table 3-2)
Financial Inclusion Applications Transactions during 2024 and 2025

Statement	2024	2025
Number of digital applications available	34	Not available
Number of transactions on financial inclusion applications (million transactions)	2,500	Not available
Value of transactions on financial inclusion applications (million pounds)	440,422,172	Not available
Number of users of digital applications (million users)	6.66	Not available

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration of Payment Systems.

• Number of digital applications: 34 applications.
• The number of users of digital applications reached 6.66 million users in 2025; this indicates the expansion of financial inclusion through telecommunications, which contributed to the provision of payment services during 2025.
• The number of transactions executed on financial inclusion applications reached 2,500 million transactions.
• The value of these financial transactions reached 440,422,172 million pounds.

[Chart: Number of National Switch Transactions and Accounts Conversion (A2A BBAN System)] 354 - 12,794 781 - 21,854 36,843 2,905

• 2,000
  4,000
  6,000
  8,000
  10,000
  12,000
  14,000
  16,000
  18,000
  20,000
  22,000
  24,000
  26,000
  28,000
  30,000
  32,000
  34,000
  36,000
  38,000
  40,000
  Number of national switch transactions
  Number of accounts conversion transactions (A2A BBAN System) Value of national switch transactions (billion pounds) Value of accounts conversion transactions (A2A BBAN System) (billion pounds) 2024 2025

46

A) Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises:
Data on the performance of the micro, small, and medium enterprises sector:

1. Banks and microfinance institutions:
   Table (4-2) and Figure (2-2) show the microfinance portfolio by sector for the years 2024-2025:

(Table 4-2)
Microfinance Portfolio by Sector for the Years 2024-2025 Million pounds

Sector	2024	2025	Change %
Banks	72,186.36	168,715.81	134
Institutions	46,178.24	62,013.58	34
Total	118,364.60	230,729.39	95

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Microfinance Unit.

This expansion is attributed to the procedures taken by the Central Bank of Sudan at the end of 2025, which included expanding the micro, small, and medium enterprises portfolio, strengthening liquidity and increasing financing capacity to support productive activities.

During 2025, the Central Bank raised the financing ceilings for banks and microfinance institutions as follows:

• Agricultural sector: 800 million pounds.
• Industrial sector: 600 million pounds.
• Exports: 800 million pounds.
• Other sectors such as trade and productive families: 2 million pounds.
• Solar energy systems: 4 million pounds, provided that the financing ceiling for micro, small, and medium enterprises does not exceed 10 million pounds.

The minimum capital of microfinance institutions and companies operating in Sudan was also raised to ensure their ability to achieve financial stability. The new capital levels were determined as follows:

• Federal microfinance institutions: 300 million pounds.
• State microfinance institutions: 150 million pounds.
• Microfinance companies: 150 million pounds.

The impact of these measures was positively reflected on the microfinance sector, as the total microfinance portfolio rose to 230,729 million Sudanese pounds in 2025, a growth of 95% compared to 2024. This growth was driven by the performance of banks, which achieved a growth rate of 134%, while microfinance institutions achieved a growth of 34%.

The share of micro, small, and medium enterprises from the financing granted by banks rose to 3.1% of the financing portfolio in 2025 compared to 2.4% in 2024. Despite this improvement, it is still below the targeted level.

(Figure 2-2)
Microfinance Portfolio by Sector for the Years 2024 and 2025

2. Microfinance portfolio by sector:
   Table (5-2) and Figure (3-2) show the details of the microfinance portfolio by sector for the years 2024 and 2025.

[Chart: Microfinance Portfolio by Sector]
72,186
46,178
118,365
168,716
62,014
230,729
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Banks Institutions Total
Million pounds
2024 2025

48
(Table 5-2)
Microfinance Portfolio by Sector for the Years 2024 and 2025 Million pounds

Sector	2024	2025	Change %
Microfinance	99,732.07	190,287.27	91
Small enterprises	18,632.53	40,442.12	117
Total	118,364.60	230,729.39	95

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Microfinance Unit.

The microfinance portfolio by sector during 2024 and 2025 shows that microfinance increased from 99,732.07 million pounds in 2024 to 190,287.27 million pounds in 2025, achieving a growth of 91%, which reflects the increase in demand for microfinance and its expansion. Small enterprises also increased from 18,632.53 million pounds to 40,442.12 million pounds during the same period, with a growth rate of 117%, reflecting faster expansion compared to microfinance.

(Figure 3-2)
Microfinance Portfolio by Sector for the Years 2024 and 2025

3. Number of beneficiaries by sector:
   Table (6-2) and Figure (4-2) show the number of beneficiaries of micro, small, and medium enterprises services by sector for the years 2024-2025.

[Chart: Microfinance Portfolio by Sector]
99,732
18,633
118,365
190,287
40,442
230,729
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Microfinance Small enterprises Total
Million pounds
2024 2025

49
(Table 6-2)
Number of Beneficiaries of Microfinance Services by Sector for the Years 2024 and 2025 Customer

Item	2024	2025	Change %
Number of micro, small, and medium enterprise clients in banks	115,594	140,414	21
Number of micro, small, and medium enterprise clients in institutions	170,136	192,413	13
Total active clients	285,730	332,827	16

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Microfinance Unit.

The total active clients in the micro, small, and medium enterprises sector increased to 332,827 clients in 2025 compared to 285,730 clients in 2024, a growth of 16%. This is attributed to the improvement in the performance of banks, which achieved a growth of 21% with 140,414 clients, while microfinance institutions maintained their client base with a growth of 13%, reaching 192,413 clients.

(Figure 4-2)
Number of Beneficiaries of Microfinance Services by Sector for the Years 2024 and 2025

4. Microfinance institutions and sources of microfinance for the years 2024-2025:
   Table (7-2) shows the microfinance institutions and sources of microfinance for the years 2024-2025.

[Chart: Number of Beneficiaries of Microfinance Services by Sector] 115,594 170,136 285,730 140,414 192,413 332,827 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 Number of micro, small, and medium enterprise clients in banks Number of micro, small, and medium enterprise clients in institutions Total active clients Million pounds 2024 2025

50
(Table 7-2)
Microfinance Institutions and Sources of Microfinance for the Years 2024-2025 Million pounds

Source	2024	2025
	Available	%	Available	%
Central Bank of Sudan	228.28	0.57	Not available	Not available
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development	664.44	1.66	664.44	1.34
Banks	37,390.08	93.11	45,512.65	91.49
Bank of Khartoum - Islamic Development Bank	350.67	0.87	350.67	0.70
Savings and Social Development Bank - Coastal Bank	1,520.00	3.79	1,420	2.85
Project to Strengthen Financial Inclusion and Improve Livelihoods in Sudan	-	-	1,800	3.62
Total	40,153.47	100	49,747.76	100

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Microfinance Unit.

• The above data pertains to micro, small, and medium enterprises.
• The data is derived from the data of micro, small, and medium enterprise institutions and companies licensed to conduct business, and some differences may appear due to the data of financial resources provided by some banks for the year 2023.
• The total for 2025 was calculated based on the available data from the Central Bank of Sudan.

The total available resources for financing micro, small, and medium enterprises increased from 40,153.47 million pounds in 2024 to 49,747.76 million pounds in 2025, a growth of about 23.9%.

Banks accounted for the largest share of total financing granted to micro, small, and medium enterprises, reaching 93.11% in 2024 and 91.49% in 2025, while external sources such as the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and the Islamic Development Bank remained relatively stable. One of the most prominent developments in 2025 was the entry of the project to strengthen financial inclusion and improve livelihoods in Sudan as an additional source of microfinance, with resources amounting to 1,800 million pounds, reflecting the trend towards diversifying financing sources.

5. Ratio of microfinance to total financing in microfinance institutions and banks for the years 2024 and 2025.
   Table (8-2) shows the ratio of microfinance to total financing in microfinance institutions and banks at the end of 2024 and 2025.

51

Table (8-2)

Financing ratios of microfinance institutions and banks for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2024	2025
Institutions	38.87%	19.51%
Banks	26.50%	4.34%

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Microfinance Unit

Data include microfinance institutions and banks.

• The financing ratio of microfinance institutions and banks declined during the year 2025 compared to the year 2024.
• The financing ratio of microfinance institutions declined from 38.87% in 2024 to 19.51% in 2025.
• The financing ratio of banks also declined from 26.50% to 4.34% during the same period. This decline is attributed to the reduction of regulatory measures, such as amending lending policies, extending grace periods, and allowing the postponement of some debts, which necessarily led to a decline in financing, without a corresponding improvement in repayment or cash flows.

C) Green financing:

Green financing is intended to mean all financing and investment activities that contribute to supporting and promoting climate-friendly and environmentally friendly projects, preserving environmental safety and sustainability, and reducing the risks of climate change and adaptation to it.

The Central Bank of Sudan's policies for the year 2025 were directed towards expanding financial inclusion and developing banking products in line with international standards, in order to support the transition towards a sustainable economy, as follows:

I. Financing renewable energy projects, especially solar energy, agricultural, industrial and residential sectors, to reduce carbon emissions and energy production.

II. Integrating the principles of sustainable finance and green financing into the policies, operations and governance of banks and financial institutions.

52

III. Developing and offering banking products and services (green finance) that comply with the requirements of sustainable development and international standards.

IV. Applying the principles of environmental, social and governance (ESG) and managing risks arising from climate change and the accompanying financial risks.

V. The Central Bank of Sudan's interest in dealing with the requirements of green financing and spreading the culture of sustainable financing within the Central Bank of Sudan and the banking sector.

Performance:

• The Central Bank of Sudan issued the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Green Financing and Management of Climate-Related Financial Risks. These principles represent a responsible financing approach for banks and financial institutions towards environmentally and socially responsible financing practices.

The principles include the following main axes: strengthening governance, internal risk management and climate, capacity building and financing, green financing, such as financial products and services, and the development of solar energy use and production, and the involvement of the banking sector in international and local initiatives, and the integration of sustainability into internal operations and the dissemination of a culture of green financing, and the Central Bank of Sudan's role in reporting on policies and environmental practices.

4-2 Monetary Stability:

1-4-2 Monetary Policy:

Monetary policy is a set of economic policies aimed at achieving monetary stability by controlling the money supply and supporting the exchange rate. On the price side, policies focused on reducing inflation rates, as the policy of supporting the exchange rate led to the stability of the exchange rate and the reduction of inflation. The policy of supporting the exchange rate achieved a growth of 60.9% in the base money during the year 2025. The policy also achieved a growth of 56.1% in the support of cash supply, ensuring the provision of the necessary liquidity for the production activity without creating inflationary pressures.

To achieve these objectives, the Central Bank of Sudan in 2025 adopted the use of a combination of monetary tools, including the determination of the cash reserve ratio at 10% of the total deposits in local currency, the activation of open market tools, the opening of the window for banks and the strengthening of the role of the Central Bank as a lender of last resort, in addition to the continuation of coordination with the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning to ensure the consistency of monetary policy, and the reliance on moral suasion tools to manage monetary policy, in addition to the use of public financial operations.

b) Stabilizing and sustaining the exchange rate policy based on supply and demand forces.

To ensure the efficiency of foreign exchange resources and the stability of the exchange rate.

2-4-2 Performance:

A. Inflation:

During the year 2025, the monetary measures taken by the Central Bank of Sudan led to a transformation in the path of inflation compared to previous years, curbing the inflation surge. According to the annual inflation rate for the year 2025, it decreased to 68.2% compared to 187.8% in 2024. This reflects the success of the Central Bank of Sudan in stabilizing the general level of prices and the transition to the stage of recovery. The country witnessed high inflationary waves.

As for the average annual inflation rate, it reached 99.9% in 2025, a decrease of 176.9% from 2024.

Tables (9-2) and Figure (5-2) show the development of inflation rates during the period (2021-2025).

Table (9-2)

Development of inflation rates during the period (2021-2025)

%

Year	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Annual inflation rate	318.2	87.3	92.7	187.8	68.15
Average annual inflation rate	359.1	138.8	66.6	176.9	99.9
Point-to-point inflation	95.0	25.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan and Central Bureau of Statistics

54

Figure (5-2)

Development of inflation rates during the period (2021-2025)

B. Money supply and base money:

The policies of the Central Bank of Sudan in 2025 achieved a growth in base money of 56.1%, but the performance of the base money was not directly reflected in the increase in the cash supply, which reached 83.6%, a deviation of 27.5% from the target. The cash supply exceeded the ceiling of 60.9% by a difference of 14.4%.

This is mainly attributed to:

I. The increase in borrowing from SDG 4,414.23 million in 2024 to SDG 10,691.27 million in 2025, a growth of 142.2%.

II. The decline in the exchange rate of the pound, which created additional pressures on the general level of prices and increased the velocity of money circulation.

Tables (10-2) and Figure (6-2) show the development of the cash supply and the cash supply deficit during the period (2021-2025).

Table (10-2)

Development of the cash supply and the cash supply deficit during the period (2021-2025)

%

Year	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Cash supply growth	153.2	49.4	54.2	90.6	75.3
Cash supply deficit	30.0	13.0	28.0	46.9	60.9
Deviation	123.2	36.4	26.2	43.7	14.4

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

0
100
200
300
400
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Annual inflation rate (%) Average annual inflation rate (%)

55

Figure (6-2)

Development of the cash supply and the cash supply deficit during the period (2021-2025)

C. Exchange rate:

Despite the success of the first year of the exchange rate unification policy, which began in 2021, the Central Bank of Sudan faced challenges in stabilizing the general price level and the lack of impact of cash flows on the country's stability due to the political situation. The Central Bank of Sudan responded to these data by controlling the exchange rate in March 2022 and allowing banks and exchange offices to determine foreign exchange rates according to supply and demand forces, without direct intervention by the Central Bank of Sudan.

These transformations included the abolition of the specified buying and selling prices and the determination of a margin of (±5%), whereby the Central Bank of Sudan adopted the average buying price of banks and exchange offices as the price for the years 2024 and 2025.

Tables (11-2) and Figure (7-2) show the developments of the exchange rate in the organised market during the years 2024 and 2025.

153.2
54.2
90.6
75.3
30
28 46.9
60.9
123.2
26.2
43.7
14.4
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
200
2021 2023 2024 2025
%
Cash supply growth Cash supply deficit Deviation

56

Table (11-2)

Developments of the exchange rate in the organised market during the years 2024 and 2025

Month	Exchange rate SDG/USD in 2024	Exchange rate SDG/USD in 2025
January	1,010	2,147
February	1,115	2,038
March	1,125	2,142
April	1,166	2,104
May	1,335	2,197
June	1,788	2,205
July	1,969	2,520
August	2,041	2,715
September	1,968	2,743
October	2,087	2,742
November	2,047	3,298
December	2,073	2,749
Annual average	1,644	2,467

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Policies Department

The pressures on the national currency continued during the year 2025, which led to a decline in the values of foreign currencies against the Sudanese pound, as the exchange rate of the dollar reached SDG 2,749 per dollar in the year 2025, compared to about SDG 2,073 per dollar in 2024, a decrease of 33%. The average exchange rate in the organised market also decreased to SDG 2,467 per dollar during the year 2025, compared to an average of SDG 1,644 per dollar during the year 2024, a decrease of 50.1%.

Within the framework of the Central Bank of Sudan's efforts to address imbalances in the foreign exchange market and achieve greater stability, the Bank continued during the year 2025 to implement the policy of unifying and liberalising the exchange rate, reducing the gap between the organised and unorganised markets, and attracting foreign exchange resources to the banking sector.

57

To support this policy, the Central Bank issued a package of 17 regulatory circulars, including the regulation of export operations, export proceeds, import and transfer, foreign currency accounts, and the regulation of foreign exchange transactions, in addition to regulating gold trade, in order to strengthen control.

The Central Bank also took measures to strengthen foreign exchange resource flows, including obligating exporters to deposit export proceeds with the bank within a specified period of time, and imposing penalties on violators that may reach the banking sector.

Figure (7-2)

Developments of the exchange rate in the organised market during the years 2024 and 2025

D. Re-denomination of the national currency:

Within the framework of the Central Bank of Sudan's vision for the management of the monetary mass, the Bank introduced a new issue of the national currency as a tool to enhance monetary stability and attract cash to the banking system, as the new currency issue exceeded the technical objectives of the currency re-denomination process, as follows:

I. The transition policy towards large denominations was approved, as the new thousand-pound denomination was issued, reducing the effects of inflation and the large monetary mass, in addition to adding new paper denominations to the circulating currency system.

II. The introduction of advanced security marks in the new currency issues prevents the exploitation of paper currency or the printing of currency, which prevents attempts to counterfeit it, including the chemical ink used from April 2023.

III. The currency was replaced by direct deposit mechanism through banking accounts, opening accounts for individuals without fees, which led to:

• The contribution of the Central Bank to the recovery of a significant part of the currency circulating in the banking sector.
• A significant increase in the number of banking accounts.

0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2024 2025
SDG per dollar

58

Central Bank of Sudan

59

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60

Central Bank of Sudan Accounts for the Year 2025

1.3 Introduction

This chapter presents the financial statements of the Central Bank of Sudan, which consist of the statement of financial position, the income statement, the statement of changes in equity, and the statement of cash flows for the year 2025, which were reviewed by the Auditor General.

These statements were prepared and reviewed in accordance with the accounting standards issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), and the statements were presented in accordance with the general presentation and disclosure standard, which specifies the presentation and disclosure requirements for Islamic financial institutions. The financial statements and the requirements of the general presentation and disclosure standard relating to the financial statements, as well as how to determine the gains or losses arising from the initial recognition of assets, and the accounting changes, have been applied.

Based on these standards, the financial statements consist of:

1. Statement of financial position.
2. Income statement.
3. Statement of changes in equity.
4. Statement of cash flows.
5. Accounting policies and explanatory notes.

These statements and the necessary clarifications represent the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

1-3 Statement of Financial Position:

Statement of financial position

Assets: The assets are the resources controlled by the entity as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. Liabilities: The present obligations of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources.

Table (1-3) shows the statement of financial position (without details).

61

Table (1-3)

Statement of financial position as at 31/12/2025

(SDG thousands)

Statement	2024	2025
Assets
Total cash and due from banks	27,993,986,294	45,066,092,934
Due from banks	1,842,029,552	4,702,892,034
Cash reserve	2,962,574	20,156,730
Short-term investments	306,470,337	255,389,412
Long-term investments	467,871,801	677,053,968
Other debit accounts	494,437,580	859,317,201
Fixed assets	14,703,033	23,002,829
Assets under construction	73,894	2,698,142
Total assets	31,122,535,065	51,606,603,250
Current currency	1,733,244,091	3,307,152,634
Bank accounts	10,334,383,131	18,370,219,067
Due liabilities	18,653,648,692	26,683,425,003
Other liabilities	2,003,190,470	2,983,826,042
Provisions and accrued expenses	225,552,665	269,697,745
Total liabilities	32,950,019,049	51,614,320,491
Equity:
Capital	384,000	384,000
Reserves	2,219,011	2,219,011
Total deficit	(1,830,086,995)	(10,320,252)
Total equity	(1,827,483,984)	(7,717,241)
Total liabilities, capital and reserves	31,122,535,065	51,606,603,250
Regulatory accounts	15,448,918,486	21,261,119,142

Fatima Al-Toum Hassan Ibrahim Abdel-Baqi

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Director General of the General Administration for Financial and Administrative Affairs

62

1-1-3 Assets

An asset is defined in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected to flow. The analysis of the statement of financial position shows the following:

• Total assets increased from SDG 31,122,535 million in 2024 to SDG 51,606,603 million in 2025, a growth of 65.8%, as follows:

• The balance of total cash and due from banks increased from SDG 27,993,986 million to SDG 45,066,093 million, a growth of 61%, due to the increase in the balance of cash and due from banks by SDG 6,277,038 million, the increase in the balance of foreign currencies by SDG 5,963,299 million, the balance of long-term debt (20 years) by SDG 2,255,308 million, and the balance of other receivables by SDG 1,084,376 million. Cash and due from banks represented 87.3% of total assets.

• The balance of due from banks increased from SDG 1,842,029 million to SDG 4,702,892 million, a growth of 155.3%; due to the increase in the reserve balance by SDG 2,083,920 million, and the balance of correspondents by SDG 481,566 million.

• The balance of short-term investments increased from SDG 467,872 million to SDG 677,054 million, a growth of 44.7%; mainly attributed to the increase in the item of contributions to the capital of banks and foreign companies by SDG 102,959 million, followed by the item of contributions to the capital of local banks by SDG 65,501 million, then the item of investments in the capital of financial companies and institutions by SDG 40,720 million.

• The balance of other debit accounts increased from SDG 494,438 million to SDG 859,317 million, a growth of 73.8%.

• The balance of fixed assets increased from SDG 14,703 million to SDG 23,003 million, a growth of 56.5%; mainly attributed to the increase in the item of machinery and equipment by SDG 3,405 million, the balance of means of transport by SDG 2,367 million, and the balance of technical projects by SDG 1,363 million.

63

• The balance of short-term investments decreased from SDG 255,389 million to SDG 306,470 million, a growth of 16.7%; due to the decrease in the item of loans to banks - liquidity management fund - and the increase in the item of profits for projects and institutions by SDG 9,412 million.

2-1-3 Liabilities and Equity

A liability is defined in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which requires an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits. Equity is defined as the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities. The most prominent changes in liabilities and equity for the year 2025 compared to 2024 are as follows:

• The balance of current currency increased from SDG 1,733 million to SDG 3,307 million, a growth of 90.8%, as the value of currency issued during the year 2025 amounted to SDG 1,165,070 million, with an average currency in circulation of SDG 360,198 million during the year 2025.

• The balance of bank accounts for banks, institutions and individuals increased from SDG 10,334 million to SDG 18,370 million, a growth of 77.8%.

• The corresponding increase in due liabilities increased from SDG 18,653,649 million to SDG 26,683,425 million, a growth of 43%, due to the increase in the item of deposits and similar accounts by SDG 6,148,815 million, the item of other appropriations by SDG 1,547,334 million, and the balance of correspondents by SDG 316,420 million.

• The total balance of other liabilities increased from SDG 2,003,190 million to SDG 2,983,826 million, a growth of 49%, due to the increase in the item of funds allocated for credits by SDG 510,086 million, the balance of creditors by SDG 301,664 million, and the balance of credit payment orders to banks by SDG 120,935 million.

• The balance of provisions and accrued expenses increased from SDG 225,553 million to SDG 269,698 million, a growth of 19.6%.

64

• Equity, represented by capital and reserves, amounted to SDG 2,603 million, while the rest of the deficit amounted to SDG 10,320 million for the year 2025, and the long-term debt item amounted to SDG 2,255,308 million (20 years).

2-3 Income Statement:

The income statement is a statement prepared to determine the result of the entity's activity, whether profit or loss.

Table (2-3) shows the income statement for the year ended 31 December 2025.

Table (2-3)

Income statement for the year ended 31/12/2025

(SDG thousands)

Statement	2024	2025
Revenues
Foreign exchange revenues	200,179,087	78,521,970
Investment revenues	7,868,281	7,183,068
Banking operations revenues	63,321,508	26,181,483
Other revenues	1,070,448	62,400
Total revenues	272,439,324	111,948,921
Expenses
Currency expenses	(200,485,999)	(271,347,061)
Administrative and general expenses	(469,085,594)	(203,757,435)
Depreciation expenses	(1,678,827)	(2,935,010)
Total expenses	(743,367,665)	(405,922,261)
Total deficit	(470,928,341)	(293,973,340)
Ordinary items before	(19,690,909)	(363,089,723)
Total deficit before ordinary items	(490,619,250)	(657,063,063)

Fatima Al-Toum Hassan Ibrahim Abdel-Baqi

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Director General of the General Administration for Financial and Administrative Affairs

65

The details of the income statement items are as follows:

1-2-3 Revenues

Revenue is defined as the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising from the entity's activities, when those inflows result in an increase in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants.

• Total revenues increased from SDG 111,949 million in 2024 to SDG 272,439 million in 2025, a growth of 143.3%, as follows:

• Foreign exchange revenues increased from SDG 78,522 million to SDG 200,179 million, a growth of 154.9%, due to the increase in the item of exchange rate differences by SDG 80,539 million, the balance of documentary credits and guarantees by SDG 51,334 million, and the decrease in the item of foreign correspondents by SDG 32,982 million.

• Investment revenues increased from SDG 7,183 million to SDG 7,868 million, a growth of 9.5%; due to the increase in the item of financial papers by SDG 1,966 million, and the decrease in the item of contributions to the capital of funds by SDG 1,281 million.

• Banking operations revenues increased from SDG 26,181 million to SDG 63,321 million, a growth of 141.8%; due to the increase in the item of administrative expenses by SDG 36,991 million, and the item of loans by SDG 4,960 million.

2-2-3 Expenses

Expenses are defined as outflows or depletion of assets or incurrence of liabilities during the period that result in a decrease in economic benefits, other than decreases relating to distributions to equity participants.

• Total expenses and provisions increased from SDG 405,922 million in 2024 to SDG 743,368 million in 2025, a growth of 83.1%, attributed to the increase in the item of administrative and general expenses by SDG 265,328 million, and currency expenses by SDG 70,861 million.

• As a result of the changes, the total deficit (loss) of the income statement before ordinary items decreased from SDG 657,063 million in 2024 to SDG 490,619 million in 2025, a growth of 25.3%.

66

3-3 Changes in Equity:

Table (3-3) shows the changes in equity for the year 2025, which include capital, reserves and retained earnings for the year 2024.

Table (3-3)

Changes in equity for the year ended 31/12/2025

(SDG thousands)

Statement	Capital	General reserve	Replacement reserve	Asset revaluation reserve	Other reserves	Retained earnings	Total
Balance at 31/12/2023	384,000	312,335	7,000	1,777,485	122,191	(1,191,517,827)	(1,188,914,816)
Previous years	-	-	-	-	-	18,493,895	18,493,895
Year 2024	-	-	-	-	-	(293,973,340)	(293,973,340)
Ordinary items before	-	-	-	-	-	(363,089,723)	(363,089,723)
Balance at 31/12/2024	384,000	312,335	7,000	1,777,485	122,191	(1,830,086,995)	(1,827,483,984)
Previous years	-	-	-	-	-	55,078,490	55,078,490
Year 2025	-	-	-	-	-	(470,928,341)	(470,928,341)
Ordinary items before	-	-	-	-	-	(19,690,909)	(19,690,909)
Transfer to long-term debt	-	-	-	-	-	2,255,307,503	2,255,307,503
Balance at 31/12/2025	384,000	312,335	7,000	1,777,485	122,191	(7,717,241)	(10,320,252)

Fatima Al-Toum Hassan Ibrahim Abdel-Baqi

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Director General of the General Administration for Financial and Administrative Affairs

67

4-3 Statement of Cash Flows:

Table (4-3) shows the statement of cash flows for the years 2024 and 2025, as well as the various uses of cash balances and changes during the year.

Table (4-3)

Statement of cash flows for the year ended 31/12/2025

(SDG thousands)

Statement	2024	2025
Cash flows from operating activities:
Total deficit	(657,063,063)	(490,619,250)
Adjusted by:
Depreciation of fixed assets	1,678,827	2,935,010
Provisions for doubtful debts	22,444,319	71,138,599
Provisions for doubtful debts paid	(32,996,494)	(26,993,519)
Increase in granted financing and loans	(14,327,288,123)	(17,072,106,640)
Increase in other debit accounts	(186,212,351)	(364,879,621)
Increase in bank accounts	5,791,091,378	8,035,835,936
Increase in corresponding due liabilities	7,698,590,531	8,029,776,311
Increase in other liabilities	2,960,281,513	980,635,572
Increase in current currency	751,148,107	804,871,573
Previous years	18,493,895	55,078,490
Net cash flows from operating activities	2,040,168,539	25,672,461
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of fixed assets	(8,046,551)	(11,354,776)
Decrease in fixed assets	1,205	119,970
Decrease in assets under construction	(35,786)	(2,624,248)
Decrease in short-term investments	(23,386,210)	51,080,925
Increase in long-term investments	(236,115,624)	(209,182,167)
Net cash flows used in investing activities	(267,582,966)	(171,960,296)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Long-term debt	-	2,255,307,503
Net cash flows used in financing activities	-	2,255,307,503
Net increase/decrease in cash balances during the year	1,772,585,573	2,109,019,668
Cash balances at the beginning of the year	985,346,824	2,757,932,397
Cash balances at the end of the year	2,757,932,397	4,866,952,065

Fatima Al-Toum Hassan Ibrahim Abdel-Baqi

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Director General of the General Administration for Financial and Administrative Affairs

68

Independent Auditor's Report

To the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Sudan

Opinion:

We have audited the financial statements of the Central Bank of Sudan, which comprise the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2025, the income statement, the statement of changes in equity, the statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and the accounting policies and other explanatory information.

In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank as at 31 December 2025, and its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the accounting standards issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and the International Financial Reporting Standards, and comply with the laws and regulations.

Mohamed Al-Fadil Mohamed Osman (FCCA)

Deputy Auditor General

Sudan

13 July 2026

Corresponding to 28 Muharram 1448

69

Central Bank of Sudan

70

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71

Annual Report 2025 - Money Supply

1.4 Introduction

This chapter will present the most important developments affecting money supply and the factors affecting it during the year 2025, in addition to analyzing the developments in the monetary base, the monetary multiplier, the velocity of money circulation, monetary deepening, and the CB's assessment of monetary stability.

The money supply growth rate rose in 2025, reaching 74.7%, and exceeded the estimated rate for the year, which was 60.9%. The Central Bank of Sudan, as the issuer of the national currency, attributed this mainly to the expansion of net domestic assets by 55.1% and the revaluation item by 27.7%, while the net foreign assets item contracted by 84.1%.

The Central Bank of Sudan's policies during 2025 achieved stability in the money supply through the growth of the monetary base by 56.1% and the growth of money supply by 60.9%.

The continued war since mid-April 2023 led to a decline in overall economic activity and the activity of the banking sector, which negatively affected the ability of monetary policy during 2025 to stabilize the exchange rate and achieve monetary stability.

2.4 Money Supply (M2)

Table (1-4) and Figure (1-4) show the money supply and the factors affecting it for the years 2024 and 2025.

72

Table (1-4)

Money Supply and Factors Affecting It for the Years 2024 and 2025

Items	2024	2025	Change	Change %
1. Money Supply (M2) [1+2]	14,480,589.5	25,303,078.5	10,822,489.0	74.7
1.1 Currency in Circulation	1,614,730.3	3,220,492.1	1,605,761.8	99.4
1.2 Demand Deposits	3,193,397.4	5,607,535.2	2,414,137.8	75.6
2. Quasi-Money	9,672,461.9	16,475,051.2	6,802,589.4	70.3
2.1 Local Currency	5,168,752.8	9,913,424.3	4,744,671.5	91.8
2.2 Foreign Currency	4,503,709.1	6,561,626.9	2,057,917.8	45.7
Factors Affecting Money Supply [1+2+3]
1. Net Foreign Assets	-16,253,466.1	-25,354,187.1	-9,100,721.0	-56.0
2. Revaluation	17,724,458.1	22,637,267.3	4,912,809.2	27.7
3. Net Domestic Assets	13,009,597.6	28,019,998.3	15,010,400.7	115.4
3.1 Net Claims on Public Sector	9,632,968.1	17,980,007.3	8,347,039.2	86.7
3.1.1 Net Claims on Central Government	8,063,343.6	16,264,127.7	8,200,784.1	101.7
3.1.2 Public Institutions	1,569,624.5	1,715,879.6	146,255.1	9.3
3.2 Net Claims on Private Sector	2,693,054.5	4,782,198.8	2,089,144.3	77.6
3.3 Other Items	683,575.0	5,257,792.2	4,574,217.2	669.2
Total (a) = (b)	14,480,589.5	25,303,078.5	10,822,489.0	74.7
c/ Components of Money Supply
Currency in Circulation / Money Supply (%)	11.2	12.7
Demand Deposits / Money Supply (%)	22.1	22.2
Quasi-Money / Money Supply (%)	66.8	65.1
d/ Factors Affecting Money Supply (%)
Net Foreign Assets / Money Supply (%)	-112.2	-100.2
Revaluation / Money Supply (%)	122.4	89.5
Net Domestic Assets / Money Supply (%)	89.8	110.7

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

• Supporting data
  Primary data
  1/ Includes deposits of banks, public institutions, and state governments, and deposits of the Central Bank of Sudan. 2/ Corresponds to foreign currency deposits with local currency. 3/ Includes private sector institutions and financial institutions. 4/ Foreign currencies are converted to Sudanese pounds.

Million Sudanese pounds
Million Sudanese pounds
Million Sudanese pounds

73

Figure (1-4)

Components of Money Supply for the Years 2024 and 2025

Money supply rose from SDG 14,480,589.5 million in 2024 to SDG 25,303,078.5 million in 2025, a growth rate of 74.7%, compared to a growth rate of 60.9% in 2024. The estimated growth rate for 2024 was 90.6%.

Despite the continued monetary expansion during 2025, the actual growth rate exceeded the estimated rate, with a deviation of 18.6 percentage points in 2025, compared to a deviation of 43.7 percentage points in 2024. This is attributed to the significant impact of the revaluation item, which declined compared to 2024, and consequently led to a decrease in the growth rate of money supply compared to 2024, despite the continued exchange rate fluctuations and the general economic conditions and developments in the state's general budget.

On the components side, the currency in circulation item rose by 37.1% to 83.6%, while demand deposits rose by 75.6% and quasi-money rose by 70.3%. It is noted that the quasi-money item's share of money supply decreased from 66.8% in 2024 to 65.1% in 2025, while demand deposits' share rose from 22.1% in 2024 to 22.2% in 2025, and currency in circulation's share rose slightly from 11.2% in 2024 to 12.7% in 2025.

On the factors affecting money supply side, net foreign assets rose from SDG 16,253,466.1 million in 2024 to SDG 25,354,187.1 million in 2025, a change of 56.0%, which had a contractionary effect on money supply by 84.1%.

The revaluation item rose from SDG 17,724,458.1 million in 2024 to SDG 22,637,267.3 million in 2025, a change of 27.7%, mainly due to the decline in the average exchange rate, which contributed to monetary expansion by 45.4%.

Net domestic assets rose from SDG 13,009,597.6 million in 2024 to SDG 28,019,998.3 million in 2025, a change of 115.4%, contributing to monetary expansion by 138.7%. This is attributed to the rise in net claims on the public sector by 86.7%, due to the increase in net claims on the central government by 101.7%, which contributed to monetary expansion by 75.8%.

Figure (2-4)

Money Supply Growth Rate (2021-2025)

Figure (2-4) shows the money supply growth rate for the period (2021-2025), as the growth rate rose significantly in 2021, due to the large reliance on central bank financing in addition to the revaluation of the exchange rate system, then declined in 2022 and stabilized in 2023 due to the stability of the exchange rate and the improvement of central bank financing, then rose again in 2024 due to the continuation of war since mid-April 2023, despite the improvement in revenues and the exacerbation of the state's general budget deficit and the large reliance on central bank financing.

153.2
49.4
54.2
90.6
74.7
0.0
100.0
200.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Money Supply Growth Rate

75

The negative effects continued since mid-April 2023, and what followed in terms of disruptions in the foreign exchange market and the movement of the economy. The decline began in 2025, and the exchange rate began to stabilize.

3.4 Sources of Monetary Expansion

Table (2-4) shows the sources of monetary expansion for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (2-4)

Sources of Monetary Expansion for the Years 2024 and 2025

Million Sudanese pounds

Statement	2024	2025	Change	Change %
Central Bank of Sudan
Temporary Deposits and Central Bank	4,414,238.5	10,691,274.3	6,277,035.8	142.2
Other Deposits and Payments	2,712,651.7	3,797,028.0	1,084,376.3	40.0
Public Institutions	563,208.1	863,604.3	300,396.2	53.3
Banks
Private Sector	2,684,198.1	4,773,614.5	2,089,416.4	77.8
From Central Bank Resources:
Other Items	183,074.6	117,573.2	-65,501.4	-35.8
Public Institutions	1,006,416.3	852,275.2	-154,141.1	-15.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

• Primary data

On the Central Bank of Sudan side, the temporary deposits and central bank item accounted for 58.0% of the total monetary expansion in 2025, reaching SDG 6,277,035.8 million, a change of 142.2%. The other deposits and payments item accounted for 10.0% of the expansion, reaching SDG 1,084,376.3 million, a change of 40.0%. The public institutions item also accounted for 2.8%, reaching SDG 300,396.2 million, a change of 53.3%.

On the banks side, the private sector accounted for 19.3% of the total monetary expansion, amounting to SDG 2,089,416.4 million, a change of 77.8%. It is worth noting that the rise in banks' financing to institutions was due to the general conditions. The public institutions item decreased by 1.4%, a change of 15.3%, due to the continued repercussions of the war since mid-April 2023, which led to the weakness of overall economic activity, which affected the resources provided through the central bank's window, which decreased by 35.8%.

76

4.4 Monetary Base (Reserve Money)

The monetary base represents the counterpart assets of the central bank, consisting of currency in circulation outside the Central Bank of Sudan (currency with the public and banks) in addition to banks' reserves with the Central Bank of Sudan and deposits included in the money supply.

Table (3-4) and Figure (3-4) show the monetary base and the factors affecting it for the years 2024 and 2025, as well as the components of the monetary base for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (3-4)

Monetary Base and Factors Affecting It for the Years 2024 and 2025

Million Sudanese pounds

Items	2024*	2025	Change	Change %
a/ Assets = (1+2+3)	11,020,057.10	20,237,547.60	9,217,490.50	83.6
Factors Affecting Monetary Base
1. Net Foreign Assets	-18,661,476.7	-26,145,097.0	-7,483,620.3	40.1
2. Revaluation	18,659,912.7	24,624,909.4	5,964,996.7	32.0
3. Net Domestic Assets	11,021,621.1	21,757,735.2	10,736,114.1	97.4
3-1 Net Claims on Central Government	8,067,886.4	16,350,061.0	8,282,174.6	102.7
3-1-1 Claims on Central Bank	9,350,076.3	18,206,552.9	8,856,476.6	94.7
3-1-2 Claims on Central Government	1,282,189.9	1,856,491.9	574,302.0	44.8
3-2 Claims on Banks	317,453.0	333,374.1	15,921.1	5.0
3-3 Claims on Public Institutions	563,208.1	863,604.3	300,396.2	53.3
3-4 Liquidity Management Instruments	1,450.0	1,450.0	0.0	1,450.0
3-5 Other Items	2,071,623.5	4,209,245.8	2,137,622.3	103.2
b/ Components = (1+2+3)	11,020,057.1	20,237,547.6	9,217,490.5	83.6
Components of Monetary Base
1. Currency in Circulation	1,733,244.1	3,307,152.6	1,573,908.5	90.8
1-1 Currency with the Public	1,614,730.3	3,220,492.1	1,605,761.8	99.4
1-2 Currency with Banks	118,513.8	86,660.6	-31,853.3	-26.9
2. Banks' Reserves with Central Bank of Sudan	7,954,809.8	14,847,575.3	6,892,765.5	86.6
3. Deposits Included in Money Supply with Central Bank of Sudan	1,450,517.0	2,169,480.2	718,963.2	49.6

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department

• Supporting data
  Primary data
  1/ Legal reserve and balances with the Central Bank.
  2/ Includes deposits of banks, public institutions, and state governments.

77

Figure (3-4)

Components of Monetary Base for the Years 2024 and 2025

1.4.4 Assets:

The assets corresponding to the monetary base rose from SDG 11,020,057.10 million in 2024 to SDG 20,237,547.60 million in 2025, a change of 83.6%, due to the rise in net domestic assets from SDG 11,021,621.10 million to SDG 21,757,735.2 million, a change of 97.4%, contributing to the monetary base expansion by 116.5%. This is mainly attributed to the rise in claims on the central government by 102.7%, contributing to the monetary base expansion by 89.9%. The revaluation item also rose from SDG 18,659,912.7 million to SDG 24,624,909.4 million, a change of 32.0%, contributing to the monetary base expansion by 64.7%, due to the change in the exchange rate against the dollar. In contrast, net foreign assets rose from SDG 18,661,476.7 million to SDG 26,145,097.0 million, a change of 40.1%, which had a contractionary effect on the monetary base by 81.2%.

2.4.4 Components:

Currency in circulation (which includes currency with the public and banks) rose from SDG 1,733,244.09 million in 2024 to SDG 3,307,152.6 million in 2025, a change of 90.8%, contributing to the monetary base expansion by 17.1%. The total reserves of banks with the Central Bank of Sudan (legal reserve and balances) also rose from SDG 7,954,809.8 million in 2024 to SDG 14,847,575.3 million in 2025, a change of 86.6%, due to the rise in banks' balances with the Central Bank of Sudan by 131.8%.

15.7
72.2
13.2
17.1
74.8
7.8
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Currency in Circulation Banks' Reserves with Central Bank of Sudan Deposits Included in Money Supply with Central Bank of Sudan % 2024 2025

78

5.4 Monetary Multiplier, Velocity of Money Circulation, and Monetary Deepening

The monetary multiplier is an indicator that expresses the ability of banks to create money supply, measured by the ratio of money supply to the monetary base. The velocity of money circulation is defined as the number of times a unit of money is exchanged for economic transactions and exchanges during a specific period. It is measured by dividing nominal GDP by money supply in its broad sense.

Monetary deepening expresses the degree of financial institutions and the public's holding of money; therefore, this indicator is related to the ability of financial institutions to attract the public to deal with them. It is affected by several factors, the most important of which are the individual's income level, the tendency to save, the return on deposits, the degree of public confidence in banks, the extent of the use of modern payment methods, and the extent of the spread of banking services. The methods used to measure monetary deepening are:

i. The ratio of total nominal GDP to money supply in its broad sense: This indicator reflects the extent of the monetary capacity of the economic sector covered by banking. It is a positive indicator, as it indicates that the existing economic activity or the new one can be financed, and that the monetary sector is large.

ii. The ratio of total nominal GDP to demand deposits: This indicator reflects the extent of the public's confidence in the banking sector and its ability to attract deposits. The rise in this ratio is a positive indicator, as it indicates that nominal GDP is growing faster than the growth of banking deposits, which reflects the increase in public confidence in banks and the rise in banking services.

Table (4-4) and Figures (4-4), (5-4), and (6-4) show the monetary multiplier, velocity of money circulation, and monetary deepening during the period (2021-2025).

79

Table (4-4)

Monetary Multiplier, Velocity of Money Circulation, and Monetary Deepening During the Period (2021-2025)

Items	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025*
Money Supply	3,296,958.8	4,927,294.0	7,596,379.1	14,480,589.5	25,303,078.5
Monetary Base	2,697,792.3	3,635,497.7	5,817,684.7	11,020,057.1	20,237,547.6
Nominal GDP 1	18,703,277.0	30,768,013.0	26,316,114.0	40,257,517.0	70,615,767.0
Currency with the Public	905,705.6	1,245,561.9	1,729,492.3	1,614,730.3	3,220,492.1
Bank Deposits 2	2,156,570.0	3,358,379.5	5,275,328.0	11,653,302.9	20,494,142.2
Monetary Multiplier 3	1.2221	1.3553	1.3057	1.3140	1.2503
Velocity of Money Circulation (number of times) 4	5.6729	6.2444	3.4643	2.7801	2.7908
Monetary Deepening Indicators 5:
(a) Nominal GDP / Money Supply (%)	17.6	16.0	28.9	36.0	35.8
(b) Nominal GDP / Deposits (%)	11.5	10.9	20.0	28.9	29.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - Statistics Department, and Central Bureau of Statistics.

• Primary data

1. Supporting data.
2. Deposits include local and foreign currencies.
3. Monetary multiplier = money supply in its broad sense / monetary base.
4. Velocity of money circulation = nominal GDP / money supply in its broad sense.
5. Calculated by formulas (a) and (b).

Figure (4-4)

Monetary Multiplier During the Period (2021-2025)

Figure (4-4) shows the monetary multiplier for the years 2021-2025, as it declined in 2021 due to the rise in the monetary base, and the unification of the exchange rate policy in 2021 led to an increase in money supply. The exchange rate rose from 55.1 to 437.9 Sudanese pounds per dollar, which led to an increase in the balance of other deposits and central bank deposits in foreign currencies. Then the monetary multiplier rose in 2022 due to the stability of the exchange rate, which led to a decline in the monetary base. Then it declined in 2023 due to the war since mid-April 2023, which led to a significant decline in the activity of the banking sector. The monetary multiplier rose in 2024 due to the rise in the monetary base more than the rise in money supply, which in turn enhanced the ability of banks to create money within the banking system, due to the increase in funds held and the increase in lending in local currency. Then the decline continued in 2025 due to the rise in money supply more than the rise in the monetary base, due to the large monetary expansion through the central bank's window and the increase in banks' reserves with the central bank, the increase in banks' balances with the Central Bank of Sudan, and the continued decline in revaluation due to the decline in the exchange rate.

1.2221
1.3553
1.3057
1.3140
1.2503
1.1500
1.2000
1.2500
1.3000
1.3500
1.4000
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Million Sudanese pounds

80

Figure (5-4)

Velocity of Money Circulation During the Period (2021-2025)

Figure (5-4) shows the velocity of money circulation during the period (2021-2025), as it rose during 2021 and 2022, then declined in 2023 due to the rise in money supply more than the rise in nominal GDP, and the decline continued in 2024 due to the negative growth rate of nominal GDP due to the war that broke out in mid-April, and the slowdown in economic activity and transactions within the economy. In 2023, the decline continued in 2024, then rose slightly in 2025 due to the relative improvement in the level of economic activity compared to 2024.

81

Figure (6-4)

Monetary Deepening During the Period (2021-2025)

It is noted from Table (4-4) and Figure (6-4) that the ratio of nominal GDP / money supply and nominal GDP / deposits during the period (2021-2025) reflects the close correlation between monetary developments and the rise and fall of nominal GDP, which reflects the large monetary expansion in 2021 due to the high level of inflation. It declined in 2022 due to the improvement in economic activity and the stability of the exchange rate and the reforms. Then it rose again in 2023 and 2024 due to the repercussions of the war, and the expansion was affected compared to the previous year. As for 2025, the two indicators rose, reflecting a state of relative stability compared to previous years, as fluctuations decreased, reflecting the balance between money supply growth, monetary base developments, and the level of economic activity.

6.4 Inflation

Inflation is defined as the continuous rise in the general level of prices. There is a direct relationship between money supply and inflation, as the increase in money supply leads to an increase in prices and a decrease in the level of economic activity and a decrease in the purchasing power of money.

17.6 16.0
28.9
36.0 35.8
11.5 10.9
20.0
28.9 29.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Nominal GDP / Money Supply % Nominal GDP / Deposits %

82

Table (5-4)

Inflation Rates and Money Supply Growth Rate During the Period (2021-2025)

Items	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Money Supply Growth Rate %	153.2	49.4	54.1	90.6	76.4
Annual Inflation Rate %	318.2	87.4	92.7	187.8	68.2

Source: Central Bank of Sudan and Central Bureau of Statistics Primary data

Figure (7-4)

Inflation Rates and Money Supply Growth Rate During the Period (2021-2025)

The growth rate of money supply and inflation rose significantly in 2021 due to the adoption of the Central Bank of Sudan's policy of unifying the exchange rate, as the exchange rate rose from 55.1 to 437.9 Sudanese pounds per dollar. Then the rates declined in 2022 due to the success of the monetary policy in achieving monetary expansion and the Central Bank's success in stabilizing the exchange rate market, which curbed inflationary pressures. The rates rose slightly in 2023, and the war since mid-April 2023 had a negative impact on the private sector and various economic sectors, which led to the continuation of the war and the continuation of monetary expansion in 2024. The rates rose again, and the continuation of the war led to the continuation of inflationary pressures, in addition to the continued rise in the exchange rate, which led to a rise in the inflation rate to high levels in 2025. Despite the continued growth of money supply, inflation witnessed a decline in 2025.

153.2
49.4 54.2
90.6
76.4
318.2
87.4
92.7
187.8
68.2
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Money Supply Growth Rate % Inflation Rate %

83

84

Central Bank of Sudan

85

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86

Banks and Non-Banking Financial Institutions for the Year 2025

1.5 Introduction:

This chapter deals with the most important developments related to the performance of the banking sector during the year 2025. The data available for banks and non-banking financial institutions is limited to the main activity, which is providing financial intermediation services, assistance, and various payment methods, mobilizing national savings and employing them in various economic activities.

The activity of banks was limited to their branches in the safe states during 2023 due to the repercussions of the war since mid-April, in addition to the temporary suspension of the activity of some banks to practice liquidity management for various reasons, including the lack of availability. For example, the banks of the authority, and the transfer of some branches to other states, which made it difficult to move activity.

2.5 Banking Sector:

1.2.5 Central Bank of Sudan:

The Central Bank of Sudan was established under the Central Bank of Sudan Act 2002 (amended 2012), which stipulates the stability of the exchange rate, the conduct of monetary policy, and its role as a bank for the government, and the safety and efficiency of the banking system, the issuance of various types of currency, and the Central Bank of Sudan has a governor and a deputy governor for monetary and financial affairs. Its 16 branches ceased operations in April 2023 due to the war. The bank continued to practice its work through 20 branches in the states of Sudan during the fiscal year 2025, and the cities are safe.

1 Includes banks, non-banking financial institutions, financial companies, and exchange companies.
2 It is worth noting that the values in the tables of this chapter are nominal values taking into account the inflation rate. 3 The branches are: Atbara branch, Port Sudan branch, Kassala branch, Gedaref branch, Dongola branch, El Obeid branch, Sennar branch, Damazin branch, Kadugli branch, Nyala branch, El Fasher branch, and the branch of the National Fund for Housing and Development, in addition to the branch of the National Fund for Housing and Development. 4 The branch is: Wad Madani branch, El Geneina branch, and Zalingei branch.

Central Bank of Sudan

2.5 Banking Sector

1.2.5 Central Bank of Sudan

The Central Bank of Sudan is entrusted, in accordance with its Law for the year 2002 and the Foreign Exchange Dealing Regulation Law for the year 2012, with achieving monetary stability, the safety and efficiency of the banking system, and regulating the types of currency issuance, in addition to its other functions such as implementing monetary policy, monitoring and supervising the banking system, and managing reserves.

Due to the war that broke out on the fifteenth of April 2023, six branches of the Central Bank of Sudan were damaged and activity stopped in them. The Central Bank of Sudan continued to implement its policies from the headquarters, where it began in 2025 to gradually reopen some branches in the states and cities of Sudan. The number of branches reached 7 compared to ten branches in the year 2024.

1.1.2.4 Central Bank of Sudan Accounts

The Central Bank of Sudan accounts as of 31/12/2025 and 31/12/2024 are shown in Table (5-1) according to the standard presentation in the monetary and financial statistics manual issued by the International Monetary Fund for monetary statistics purposes.

Table (5-1)

Central Bank of Sudan Accounts as of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Amounts in millions of Sudanese pounds)

Statement	31/12/2024	31/12/2025*	Change %	Change %	Percentage of total
Total assets	33,129,424.3	52,277,089.7	57.8	100.0	19,147,665.4
Currency and balances with correspondent banks	3,156,935.1	4,850,079.3	53.6	9.3	1,693,144.1
Foreign securities	333,577.9	456,505.7	36.9	0.9	122,927.8
Loans and advances to banks	310,811.9	261,231.6	-16.0	0.5	-49,580.3
Temporary loans and advances (direct purchase)	4,414,238.5	10,691,274.3	142.2	20.5	6,277,035.8
Loans and advances for long and medium term	192,645.8	192,645.8	0.0	0.4	0.0
Central bank purchases and allocation of proceeds of exchange rate differences	36,092.6	36,092.6	0.0	0.1	0.0
Loans and advances to public institutions	435,610.8	695,286.9	59.6	1.3	259,676.1
Capital of banks and share of public banks	6,641.0	72,142.4	986.3	0.1	65,501.4
Other assets	127,654.8	168,374.9	31.9	0.3	40,720.1

• Includes the branch of Al-Fasher, Nyala, Al-Nahud, Al-Zarqa, Al-Da'ein, Al-Obeid, Al-Damazin, Al-Abyad, Wad Madani, Sennar, Al-Tahadi, Dongola, Al-Qadarif, Kassala, Port Sudan, and the branch of Al-Jazira, in addition to the branch of Al-Jazira.

Statement	31/12/2024	31/12/2025*	Change %	Change %	Percentage of total
Fixed assets	14,774.0	25,701.0	74.0	0.0	10,927.0
Revaluation account	18,657,135.6	24,620,435.3	32.0	47.1	5,963,299.7
Other accounts	5,443,306.3	10,207,319.9	87.5	19.5	4,764,013.6
Total assets	33,129,424.3	52,277,089.7	57.8	100.0	19,147,665.4
Currency in circulation and coins	1,733,244.1	3,307,152.6	90.8	6.3	1,573,908.5
Sight liabilities:	10,569,002.9	18,786,886.9	77.8	35.9	8,217,884.0
Central bank deposits	1,282,189.9	1,856,491.9	44.8	3.6	574,302.0
Government deposits	468,459.3	832,511.2	77.7	1.6	364,051.9
Public institutions	982,057.7	1,336,969.0	36.1	2.6	354,911.3
Banks	7,836,296.0	14,760,914.7	88.4	28.2	6,924,618.7
Correspondent banks	764,493.9	1,080,913.7	41.4	2.1	316,419.8
Term liabilities	4,683,102.6	6,600,409.1	40.9	12.6	1,917,306.5
Payment agreements	50,184.6	67,393.2	34.3	0.1	17,208.6
Capital and reserves	2,603.0	2,603.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other accounts	15,326,793.2	22,431,731.2	46.4	42.9	7,104,938.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

• Preliminary data.

1. Includes foreign banks.
2. Includes balances of foreign currency deposits and the value of allocations of proceeds of exchange rate differences, and the Central Bank of Sudan stopped.
3. Includes public local institutions.
4. Sight liabilities are an expression of banks and public institutions accounts in addition to.

Total assets and liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan increased from SDG 33,129,424.3 million in 2024 to SDG 52,277,089.7 million in 2025, with a support of 57.8%.

The increase in assets was attributed to the rise in the item of capital of banks and share of public banks by 986.3%, in addition to the item of temporary loans and advances by 142.2%, and the item of fixed assets increased by 74.0% due to the purchase of new assets and technical projects, and the item of other accounts increased by 87.5%, and the item of currency and balances with correspondent banks increased by 53.6%.

The increase in liabilities was mainly due to the rise in the item of currency in circulation and coins by 90.8% due to the replacement of the currency and the withdrawal of some categories of paper currency from circulation in 2024 and the withdrawal of cash from bank vaults during the year, and the rise in the item of sight liabilities (accounts of public institutions and banks and financial institutions) by 77.8% and the rise in banks' sight liabilities by 88.4% and government deposits and term liabilities by 77.7%.

2.2.5 Operating Banks

The banks are classified in terms of functions into commercial banks and specialized banks. As for the classification in terms of capital, they are classified into public banks, private banks, foreign banks, and joint venture banks.

Table (5-2) shows the operating banks in Sudan as of the end of 2024 and 2025.

Table (5-2)

Operating Banks in Sudan as of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Number of banks)

Statement	2024	2025
1. Specialized banks	5	5
Joint venture	2	2
Government	3	3
2. Commercial banks	29	30
Joint venture	24	24
Government	1	1
Foreign	4	5
Total (1 + 2)	34	35

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Regulation and Development of Banking System - Banking Affairs Department.

The number of operating banks increased from 34 banks at the end of 2024 to 35 banks at the end of 2025, as one bank resumed its activity after the war that broke out on the fifteenth of April 2023.

Table (5-3) shows the branches of operating banks by states as of the end of 2024 and 2025, including branches, agencies, windows and representation.

Table (5-3)

Branches of Operating Banks by States as of the end of 2024 and 2025

Statement	2024	2025	Change %	Change %	Percentage of total
	Number of branches	Percentage of total	Number of branches	Percentage of total
Khartoum State	61	15.4	61	15.4	0.0
Central States:	113	28.5	113	28.5	0.0
Sennar	26	6.5	26	6.5	0.0
Al-Jazira	42	10.6	42	10.6	0.0
Blue Nile	10	2.5	10	2.5	0.0
White Nile	35	8.8	35	8.8	0.0
Eastern States:	95	23.9	95	23.9	0.0
Al-Qadarif	35	8.8	35	8.8	0.0
Kassala	23	5.8	23	5.8	0.0
Red Sea	37	9.3	37	9.3	0.0
Northern States:	97	24.4	97	24.4	0.0
Northern	48	12.1	48	12.1	0.0
River Nile	49	12.3	49	12.3	0.0
Kordofan States:	31	7.8	31	7.8	0.0
North Kordofan	21	5.3	21	5.3	0.0
South Kordofan	10	2.5	10	2.5	0.0
West Kordofan	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Darfur States:	1	0.3	1	0.3	0.0
North Darfur	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
South Darfur	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
West Darfur	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Central Darfur	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
East Darfur	1	0.3	1	0.3	0.0
Total	397	100.0	397	100.0	0.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Regulation and Development of Banking System - Institutions Department.

Number of agencies and representation offices: 15 at the end of 2024, and 24 at the end of 2025.

Sudanese banks concentrated at the end of 2025 by percentage in Central States 28.5%, Northern States 24.4%, Khartoum State 15.4%, Eastern States 23.9%, then Kordofan States 7.8%.

The number of branches of operating banks in Sudan increased from 309 branches at the end of 2024 to 397 branches at the end of 2025; this is mainly attributed to the return of some bank branches to work in the states of Khartoum, Sennar and Al-Jazira; and the number of branches that stopped.

1.2.2.5 Consolidated Accounts of Operating Banks

Table (5-4) shows the consolidated accounts of operating banks as of the end of 2024 and 2025 according to the standard presentation in the monetary and financial statistics manual issued by the International Monetary Fund.

Table (5-4)

Consolidated Accounts of Operating Banks as of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Amounts in millions of Sudanese pounds)

Statement	31/12/2024*	31/12/2025	Change %	Change %	Percentage of total
Total assets	18,359,668.6	34,838,131.2	89.8	100.0	16,478,462.6
Cash	118,513.8	86,660.6	-26.9	0.2	-31,853.2
Balances with Central Bank of Sudan	8,771,369.3	19,035,481.8	117.0	54.6	10,264,112.5
Balances with other banks	1,157,487.3	2,503,320.2	116.3	7.2	1,345,832.9
Correspondent banks	3,383,452.2	5,439,813.7	60.8	15.6	2,056,361.5
Total loans	3,683,576.5	5,606,392.1	52.2	16.1	1,922,815.6
Other accounts	1,245,269.5	2,166,462.8	74.0	6.2	921,193.3
Total assets	18,359,668.6	34,838,131.2	89.8	100.0	16,478,462.6
Liabilities:
Deposits	7,827,122.0	14,629,428.9	86.9	42.0	6,802,306.8
Banks	7,636,488.5	14,271,812.3	86.9	41.0	6,635,323.9
Government	100,502.6	192,135.2	91.2	0.6	91,632.6
Public institutions	90,130.9	165,481.4	83.6	0.5	75,350.5
Due to banks:	2,245,356.4	6,916,360.5	208.0	19.9	4,671,004.1
Central Bank of Sudan	685,490.7	1,408,526.5	105.5	4.0	723,035.8
Other banks	584,423.8	858,930.3	47.0	2.5	274,506.5
Correspondent banks	975,441.8	4,648,903.7	376.6	13.3	3,673,461.9
Capital and reserves	1,507,259.5	2,598,112.9	72.4	7.5	1,090,853.4
Other accounts	6,779,930.7	10,694,229.0	57.7	30.7	3,914,298.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

• Preliminary data.

1. Cash includes foreign currency and balances with correspondent banks.
2. Total loans do not include Central Bank deposits.
3. Total loans do not include direct Central Bank deposits.
4. Government deposits and liabilities do not include Central Bank deposits.
5. Accounts between banks.

Total assets/liabilities of operating banks increased from SDG 18,359,668.6 million in 2024 to SDG 34,838,131.2 million in 2025, with a support of 89.8%; this is due to the rise in the item of balances with the Central Bank of Sudan by 117.0% compared to 163.6% in 2024, and the rise in balances with correspondent banks by 60.8%, and the decrease in the value of the Sudanese pound against other currencies by 116.3% in balances with other banks.

On the liabilities side, deposits increased by 91.2% for government, 86.9% for banks, and 83.6% for public institutions, due to the increase in demand for banking services in light of the increase in transactions in local and foreign currencies, in addition to the increase in the item of correspondent banks by 376.6% due to the decline of the dollar against the national currency, and the increase in the item of due to the Central Bank of Sudan by 105.5% and the item of due to banks.

Table (5-5) shows the total deposits of the banking system for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5-5)

Total Deposits of the Banking System as of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Amounts in millions of Sudanese pounds)

Statement	Central Bank	Government and semi-government institutions	Public institutions	Total
Demand deposits:
2024	99,704.1	59,154.6	2,518,911.6	2,677,770.3
2025	184,155.4	142,059.6	4,418,460.2	4,744,675.2
Change %	84.7	140.1	75.4	77.2
Savings deposits:
2024	30.2	284.6	4,803,585.3	4,803,900.1
2025	316.1	272.5	9,228,248.3	9,228,836.9
Change %	946.7	-4.3	92.1	92.1
Investment deposits:
2024	768.3	30,691.7	312,518.3	343,978.3
2025	7,663.6	23,148.7	630,958.6	661,770.9
Change %	897.5	-24.6	101.9	92.4
Other deposits:
2024	0.0	0.0	17,145.2	17,145.2
2025	0.0	0.6	22,558.7	22,559.3
Change %	Not available	Not available	31.6	31.6
Total deposits 2024	100,502.6	90,130.9	7,652,160.4	7,842,793.9
Total deposits 2025	192,135.1	165,481.4	14,300,225.8	14,657,842.3
Change %	91.2	83.6	86.9	86.9

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

1. Deposits are only in local and foreign currency.
2. Deposits include financial institutions and non-banking institutions.

Total deposits of operating banks increased from SDG 7,842,793.9 million in 2024 to SDG 14,657,842.3 million in 2025, with a support of 86.9%; this is due to the rise in the item of investment deposits by 92.4% with a relative importance of 4.5%, savings deposits by 92.1% with a relative importance of 63.0%, demand deposits by 77.2% with a relative importance of 32.4%, and other deposits (margins, letters of guarantee, credits and other) by 31.6% with a relative importance of 0.2% of total deposits.

2.2.2.5 Bank Credit

The total bank credit granted by operating banks in Sudan to the public and private sectors, government, and public institutions in local and foreign currency, the outstanding balance of bank credit, and the existing bank credit, as the credit granted is either repaid or not repaid and its repayment is not required because it is.

Table (5-6) shows the total bank credit granted by operating banks by economic activity as of the end of 2024 and 2025.

Table (5-6)

Balance of Bank Credit Granted in Local and Foreign Currency by Economic Activity

As of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Amounts in millions of Sudanese pounds)

Economic Activity	2024	Percentage of total	2025*	Percentage of total	Change %
Agriculture	819,509.3	22.2	1,499,637.2	26.6	83.0
Industry	689,175.9	18.6	1,105,507.8	19.6	60.4
Local trade	675,189.9	18.3	910,895.5	16.2	34.9
Exports	333,717.2	9.0	458,209.5	8.1	37.3
Imports	279,433.4	7.6	281,743.5	5.0	0.8
Transport and storage	150,456.5	4.1	215,836.6	3.8	43.5
Mining	50,117.8	1.4	210,236.9	3.7	319.5
Other services	82,915.5	2.2	85,819.2	1.5	3.5
Non-banking financial institutions	31,704.9	0.9	29,602.7	0.5	-6.6
Government and semi-government	8,856.4	0.2	8,584.3	0.2	-3.1
Others	577,788.4	15.6	828,278.0	14.7	43.4
Total credit	3,698,865.2	100.0	5,634,351.2	100.0	52.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

• Preliminary data.

1. Includes credit granted to the infrastructure and development sector.
2. Includes credit granted to the sector of banks and other non-mentioned sectors.

Total bank credit granted by operating banks increased from SDG 3,698,865.2 million in 2024 to SDG 5,634,351.2 million in 2025, with a support of 52.3%; this is due to the rise in credit granted to the mining sector by 319.5%, agriculture by 83.0%, industry by 60.4%, transport and storage by 43.5%, exports by 37.3%, local trade by 34.9%, other services by 3.5%, and imports by 0.8%. While credit to non-banking financial institutions and government and semi-government decreased by 6.6% and 3.1%, respectively.

The sectors of agriculture, industry, exports, mining and trade represent 58.0% of total credit granted, and other sectors 15.4%, imports 5.0%, transport and storage 3.8%, other services 1.5% of total bank credit outstanding at the end of 2025.

3.2.5 Financial Safety and Consolidated Banks Indicators

The Central Bank of Sudan seeks to maintain banking safety and achieve financial stability and ensure the efficiency of the banking system and its compliance with international standards and banking supervision. The supervisory and regulatory procedures are activated through the implementation of credit policies in line with international standards.

1.3.2.5 Financial Safety Indicators of Operating Banks

Financial safety indicators include the adequacy of capital, the quality and efficiency of banks' assets, and the extent of compliance with the requirements of Basel Committee, financial solvency and liquidity indicators, and profitability indicators, which are used to protect the stability and efficiency of the banking system, and these indicators take into account risks such as financial risks, exchange rate risks and credit risks, and can be.

1. Sudan applies Basel I, II and III. With regard to Basel II and III, the principles applied in Sudan are limited to only the first pillar, which includes capital adequacy, and there is no difference between the numerator and denominator of capital adequacy. The difference lies only in the denominator (risks), as risk weights became more realistic. Basel II included operational, market and credit risks. Basel III indicated that the minimum allowed capital adequacy ratio should not be less than 8%, while the regulatory authorities in Sudan took more stringent measures, as the minimum allowed capital adequacy ratio reached 12%. Basel III addressed liquidity risks and net stable funding, but Sudan does not apply these standards.

Capital adequacy indicators measure the degree of credit, market and operational risks of banks. Capital adequacy indicators include the ratio of capital adequacy, the ratio of total loans to total deposits, and the ratio of provisions for non-performing loans to non-performing loans.

Capital adequacy indicators reflect the extent of asset quality; as the exposure of financial institutions to financial risks, in addition to the extent of the financial institution's ability to repay, and the lower the result of the quality of assets, the lower the ability of the institution to repay. Credit risks are also taken into account when assessing asset quality. Liquidity indicators measure the extent of the bank's ability to meet its obligations on time, and include the ratio of liquid assets to total assets, and the decline in the ratio indicates the existence of restrictions on the bank's ability to meet its obligations. The profitability indicators measure the efficiency of banks in investing their financial resources and the extent of their ability to face risks, as the rise in the ratio indicates the success of the policies followed by the bank. Profitability indicators include the ratio of return on assets and the ratio of return on equity.

Among the most important indicators for measuring the degree of financial safety are:

1.1.3.2.5 Capital Adequacy Indicators

A/ Capital Adequacy: It expresses the extent of the bank's ability to maintain a capital base (Tier 1) capable of facing banking risks resulting from its assets (credit, market and operational risks).

The capital adequacy indicator is measured by dividing the numerator of capital by the denominator of risk-weighted assets, where the numerator of capital includes basic capital and supplementary capital. The basic capital consists of paid-up capital, legal reserve, general reserve or other reserves, retained earnings, issuance premium, and added to it. The supplementary capital consists of 45% of the revaluation reserve (fixed assets reserve) or from the income statement. The numerator of supplementary capital includes foreign currency deposits and loans received in foreign currency, with a weight of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets or general provisions for loans. The denominator is the ratio of risk-weighted assets with credit, market and operational risks.

B/ Total loans to total deposits: It measures the existing loans to total loans (direct loans, excluding non-performing loans, in various forms of loans (Murabaha, participation, etc.) that are not classified as non-performing loans, in addition to other forms of loans, including direct loans to the bank, and the denominator is the ratio of total deposits (savings, investment, demand, and other deposits) in addition to financial securities (such as sukuk). This indicator explains the extent of asset quality.

C/ Provisions for loans to non-performing loans: It is calculated: the amounts deducted from retained earnings are used to cover the risks of non-performing loans, as these provisions reflect the bank's estimated ability to face the risks of non-performing loans. The indicator is measured by dividing the provisions for non-performing loans by total loans, where the numerator is the ratio of actual provisions for classified loans to the total loans that are not classified as non-performing loans, and the denominator is the ratio of total loans in various forms of loans (Murabaha, participation, etc.) that are not classified as non-performing loans, in addition to financial securities (such as sukuk).

2.1.3.2.5 Liquidity Indicators:

Liquidity indicators measure the extent to which the bank retains liquid and semi-liquid assets that can be easily converted into cash when needed; which enables the bank to face emergency situations, especially liquidity. The ratio of liquid assets to total assets is measured by dividing the total liquid assets by the total assets of the bank, where the numerator is the ratio of total liquid assets, which include cash and what is in the custody of the Central Bank, balances with the Central Bank, due from banks, investments in financial securities issued by the bank or the Central Bank, and the denominator is the ratio of total assets of the bank.

3.1.3.2.5 Profitability Indicators:

A/ Return on Assets: This indicator is calculated by dividing the net profit before tax deduction by total assets of the bank; it reflects the bank's ability to achieve profits through the employment of its assets.

B/ Return on Equity: It expresses the bank's ability to generate profits from each unit of equity units (capital adequacy), as the rise in the ratio indicates an increase in pre-tax return, while the decrease in capital or the purchase of new assets led to a decrease in the ratio, which leads to a decrease in profitability. The decrease in capital led to an increase in the ratio due to the sale of some assets or the revaluation of capital. This ratio is calculated by dividing the pre-tax profit by total equity.

Table (5-7) shows the financial safety indicators of operating banks as of the end of 2024 and 2025.

Table (5-7)

Financial Safety Indicators of Operating Banks as of the end of 2024 and 2025

(Amounts in millions of Sudanese pounds)

Statement	2024*	2025*	Global Standard (%)
Capital adequacy (%):	1.5	6.5
Tier 1 capital	75,478	546,806	12
Risk-weighted assets	5,127,855	8,369,899
Non-performing loans to total loans (%):	20.4	16.0
Total non-performing loans	836,375	948,825	6
Total loan portfolio	4,093,343	5,940,418
Provisions for non-performing loans (%):	38.0	46.1
Provisions for loans	317,834	437,529	60-70
Total non-performing loans	836,375	948,825
Return on assets (%):	4.1	3.0
Profit before tax	660,196	844,590	1.25
Total assets	16,148,981	28,247,142
Return on equity (%):	49.3	37.9
Profit before tax	660,196	844,590
Equity (capital and reserves)	1,339,139	2,230,949
Liquid assets to total assets (%):	67.7	71.9
Liquid assets	10,926,357	20,306,871	30-40
Total assets	16,148,981	28,247,142

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Banking Supervision - Banking Supervision Department.

• Preliminary data.

Financial safety indicators of operating banks as of the end of 2024 and 2025 (Table 5-7) (Table 5-1)

1. The standard is taken into account by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB).
2. Includes data of branches of Sudanese banks inside and outside Sudan.

The capital adequacy ratio increased from 1.5% in 2024 to 6.5% in 2025 due to the increase in Tier 1 capital by 624.5%, while risk-weighted assets increased by 63.2%, which led to a deviation in this ratio from the standard ratio of 12%, despite the improvement achieved.

The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans decreased from 20.4% in 2024 to 16.0% in 2025 due to the increase in total loans by 13.4% compared to the increase in the loan portfolio by 45.1%, with a deviation from the standard of 10%.

The ratio of provisions for non-performing loans increased from 38.0% in 2024 to 46.1% in 2025 due to the increase in provisions for loans by 37.7% compared to the increase in total non-performing loans by 13.4%, thus the ratio is lower than the global standard (60-70%).

The return on assets decreased from 4.1% in 2024 to 3.0% in 2025 due to the increase in pre-tax profit by 27.9% compared to the increase in total assets by 74.9%; thus exceeding the standard ratio of 1.25%.

The return on equity also decreased from 49.3% in 2024 to 37.9% in 2025 due to the increase in pre-tax profit by 27.9% compared to the increase in total capital and reserves (equity) by 66.6%.

The ratio of liquid assets to total assets increased from 67.7% in 2024 to 71.9% in 2025, exceeding the global standard (30-40%); due to the increase in liquid assets by 85.9% compared to the increase in total assets by 74.9%.

2.3.2.5 Consolidated Banks Indicators

These indicators include some ratios related to the bank's capital, equity, deposits, and loans:

A/ Total deposits to total assets: This indicator reflects the extent of the bank's reliance on deposits. It is measured by dividing total deposits by total assets. Total deposits include demand, savings, investment, and other deposits, in addition to margins on letters of guarantee and credits. The denominator is the ratio of total sight liabilities, which include all types of deposits, loans, and other liabilities.

B/ Equity (capital and reserves) to total liabilities: This indicator reflects the extent of the bank's reliance on deposits. The ratio is measured by dividing total equity by total liabilities. The decrease in this ratio indicates an increase in risks. Equity includes paid-up capital, issuance premium, retained earnings, reserves, and other liabilities. The denominator is the ratio of total liabilities, which include all types of deposits, loans, and other liabilities.

C/ Total loans to total assets: This indicator reflects the extent of utilization (use) of assets in granting loans and generating profits. It is measured by dividing the total loan portfolio by total assets. Total loans include all forms of loans in addition to financial securities (such as sukuk). The denominator is the ratio of total assets of the bank.

D/ Total loans to total deposits: This indicator reflects the extent to which deposits are used in granting loans. It is measured by dividing the total loan portfolio by total deposits. Total loans include all forms of loans in addition to financial securities (such as sukuk). The denominator is the ratio of total bank deposits, which include demand, savings, investment, and margins on letters of guarantee and credits.

Table (5-8) shows the consolidated banks indicators as of the end of 2024 and 2025.

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(Table 8 – 5)
Key indicators of the unified banking sector for the years 2024 and 2025... (million pounds)

Statement	2024*	2025	Change %	Change %
1. Total deposits / Total loans (%)	42.7	42.1	-0.6
Total deposits	7,842,793.9	14,657,842.3	86.9
Total loans	18,359,668.6	34,838,131.2	89.8
2. Capital and reserves / Total loans (%)	8.2	7.5	-0.7
Capital and reserves	1,507,259.5	2,598,112.9	72.4
Total loans	18,359,668.6	34,838,131.2	89.8
3. Total investment / Total assets (%)	20.1	16.2	-3.9
Total investment	3,698,865.2	5,634,351.2	52.3
Total assets	18,359,668.6	34,838,131.2	89.8
4. Total deposits / Total loans (%)	47.2	38.4	-8.8
Total deposits	7,842,793.9	14,657,842.3	86.9
Total loans	3,698,865.2	5,634,351.2	52.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

• Supporting data.
  Preliminary data.

The ratio of total deposits to total loans decreased from 42.7% in 2024 to 42.1% in 2025, as a result of the increase in total deposits by 86.9% against the increase in total loans by 89.8%. The ratio of capital and reserves to total loans decreased from 8.2% in 2024 to 7.5% in 2025, as a result of the increase in capital and reserves by 72.4% against the increase in total loans by 89.8%. The ratio of total investment to total assets decreased from 20.1% in 2024 to 16.2% in 2025, as a result of the increase in total investment by 52.3% against the increase in total assets by 89.8%. The ratio of total deposits to total loans decreased from 47.2% in 2024 to 38.4% in 2025, as a result of the increase in total deposits by 86.9% against the increase in total loans by 52.3%.

5.2.4 Microfinance
5.2.4.1 Microfinance clients
The number of active microfinance clients increased from 285.7 thousand clients in 2024 to 332.8 thousand clients in 2025, an increase of 16.5%.
5.2.4.2 Microfinance provided by banks

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The Central Bank of Sudan continued to implement its policies aimed at employing no less than 12% of the total finance portfolio of banks, whether directly to microfinance clients, or to microfinance institutions and microfinance companies, during the year 2025, whether for banks, microfinance companies, microfinance institutions, or cooperative and agricultural banks. The following (Table 9 – 5) shows the microfinance provided by banks at the end of the years 2024 and 2025. (Table 9 – 5) Microfinance provided by banks at the end of the years 2024 and 2025 (million pounds)

Statement	2024	2025*	Change %
Total loans of the bank	3,698,865.2	5,634,351.2	52.3
1. Microfinance according to the policy of the Central Bank	443,863.8	676,122.1	52.3
Microfinance through microfinance institutions	31,119.7	35,311.4	13.5
Direct microfinance for clients and small enterprises by banks	72,186.4	168,715.8	133.7
Microfinance ratio to total microfinance (%)	23.3	30.2	30.2
Microfinance ratio to total bank loans (%)	2.8	3.6	3.6

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Microfinance Unit - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Statistics Department.

• Preliminary data

1. The Central Bank of Sudan's policies require the employment of a minimum of 12% of the total finance portfolio at the end of the years 2024 and 2025 for microfinance.
   Microfinance through microfinance institutions increased from 31,119.7 million pounds in 2024 to 35,311.4 million pounds in 2025, an increase of 13.5%; direct microfinance for clients and small enterprises by banks also increased from 72,186.4 million pounds in 2024 to 168,715.8 million pounds in 2025, an increase of 133.7%. It is noted that the ratio of microfinance to total microfinance decreased from 45.4% in 2024 to 23.3% in 2025. The ratio of microfinance to total bank loans also increased from 2.8% in 2024 to 3.6% in 2025. The following (Table 5 – 2) shows the microfinance provided by banks to total microfinance during the years 2024 and 2025.

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(Table 5 – 2)
Microfinance loans and total microfinance during the years 2024 and 2025
5.2.4.2.1 Microfinance institutions
Microfinance institutions continued to grow, as the number of microfinance institutions reached 51 institutions in 2025 compared to 2024. The following (Table 5 – 10) shows the microfinance institutions' sources during the years 2024 and 2025. (Table 5 – 10) Microfinance institutions' sources during the years 2024 and 2025 (million pounds)

Source	2024	Ratio %	2025*	Ratio %	Change %
Central Bank of Sudan	228.3	0.6	0.0	0.0	(100.0)
El Nilein Industrial Development Bank	664.4	1.6	664.4	1.4	0.0
Banks	37,390.1	93.1	45,512.7	94.9	21.7
Bank of Khartoum - Islamic Development Bank	350.7	0.9	350.7	0.7	0.0
Savings and Social Bank - Sawa	1,520.0	3.8	1,420.0	3.0	(6.6)
Total	40,153.5	100.0	47,947.8	100.0	19.4

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Microfinance Unit.

• Preliminary data
  The total microfinance balance of microfinance institutions increased from 40,153.5 million pounds in 2024 to 47,947.8 million pounds in 2025, an increase of 19.4%, due to the increase in total microfinance provided by banks to microfinance institutions, which amounted to 45,512.7 million pounds in 2025 compared to 37,390.1 million pounds in 2024, an increase of 21.7%. The following (Table 5 – 3) shows the relative distribution of microfinance institutions' sources during the years 2024 and 2025. 3,698,865.2 5,634,351.2 103,306.1 204,027.2 0.0 1,000,000.0 2,000,000.0 3,000,000.0 4,000,000.0 5,000,000.0 6,000,000.0 2024 2025 million pounds Total loans of the bank and microfinance (for institutions and clients)

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(Table 5 – 3)
Relative distribution of microfinance institutions' sources during the years 2024 and 2025 Banks accounted for 94.9% of the total microfinance balance of microfinance institutions provided by banks in 2025, while the Savings and Social Bank - Sawa accounted for 3.0%, El Nilein Industrial Development Bank 1.4%, and Bank of Khartoum - Islamic Development Bank 0.7%. The following (Table 5 – 11) shows the default and collected microfinance of microfinance institutions and banks during the years 2024 and 2025. (Table 5 – 11) Default and collected microfinance of microfinance institutions and banks during the years 2024 and 2025 (million pounds)

Statement	2024	Ratio %	2025*	Ratio %	Change %
(1) Institutions:
Outstanding microfinance	46,178.2	30.6	62,013.6	23.2	34.3
Collected microfinance	17,950.0	39.2	12,100.3	57.6	(32.6)
Collection ratio in institutions (%)		38.9		19.5
(2) Banks:
Outstanding microfinance	104,957.4	69.4	205,767.1	76.8	96.0
Collected microfinance	27,810.7	60.8	8,921.7	42.4	(67.9)
Collection ratio in banks (%)		26.5		4.3
(3) Total:
Outstanding microfinance	151,135.7		267,780.7		77.2
Collected microfinance	45,760.7		21,022.0		(54.1)
Collection ratio of microfinance (%)		30.3		7.9

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Microfinance Unit.

• Preliminary data

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The collection ratio of microfinance decreased from 30.3% in 2024 to 7.9% in 2025, due to the decrease in the collection ratio in institutions from 38.9% in 2024 to 19.5% in 2025, and the collection ratio in banks from 26.5% in 2024 to 4.3% in 2025, which resulted from the increase in outstanding microfinance by 96.0% against a decrease in collected microfinance by 67.9%.
5.2.5 Credit Information and Credit Scoring
Credit information and credit scoring (Credit Scoring) is one of the activities of the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration, which provides credit information (for clients, microfinance institutions, leasing companies, banks, and microfinance institutions), through collecting demographic data of clients, their data, and data of leasing companies, banks, and microfinance institutions, then analyzing and linking financial data and data of related parties, which helped the Central Bank of Sudan to prepare credit reports and assess the creditworthiness of clients. The Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration also assesses the creditworthiness of clients, banks, leasing companies, and microfinance institutions. It also provides credit information that helps in determining the methods of microfinance and identifying defaulters (collection). It also provides information that helps in assessing the creditworthiness of clients and studying the historical behavior of clients, which helps in assessing the creditworthiness of clients and building new operations. It also provides information about defaulting clients and adds them to the blacklist database. The outbreak of the war on April 15, 2023 led to the suspension of the activity of the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration on May 5, 2023, and the activity of the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration was suspended. In April 2024, the data of banks and financial institutions was updated and the system was reactivated. In April 2024, the system was reactivated. During the year 2025, the credit code was granted to clients and the credit information was reviewed.
5.2.5.1 Credit code for clients
The following (Table 5 – 12) shows the position of issuing the credit code for clients during the years 2024 and 2025. (Table 5 – 12) Position of issuing the credit code for clients during the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2024	2025	Change %
Individuals	1,797,260	1,903,708	5.9
Companies	35,014	39,126	11.7
1 Organizations	34,346	35,606	3.7
Total	1,866,620	1,978,440	6.0

Source: Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration.
1 Any organizations that include (commercial, or/and have a registration number such as voluntary organizations, ministries, cooperative societies, mosques, clubs, and neighborhood committees).

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The total number of credit codes granted by the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration increased from 1,866,620 codes in 2024 to 1,978,440 codes in 2025, an increase of 6.0%.
5.2.5.2 Client inquiries about credit information and credit scoring
The Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration provides the service of credit inquiry and credit scoring to clients of banks, financial institutions, leasing companies, and microfinance institutions. The following (Table 5 – 13) shows the number of credit inquiries for clients during the years 2024 and 2025. (Table 5 – 13) Number of credit inquiries for clients during the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2024	2025	Relative ratio %
Individuals	0	63,331	94.9
Companies	0	2,905	4.3
Organizations	0	525	0.8
Total	0	66,761	100.0

Source: Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration.
The activity was suspended since the outbreak of the war on April 15, 2023, and the activity of the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration was suspended, then the system was rebuilt during the year 2024, and the activity continued during the year 2025. The total number of credit inquiries for clients reached 66,761 inquiries, and the number of credit inquiries by the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration for individuals was 63,331 inquiries, a relative ratio of 94.9%, companies 2,905 inquiries, a relative ratio of 4.3%, and organizations 525 inquiries, a relative ratio of 0.8%.
5.3 Financial and Banking Institutions
Financial and banking institutions include banks, exchange bureaus, financial companies, leasing companies, financial and banking institutions, and the Deposit Guarantee Fund, the Khartoum Stock Exchange, the National Insurance Company, the Export Finance and Guarantee Fund, the Liquidity Management Fund between Banks, the Microfinance Guarantee Fund, and microfinance institutions. As previously mentioned, the financial and banking institutions were affected by the outbreak of the war on April 15, 2023, as the activity was transferred with them, which geographically made the activity concentrated mainly in Khartoum State in 2025, except for the Deposit Guarantee Fund, the Microfinance Guarantee Fund, the Credit Information and Credit Scoring Administration, and the Sudan Financial Services Company.

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5.3.1 Exchange bureaus
The following (Table 5 – 14) shows the resources and uses of exchange bureaus during the years 2024 and 2025.
(Table 5 – 14)
Resources and uses of exchange bureaus during the years 2024 and 2025 (million dollars)

Statement	2024*	2025	Change %
Total resources	31.89	125.46	293.4
Total uses	2.01	108.19	5,282.6

Source: Central Bank of Sudan - General Administration for Policies, Research and Statistics - Policies Department.

• Supporting data.
  Preliminary data.
  The total resources of exchange bureaus increased from 31.89 million dollars in 2024 to 125.46 million dollars in 2025, an increase of 239.4%. The total uses also increased from 2.01 million dollars in 2024 to 108.19 million dollars in 2025, an increase of 5,282.6%.
  5.3.2 Sudan Financial Services Company
  Sudan Financial Services Company was established in 1998, and the Central Bank of Sudan owns 99% of it, and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning owns 1%. The company was established according to the Companies Act of 1925 as a public shareholding company, and its main work is as a manager of the Financial Investment Funds - issuing various financial bonds in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Investment Funds Law. The company also works as a

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Individuals or entities, whether bonds, ... [unreadable] ... repayment by proxy, and that is for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, or a bank or economic institutions. (Central Bank of Sudan).

The Central Bank of Sudan issued ... [unreadable] ... in 2017 and 2005, and the liquidation of the Bank of Sudan was completed in 2018 ... [unreadable] ... with the same administrative complexities ... [unreadable] ...

Details of financial securities are shown below.

Table (5 – 15) shows the total sales of government securities for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5 – 15)
Total sales of government securities for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2025			2024
	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage %	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage %
Government participation securities (shares)	74,604,171	37,302.1	98.0	0	0	0.0
Government investment securities (certificates)	3,090,826	309.1	0.8	0	0.0	0.0
Khartoum Refinery Company assets and trade	934,539	467.3	1.2	0	0.0	0.0
Total	78,629,536	38,078.4	100.0	0	0.00	0.00

Source: Sudan Financial Services Company Limited.

The total number of government securities sold decreased by 78,629,536 with a value of 38,078.4 million pounds in 2024, and in 2025 all government securities (shares and certificates) were liquidated during the year 2025 at a discount rate of 100% for the year 2025.

• Government securities are as follows:

1-2-3-5 Participation securities (government shares)

It is a share instrument based on the participation formula issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning since 1999, and is marketed by the Sudan Financial Services Company Limited, one of the approved financial institutions in the market, on behalf of the Government of Sudan and the Khartoum Stock Exchange. The instrument is a share and is for the long term.

Government shares aim to attract national savings and investment, and provide the instrument to the Central Bank of Sudan to manage liquidity at the level of the national economy and to bridge the general budget deficit. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning can borrow from the Central Bank of Sudan, which reduces reliance on borrowing from the Central Bank of Sudan and develops capital markets, thereby providing real financial resources that contribute to greater participation in local and regional markets and achieving a rewarding return. The partnership contains a high degree of risk, and the return on these securities is determined according to performance and administrative efficiency and the prevailing market rate. In addition, the return on these securities is guaranteed by first-class collateral against the financing granted by banks.

Table (5 – 16) shows the sales of participation securities (government shares) for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5 – 16)
Sales of participation securities (government shares) for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2025			2024
	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %
Central Bank of Sudan	8,000	4.0	0.0	8,000	0.0	0.0
Banks	48,336,486	24,168.2	64.8	48,336,486	0.0	0.0
Companies and funds	20,602,397	10,301.2	27.6	20,602,397	0.0	0.0
Others	5,657,288	2,828.6	7.6	5,657,288	0.0	0.0
Total	74,604,171	37,302.1	100.0	74,604,171	0.0	0.0

Source: Sudan Financial Services Company Limited.

The number of participation securities (shares) sold decreased in 2025 at a discount rate of 100% for the year 2025, and all were liquidated during the year 2025.

Table (5 – 17) shows the issues of participation securities (shares) for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5 – 17)
Issues of participation securities (government shares) for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	Change %	2025		2024
		Number of securities	Value of securities (million pounds)	Number of securities	Value of securities (million pounds)
Subscription	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Renewals	-100	0	0.0	74,604,171	37,302.1
Liquidations	100	74,604,171	37,302.1	0	0.0
Total issues	0.0	74,604,171	37,302.1	74,604,171	37,302.1
Average return *

Source: Sudan Financial Services Company Limited.

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Subscription for participation securities (government shares) was halted during the years 2024 and 2025, and the value of the instrument was 74,604,171 in 2024, while renewals remained constant as of April 2023, and all securities were liquidated in 2025 at a nominal value of 37,302.1 million pounds.

No returns were distributed on government shares during the years 2024 and 2025 due to the liquidation purpose.

2-2-3-5 Government investment securities (certificates)

Based on the work that began in 2003 with the issuance of these certificates through Sudan Financial Services Company Limited, the primary market is marketed and managed by the company and approved financial institutions. These securities are for a period ranging between 2 – 6 years.

Investment certificates aim to collect national savings and investment, manage liquidity at the level of the national economy, finance the deficit, and develop capital markets, and employ savings in open market operations, and finance the productive sectors, education, water, and other sectors, and reduce the effects of inflationary projects.

Table (5 – 18) shows the sales of investment certificates (certificates) for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5 – 18)
Sales of investment certificates (certificates) for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2025*			2024
	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %
Central Bank of Sudan	0	0.0	0.0
Banks	160,000	16.0	5.2
Companies and funds	2,064,705	206.5	66.8
Others	337,075	33.7	10.9
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning	529,046	52.9	17.1
Total	3,090,826	309.1	100.0

Source: Sudan Financial Services Company Limited.

• No new issues were issued in 2025 and no renewal was made.

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No new issues of investment certificates (certificates) were issued during the year 2025 and no renewal was made for the liquidation purpose, and in 2024 the total number of certificates sold was 3,090,826 with a value of 309.1 million pounds, distributed among the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning with 529,046 certificates sold at a value of 52.9 million pounds, companies and funds with 2,064,705 certificates sold at a value of 206.5 million pounds, others with 337,075 certificates sold at a value of 33.7 million pounds, and banks with 160,000 certificates sold at a value of 16.0 million pounds.

3-2-3-5 Khartoum Refinery Company assets and trade securities (shares)

Based on the lease formula, these securities were issued in 2010 to fill the resource gap for investment, and the lease contract was concluded by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the refinery assets were leased and then employed to purchase refinery assets to finance the refinery's operational and financial resources. In addition, these securities aim to provide investment opportunities and provide real resources for the state from borrowing from the Central Bank.

Table (5 – 19) shows the sales of Khartoum Refinery Company assets and trade securities (shares) for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5 – 19)
Sales of Khartoum Refinery Company assets and trade securities for the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2025			2024
	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %	Number of securities sold	Value (million pounds)	Percentage of total value %
Central Bank of Sudan	685,265	342.6	73.3
Banks	156,545	78.3	16.8
Companies and funds	71,486	35.7	7.6
Others	91	0.5	0.0
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning	21,152	10.6	2.3
Total	934,539	467.3	100.0

Source: Sudan Financial Services Company Limited.

• No new issues were issued in 2025 and no renewal was made.

No new issues of shares were issued during the year 2025 and no renewal was made for the liquidation purpose, and in 2025 the total number of shares sold was 934,539 with a value of 467.3 million pounds, distributed among the Central Bank of Sudan with 685,265 shares sold at a value of 342.6 million pounds, banks with 156,545 shares sold at a value of 78.3 million pounds, companies and funds with 71,486 shares sold at a value of 35.7 million pounds, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning with 21,152 shares sold at a value of 10.6 million pounds, and others with 91 shares sold at a value of 0.5 million pounds.

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2.3.5 Deposits Guarantee Fund

A
The Deposits Guarantee Fund was established by the Banking Law of 1996, and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the Central Bank of Sudan contribute to the Deposits Guarantee Fund. The Deposits Guarantee Fund aims to insure bank deposits. The Central Bank of Sudan takes a decision when a bank is liquidated, merged, or otherwise, especially small depositors, and the Central Bank of Sudan is a branch of the financial safety net that works to strengthen confidence in the banking system. It also plays a role in resolving or improving the conditions of weak banks within the decisions taken by the Central Bank of Sudan. In addition to this, it is complementary to the preventive role and the regulatory role of the Central Bank of Sudan, which works to achieve the financial safety net. The Fund works to stabilize and soundness of banks subject to guarantee and strengthen confidence through the guarantee of deposits and the analysis of their positions on a regular basis, especially the management of the Fund is a special role for the small depositors. The Central Bank of Sudan confirms the preventive role and identifies weaknesses in any bank at an early time, which helps in taking effective measures. The Central Bank of Sudan consults with the company to be contracted with, and the Central Bank of Sudan consults with the relevant authorities at the appropriate time to ensure continuous and complementary guarantee. It is also a guarantee for the banking deposits and a complementary guarantee.

It is clear that the Central Bank of Sudan implicitly guarantees bank deposits, as the Fund explicitly guarantees through direct supervision, reform, and supervision, and the formulation of monetary policies and guidelines and preventive instructions, and the determination of reserves and reserves. The Central Bank of Sudan and the Fund are subject to liquidation or merger by a bank or a decision. The Central Bank of Sudan pays the depositor through the Deposits Guarantee Fund according to the law.

10. Table (5 – 20) shows the contributions of the Deposits Guarantee Fund for the years 2024 and 2025.

According to the Banking Law of 1996, the Fund pays the guaranteed banks a percentage of 0.002 per thousand (two per thousand) of the total deposits, and according to paragraph (a) and paragraph (c), the investment accounts pay 0.002 per thousand (two per thousand) of the total investment deposits. The percentage was raised to 0.003 per thousand (three per thousand) according to Article (5) of the Law, which states that "the Board of Directors of the Fund may, after consultation with the Governor, amend the annual percentage as necessary."

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Table (5 – 20)
Contributions of the Deposits Guarantee Fund for the years 2024 and 2025 (million pounds)

Statement	2025			2024			Change %
	Annual contribution	Total	%	Annual contribution	Total	%
Banks	4,899.5	18.8	202.1	1,621.5	12.5
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning	1,000.0	3.8	23.1-	1,300.0	10.0
Central Bank of Sudan	1,000.0	3.8	23.1-	1,300.0	10.0
Deposits of investment accounts	19,180.6	73.5	119.9	8,723.6	67.4
Total	26,080.1	100.0	101.5	12,945.2	100.0

Source: Deposits Guarantee Fund.

• Data for the years 2023, 2024 and 2025 are preliminary data.

• Data are supported.

• • Preliminary data.

1 Deposits are paid on behalf of banks through deduction from the principal of the deposit.

The contributions of the Deposits Guarantee Fund increased from 12,570.5 million pounds in 2024 to 26,080.1 million pounds in 2025, an increase of 101.5%, as a result of the increase in guaranteed deposits in the banking system, where the average total deposits of the guaranteed banks.

3.3.5 Smaller Enterprises Guarantee Company

The Smaller Enterprises Guarantee Company was established by the National Law issued in 2013, and it began its activity in 2015. It is a Sudanese financial institution with a public benefit that works to provide guarantees to facilitate financing for small enterprises. A number of banks do not have the necessary capacity to provide the required guarantees for the granted financing, whether internal or external. The Central Bank of Sudan has a role in the field of small enterprises and unemployment, and the role of banks and other financial institutions is activated according to the Central Bank of Sudan's instructions for entering the field of small enterprises according to the percentage determined by the Central Bank of Sudan.

Its terms of reference are as follows:

A. Carrying out the work of banks and small enterprise institutions with the help of banks and national financial institutions and international and regional institutions.

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c. Granting of documents for microfinance and guarantee institutions in accordance with the provisions of the law and regulations.

d. Working through the microfinance and guarantee institutions to provide microfinance.

The following table (5-21) shows the guarantee letters issued by the Microfinance and Guarantee Agency according to the beneficiary during the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (5-21)

Guarantee letters issued according to the beneficiary during the years 2024 and 2025

Statement	2025			2024
	Number of letters	Amount (million SDG)	Percentage of total 12	Number of letters	Amount (million SDG)	Percentage of total 12
Banks	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Federal institutions	1	150.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
State institutions	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Private sector institutions	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total	1	150.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Source: Microfinance and Guarantee Agency.

The total number of guarantee letters issued during 2025 reached one letter with an amount of SDG 150.0 million, and no guarantee letters were issued during 2024. This is attributed to the cessation of microfinance activity by most institutions due to the lack of financial resources during the years 2024 and 2025 due to the outbreak of the war on April 15, 2023, and the instability and loss of assets.

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Central Bank of Sudan

115

Chapter Six

General Budget for the Year 2025

116

General Budget of the State for the Year 2025

1.6 Introduction

The general budget of the state for the year 2025 faced major challenges due to the continuation of the war that broke out on April 15, 2025. This resulted from the cessation of development support and external financing, the decline in revenues, and the impact of this on public spending, in addition to the loss of basic infrastructure and the return of citizens to safe areas.

Under the federal system, the general budget does not include state and local budgets, but rather the federal general budget only. This system is based on the principle of self-reliance of states in preparing and approving their own budgets and development plans, with the federal government covering spending on basic services such as education, health, water, and the federal government's obligations under the law, in addition to support.

The general budget was prepared in accordance with the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFS) issued by the International Monetary Fund in 2001. According to this manual, general revenues include all revenues, grants, and other sources of public revenue, as well as public expenditures and surplus or deficit. The main sources of revenue are taxes on income, profits, and capital gains, taxes on goods and services, taxes on international trade (customs), value-added tax, and other taxes, in addition to royalties, fees, and income from property and services. Public expenditures are divided into three chapters: Chapter One includes wages and salaries, Chapter Two includes purchases of goods and services, support, and social benefits, in addition to transfers, and Chapter Three includes spending on acquisition of non-financial assets or national development projects. The final chapter reflects the acquisition of financial assets or the surplus or deficit of the budget and its sources of financing.

2.6 Objectives of the General Budget for the Year 2025:

The global economy witnessed a slowdown in growth rates due to the impact of the war on the world economy, and the Sudanese economy was greatly affected by the continuation of the war that broke out on April 15, 2023, and the decline in growth rates and the rise in the general level of prices, which led to deep imbalances in the Sudanese economy. These developments imposed major challenges on the Ministry of Finance to adopt rational policies to meet the increase in public spending and maintain the continuity of state institutions and the provision of basic services, with the economic and living conditions.

117

The general budget for the year 2025 focused on a set of basic financial and economic objectives, called the "emergency budget", to:

• Maintain security and stability, provide the necessary needs, and achieve a degree of economic stability.
• Create a suitable environment for the return of citizens, through supporting the productive sectors, education, health, and social care.
• The budget also seeks to address economic imbalances and repair the infrastructure destroyed by the war.
• Strengthen the state's ability to mobilize public resources, support productive sectors, and increase exports, including gold and agricultural resources.

To achieve these objectives, the budget relied on a number of financial and economic policies and tools, which are:

• Raising the efficiency of tax collection and customs and increasing the tax base.
• Reviewing trade policies to maximize public returns.
• Stabilizing the exchange rate and wages.
• Reducing and rationalizing public spending and controlling the budget.
• Raising the efficiency of public money management.
• Supporting productive sectors, especially agriculture and real production.

Within this framework, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning issued controls and procedures for implementing the budget during the year, which included strict control over public spending, linking spending to the actual flow of revenues, improving electronic collection, and stopping contracting and unnecessary spending, in line with the rationalization of public spending.

3.6 General Budget Indicators:

Table (6-1) and Figure (6-1) show the indicators of the general budget performance for the years 2024 and 2025 at current prices and as a percentage of GDP.

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Table (6-1)

Indicators of general budget performance for the years 2024 and 2025 as a percentage

Statement	2024*	2025
Total general revenues as a percentage of GDP	12.98	17.44
Tax revenues as a percentage of GDP	8.39	11.07
Non-tax revenues as a percentage of GDP	4.22	4.47
Total public expenditures as a percentage of GDP	17.78	22.29
Budget deficit as a percentage of GDP	-4.79	-4.85

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and Central Bureau of Statistics

• Preliminary data

Figure (6-1)

Indicators of general budget performance during the years 2024 - 2025

It is noted from Table (6-1) and Figure (6-1) that the budget deficit as a percentage of GDP for the year 2025 was negative 4.85% compared to negative 4.79% for the year 2024, and total public expenditures as a percentage of GDP increased to 22.29% compared to 17.78%, and total general revenues as a percentage of GDP also increased to 17.44% compared to 12.98%.

4.6 Performance of the General Budget for the Year 2025:

Table (6-2) shows the estimated and actual performance of the state's general budget for the years 2024 and 2025, as follows:

Table (6-2) Estimated and actual performance of the state's general budget for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Item	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %
Total general revenues and foreign grants	2,577,328	5,227,344	202.82	6,941,244	12,312,842	177.39	135.55
Total current expenditures (1)	3,984,708	7,158,003	179.64	8,706,414	15,740,774	180.80	119.90
Budget surplus or deficit (1-2)	-1,407,380	-1,930,658	137.18	-1,765,170	-3,427,932	194.20	77.55
Acquisition of non-financial assets (2)	238,670	223,474	93.63	231,455	1,558,070	673.16	597.20
(Development expenditures (1)
Total public spending (1) + (2)	4,223,378	7,381,477	174.78	8,937,869	17,298,843	193.55	134.35
Budget deficit	-1,646,050	-2,154,132	130.87	-1,996,625	-4,986,001	249.72	131.46
Financing	1,646,050	2,154,132	130.87	1,996,625	4,986,001	249.72	131.46
Acquisition of financial assets (contribution to capital)	10,000	1,994	19.94	0	31,981	0	1503.86
Repayment of loans	56,050	-67,985	-121.29	-192,282	-70,514	36.67	3.72
Net domestic borrowing	1,600,000	2,224,111	139.01	2,188,906	5,088,496	232.47	128.79

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

1 Includes proceeds from surplus and disposal of non-financial assets.

It is noted from Table (6-2) that actual performance of general revenues for the year 2025 amounted to SDG 12,312,842 million compared to SDG 5,227,344 million for the year 2024, with a change of 135.55% and a performance rate of 177.39%, and public spending amounted to SDG 17,298,843 million compared to SDG 7,381,477 million, with a change of 119.90% and a performance rate of 193.55%, and the budget deficit amounted to SDG 4,986,001 million compared to SDG 2,154,132 million, with a change of 131.46%.

Figure (6-2)

Actual performance of the budget for the years 2024 and 2025

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In the following, the details of the performance of public revenues and expenditures and the deficit:

1 - 4 - 6 Public Revenues:

Table (6-3) and Figure (6-3) show the details of public revenues and their sources for the years 2024 and 2025, as follows:

Table (6-3) Estimates and performance of general revenues for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Item	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Relative importance %	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Relative importance %
(a) Tax revenues	1,187,586	3,379,474	284.57	64.65	3,860,428	7,817,143	202.49	63.49	192.18
Customs	577,680	1,748,084	302.60	33.44	1,694,508	3,050,598	180.03	24.77	74.51
(b) Non-tax revenues	1,203,353	1,699,589	141.24	32.51	2,815,322	3,157,143	112.14	25.64	85.76
1. Market and sovereign sales of goods	304,749	608,295	199.60	11.64	696,600	857,381	123.08	6.96	40.95
2. Property income	300,196	266,878	88.90	5.10	500,000	474,063	94.81	3.85	77.63
Fees and administrative charges	124,968	345,332	276.34	6.61	258,538	711,957	275.38	5.78	106.17
3. Miscellaneous revenues	473,440	479,084	101.19	9.16	1,360,184	1,113,742	81.88	9.04	132.47
(c) Grants	186,390	148,282	79.55	2.84	265,494	1,338,555	504.17	10.87	802.71
Total general revenues and foreign grants	2,577,328	5,227,344	202.82	100.00	6,941,244	12,312,842	177.39	100.00	135.55

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.

• Preliminary data

1 Includes oil sales and market and sovereign sales of goods other than oil.
2 Includes property income, public investments, and surpluses of public institutions and companies.
3 Includes oil transit fees for the state of South Sudan.

121

Figure (6-3)

Sources of general budget revenues for the years 2024 and 2025

Figure (6-4)

Relative importance of general revenue items for the general budget for the year 2025

It is noted from Figure (6-4) that tax revenues for the year 2025 constituted 63.49% of total general revenues, followed by non-tax revenues at 25.64%, then foreign grants at 10.87%.

1 - 1 - 4 - 6 Tax Revenues:

Table (6-4) and Figure (6-5) show the actual performance of tax revenue items for the year 2025.

122

Table (6-4) Actual performance of tax revenues for the year 2025

Item	2024	2025*	Change %
	Actual performance	Relative importance %	Actual performance	Relative importance %
Direct taxes	NA	NA	610,400	7.81	-
Indirect taxes	NA	NA	4,156,145	53.17	-
Customs	1,748,084	33.44	3,050,598	39.02	74.51
Total	3,379,474	-	7,817,143	100.00	131.31

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

It is noted from Table (6-4) that actual performance of tax revenues during the year 2025 amounted to SDG 7,817,143 million compared to SDG 3,379,474 million, with a change of 131.31%, as customs collection increased to SDG 3,050,598 million compared to SDG 1,748,084 million, with a change of 74.51%.

Figure (6-5)

Components of tax revenues for the year 2025

2 - 1 - 4 - 6 Non-Tax Revenues:

Table (6-5) shows the actual performance of non-tax revenues for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (6-5) Estimates and performance of non-tax revenues for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Statement	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Relative importance %	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Relative importance %
Local revenues	304,749	608,295	199.61	35.79	696,600	857,381	123.08	27.16	40.95
Other local revenues	898,604	1,091,294	121.44	64.21	2,118,722	2,299,763	108.54	72.84	110.74
Total	1,203,353	1,699,589	141.24	100.00	2,815,322	3,157,143	112.14	100.00	85.76

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

It is noted from Table (6-5) that actual performance of non-tax revenues for the year 2025 amounted to SDG 3,157,143 million compared to SDG 1,699,589 million for the year 2024, with a change of 85.76%, as local revenues constituted 27.16% of total non-tax revenues, with a performance rate of 123.08% for the year 2025. The relative importance of other local revenues was 72.84% with a performance rate of 108.54%.

3 - 1 - 4 - 6 Foreign Grants:

It is noted from Table (6-3) that foreign grants increased to SDG 1,338,555 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 148,282 million for the year 2024, with a change of 802.71% and a performance rate of 504.17%, and a relative importance of 10.87% compared to 2.84%.

2 - 4 - 6 Public Expenditures:

It is noted from Table (6-2) that total public spending increased to SDG 17,298,843 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 7,381,477 million for the year 2024, with a change of 134.35% and a performance rate of 193.55% compared to budget estimates. Current expenditures included SDG 15,740,774 million with a performance rate of 180.80%, while national development expenditures amounted to SDG 1,560,440 million with a high performance rate of 673.16%, as follows:

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1 - 2 - 4 - 6 Current Expenditures:

Table (6-6) and Figure (6-6) show the actual performance of current expenditures for the federal government for the years 2024 and 2025, as follows:

Table (6-6) Actual performance of current expenditures for the federal government for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Item	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Relative importance %	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Relative importance %
Wages and salaries	2,173,770	30.37	3,876,697	24.63	78.34
Purchase of goods and services	3,875,469	54.14	8,499,270	54.00	119.31
Development and transfers	10,542	0.15	17,381	0.11	64.87
Subsidies	435,231	6.08	931,113	5.92	113.94
International and regional organizations	18,123	0.25	8,322	0.05	-54.08
1. Social benefits	260,996	3.65	454,640	2.89	74.19
National and other expenditures	75,543	1.06	899,536	5.71	1090.76
Transfers and state transfers	259,351	3.62	892,090	5.67	243.97
Peace Building Fund	48,978	0.68	161,726	1.03	230.20
Total current expenditures	7,158,003	100.00	15,740,774	100.00	119.90

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

1 Includes support to the direct family sector, support for treatment inside and outside the country, support for children's injuries and accidents.

It is noted from Table (6-6) that total current expenditures increased to SDG 15,740,774 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 7,158,003 million for the year 2024, with a change of 119.90%.

The item of purchase of goods and services constituted 54.00% of total current expenditures for the year 2025, amounting to SDG 8,499,270 million compared to SDG 3,875,469 million for the year 2024, with a change of 119.31%. Wages and salaries also increased to SDG 3,876,697 million compared to SDG 2,173,770 million, with a change of 78.34%, constituting 24.63% of total current expenditures.

125

Spending on subsidies increased to SDG 931,113 million compared to SDG 435,231 million, with a change of 113.94%, constituting 5.92% of total current expenditures. Other expenditures increased to SDG 899,536 million compared to SDG 75,543 million, with a change of 1090.76% and a relative importance of 5.71% of total current expenditures. Transfers and state transfers increased to SDG 892,090 million compared to SDG 259,351 million, with a change of 243.97% and a relative importance of 5.67% of total current expenditures.

Spending on social benefits increased to SDG 454,640 million compared to SDG 260,996 million, with a change of 74.19% and a relative importance of 2.89% of total current expenditures, in addition to the Peace Building Fund, financing and regional and international organizations, with relative importance of 1.03%, 0.11%, and 0.05% of total current expenditures, respectively.

Figure (6-6)

Current expenditures for the federal government for the years 2024 and 2025

Figure (6-7)

Relative importance of current expenditure items for the general budget of the federal government for the year 2025

126

2 - 2 - 4 - 6 Development Expenditures:

Table (6-7) shows national development expenditures in local and foreign currency.

Table (6-7) National development expenditures in local and foreign currency for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Statement	Actual performance	Relative importance %	Actual performance	Relative importance %
National development in local currency	88,256	39.40	221,885	14.22	151.41
1. National development in foreign currency	135,218	60.51	1,338,555	85.78	889.92
Total	223,474	100.00	1,558,070	100.00	597.20

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

1 Foreign currency development represents the equivalent in local currency.

It is noted from Table (6-7) that national development expenditures increased to SDG 1,558,070 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 223,474 million for the year 2024, with a change of 597.20%. The local currency equivalent of national development expenditures in foreign currency increased to SDG 1,338,555 million compared to SDG 135,218 million, with a change of 889.92%. In addition to the increase in development expenditures in local currency to SDG 221,885 million compared to SDG 88,256 million, with a change of 151.41%. The increase in foreign currency development expenditures is attributed to the decline in the exchange rate of the dollar against the Sudanese pound during the year 2025.

3 - 4 - 6 Deficit and Sources of Financing:

Table (6-8) shows the deficit and sources of financing for the budget for the years 2024 and 2025.

127

Table (6-8) Estimates and performance of the deficit and sources of financing for the budget for the years 2024 and 2025

	2024			2025*			Change %
Statement	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %	Budget estimates	Actual performance	Performance %
Deficit	-1,646,050	-2,154,132	130.86	-1,996,625	-4,986,001	249.72	131.46
Sources of financing the deficit	1,646,050	2,154,132	130.87	1,996,625	4,986,001	249.72	131.46
Acquisition of financial assets (contribution to capital)	10,000	1,994	19.94	0	31,981	0	1503.86
Repayment of loans (installments)
Repayment of loans (installments)	-5,700	-67,985	1192.72	-192,282	-70,514	36.67	3.72
Repayment of loans	56,050	-67,985	-121.29	-192,282	-70,514	36.67	3.72
Net domestic borrowing	2,711,827	1,600,000	59.00	6,580,060	2,238,906	34.03	39.93
Domestic borrowing (repayments)	0	487,716	0	-50,000	-1,491,563	2983.13	-405.83
Domestic borrowing instruments and debt	1,600,000	2,224,111	139.01	2,188,906	5,088,496	232.47	128.79

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Preliminary data

The budget deficit increased to SDG 4,986,001 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 2,154,132 million for the year 2024, with a change of 249.72% and a performance rate of 131.46%.

1 - 3 - 4 - 6 External Loans:

External loan repayment increased to SDG 70,514 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 67,985 million for the year 2024, with a change of 3.72%.

2 - 3 - 4 - 6 Domestic Borrowing:

It is noted that domestic borrowing actual performance amounted to SDG 2,238,906 million for the year 2025, with total repayments of SDG 1,491,563 million, while acquisition of financial assets amounted to SDG 31,981 million for the year 2025 compared to SDG 1,994 million for the year 2024, with a change of 1503.86%.

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Central Bank of Sudan

129

Chapter Seven

National Accounts and Demographic Change for the Year 2025

130

National Accounts and Demographic Change for the Year 2025

1.7 Introduction

This chapter presents the gross domestic product at constant prices, current expenditures, and demand for GDP per capita, as well as demographic changes, standard numbers for current prices, and reflects growth rates, in addition to the unemployment rate, life expectancy, and age structure.

The national accounts framework is a set of integrated accounts that provide a comprehensive view of the economy, through which it is possible to benefit from the information to present and analyze the performance of the economy, evaluate and monitor economic performance, identify areas of imbalance in the economy, and prepare policies and plans for economic development. It also includes several aspects that measure production, income distribution, and generation between sectors, as well as the use of income for consumption purposes, capital formation, and net lending. These accounts are prepared and used by the Central Bureau of Statistics in accordance with the System of National Accounts (SNA) issued by the International Monetary Fund in 1968.

Gross domestic product is defined as the total value of market goods and services produced by the country during a specific period of time (usually a year), and three methods are used to calculate it:

1. Production or value-added method: According to this method, GDP equals the sum of value added of all sectors of the economy (according to economic activity), by aggregating the value of products of goods and services at current prices with the value of intermediate goods and services used in the production process.

2. Income method: According to this method, GDP equals the sum of incomes of factors of production used in the production process, including wages, rents, capital returns (interest), and profits of workers, in addition to the operating surplus of business institutions, minus indirect taxes and plus subsidies on products.

11 System of National Accounts (SNA)
12 The first national accounts were prepared in three years. The Central Bureau of Statistics follows the methods of preparation.

131

3. Expenditure method: According to this method, GDP equals the sum of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, and net exports (exports minus imports).

2.7 Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices by Economic Activity:

Table (7-1) and Figure (7-1) show the GDP by sector at constant prices for the years 2024 and 2025, calculated on the basis of 1981/1982 prices.

Table (7-1) Gross domestic product at constant prices by economic activity for the years 2024 and 2025 on the basis of 1981/1982 prices

(SDG thousand)

Economic sector	2024*			2025*
	Value	Growth rate %	Relative importance %	Value	Growth rate %	Relative importance %
1. Agriculture sector	7,468.4	0.4	34.4	7,439.7	(4.4)	34.8
Agricultural crops	1,902.9	0.3	8.8	1,896.8	(16.2)	8.9
Livestock and fisheries	5,442.9	0.4	25.1	5,422.6	0.4	25.4
Forests	21.7	5.3	0.1	20.6	3.0	0.1
Fish	100.8	1.1	0.5	99.7	3.0	0.5
2. Industry sector	4,304.3	2.3	19.8	4,207.3	(26.4)	19.7
Mining and quarrying	385.6	8.8	1.8	354.5	0.1	1.7
Manufacturing industries	2,349.5	1.0	10.8	2,325.2	(40.3)	10.9
Electricity, gas and water	989.4	2.5	4.6	964.9	9.3	4.5
Building and construction	579.7	3.0	2.7	562.8	(3.4)	2.6
3. Services sector	9,949.9	2.5	45.8	9,703.4	(11.5)	45.4
Trade, restaurants and hotels	2,335.9	2.9	10.8	2,269.2	(4.9)	10.6
Transport and communications	3,151.7	3.4	14.5	3,047.3	2.9	14.3
Banks, insurance and real estate	3,101.0	1.1	14.3	3,066.9	(19.7)	14.4
Government sector	674.7	3.6	3.1	651.5	(37.4)	3.1
Other services	686.6	2.7	3.2	668.5	(11.4)	3.1
Total GDP at constant prices	21,722.6	1.7	100.0	21,350.4	(12.7)	100.0
GDP deflator	3,250,797.2		72.4	1,885,562.7		75.3
3. GDP at current prices (million SDG)	70,615,767		75.4	40,257,517.0		53.0

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data

1. Agriculture sector includes agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forests.
2. Industry sector includes manufacturing, hand industries and extractive industries.
3. For the deflator, see Table (7-3).

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(Table 1-7)
Growth rate of sectors for the years 2024 and 2025

The growth rate of real GDP at constant prices increased, as the growth rate of the industrial sector rose from a negative 40.3% in 2024 to 1.0% in 2025. The improvement in the performance of the sector was mainly attributed to the improvement in the performance of most of its sub-sectors, as the growth rate of the manufacturing industries sector improved, and the mining sector also rose to 0.1% from a negative 9.3%. In contrast, the electricity, gas, and water sector declined from 3.4% to 3.0%, and the construction and building sector from a negative 8.8% to 2.5%.

The improvement in the performance of the services sector was also attributed to the improvement in the performance of most of its sub-sectors, as the growth rate of the wholesale and retail trade sector rose from a negative 37.4% in 2024 to 3.6% in 2025, as well as the growth rate of the banks, insurance, and real estate sector rose to 19.7%, the transport and communications sector from 2.9% to 3.4%, and the hotels and restaurants sector from a negative 11.4% to 2.7%, and the community, social, and personal services sector from a negative 1.1% to 4.9%.

The improvement in the performance of the agricultural sector was also attributed to the rise in the growth rate of the main agricultural crops from a negative 16.2% in 2024 to 0.3% in 2025, in addition to the increase in the growth rate of the forestry sector from 3.0% to 5.3%. In contrast, the livestock sector declined from 3.0% to 1.1%.

2.5
2.3
0.4
(11.5)
(26.4)
(4.4)
Services sector
Industrial sector
Agricultural sector
%
2025 2024

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1.2.7 Relative contribution of economic sectors to GDP:
(Table 2-7)
Relative contribution of economic sectors to GDP at constant prices for the years 2024 and 2025

(Table 2-7)
Relative contribution of economic sectors to GDP for the years 2024 and 2025

The relative contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP declined slightly, as the relative contribution of the main agricultural crops decreased from 34.8% in 2024 to 34.4% in 2025, and the relative contribution of livestock decreased from 25.4% to 25.1%, while the relative contribution of forestry and fisheries remained stable at 8.9% to 8.8% and 0.1% to 0.5% during the years 2024 and 2025.

The relative contribution of the services sector to GDP also rose slightly from 45.4% in 2024 to 45.8% in 2025, as well as the relative contribution of transport and communications increased to 10.8% from 10.6%, and hotels and restaurants to 14.5% from 14.3%.

The relative contribution of the industrial sector also rose slightly, reaching 19.8% in 2025 from 19.7% in 2024, with the relative contribution of mining rising from 1.7% to 1.8%, electricity, gas, and water from 4.5% to 4.6%, and construction and building from 2.6% to 2.7%.

45.8
19.8
34.4
45.4
19.7
34.8
Services sector
Industrial sector
Agricultural sector
%
2025 2024

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2.2.7 Real GDP growth rate at constant prices
(Table 3-7) shows the real GDP at constant prices (2015-2021) during the years (2021-2025) and is calculated on the basis of the base year prices of 1981/1982.

(Table 2-7)
Real GDP at constant prices during the years (2021-2025) (%)

Statement	2021	2022	2023*	2024*	2025*
Real GDP	(1.9)	(0.8)	(29.4)	(12.7)	1.7

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data

(Table 3-6)
General trend of GDP growth during the years (2021-2025)

(Table 2-6) shows the general trend of real GDP growth during the years (2021-2025), as the GDP growth rate decreased to reach negative rates of 29.4% in 2023 due to the outbreak of war in mid-April 2023, which entailed major economic repercussions, including the disruption of production activities and the decline in services, which led to the deterioration of economic and social conditions. However, the economy began to recover and the growth rate improved to reach a negative 12.7% in 2024, and showed further improvement during 2025 to reach 1.7%.

(1.9) (0.8)
(29.4)
(12.7)
1.7
(32.0)
(28.0)
(24.0)
(20.0)
(16.0)
(12.0)
(8.0)
(4.0)
0.0
4.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Real GDP (%) General trend of GDP growth

135
3.7 GDP at current prices by economic activity

(Table 3-7) shows the GDP at current prices by economic activity (or output value) and the relative contribution of sectors to GDP and the growth rate for the years 2024 and 2025, as shown in (Tables 4-7) and (5-7).

(Table 3-7)
GDP at current prices by economic activity for the years 2024 and 2025 (Million SDG)

Main sector	2024*			2025*
	Value and growth	%	Relative contribution %	Value and growth	%	Relative contribution %
1 Agricultural sector	18,217,949	52.3	25.8	11,960,239	56.7	29.7
Main agricultural crops	6,427,357	55.2	9.1	4,142,518	52.7	10.3
Livestock	11,316,659	50.1	16.0	7,539,465	58.2	18.7
Forestry	24,026	26.3	0.0	19,016	30.6	0.0
Fisheries	449,907	73.5	0.6	259,240	85.5	0.6
2 Industrial sector	14,838,144	74.0	21.0	8,526,182	51.3	21.2
Mining	2,210,910	34.3	3.1	1,646,064	39.9	4.1
Manufacturing industries	9,090,355	72.4	12.9	5,272,683	84.2	13.1
Electricity, gas, and water	2,583,052	144.0	3.7	1,058,475	3.8	2.6
Construction and building	953,827	73.8	1.4	548,960	(4.9)	1.4
Services sector	37,559,673	90.0	53.2	19,771,095	51.5	49.1
Trade, restaurants, and hotels	4,854,884	9.2	6.9	4,445,553	50.3	11.0
Transport and communications	16,051,277	115.5	22.7	7,448,565	99.9	18.5
Banks, insurance, and real estate	10,518,580	104.9	14.9	5,134,480	26.4	12.8
Community services	4,144,556	158.8	5.9	1,601,356	10.4	4.0
Community, social, and personal services	1,990,376	74.4	2.8	1,141,140	34.1	2.8
GDP at current prices	70,615,767	75.4	100.0	40,257,517	53.0	100.0

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data
  1 Agricultural sector includes: agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fisheries.
  2 Industrial sector includes: extractive industry, manufacturing industries, and handicrafts.

136
(Table 4-7)
Growth rate of sectors for the years 2024 and 2025

It is noted from (Table 3-7) and (Table 4-7) that the growth rate of GDP at current prices rose from 53.0% in 2024 to 75.4% in 2025, due to the rise in the growth rate of the services sector from 51.5% to 90.0%, and the agricultural sector from 56.7% to 52.3%. The industrial sector declined from 51.3% to 74.0%.

The rise in the growth rate of the services sector was attributed to the rise in the growth rates of most of its sub-sectors, as the growth rate of the community services sector rose from 10.4% in 2024 to 158.8% in 2025, banks, insurance, and real estate from 26.4% to 104.9%, transport and communications from 99.9% to 115.5%, and trade, restaurants, and hotels declined from 50.4% to 9.2%.

The rise in the industrial sector was also attributed to the rise in the growth rates of most of its sub-sectors, as the growth rate of electricity, gas, and water rose from 3.8% in 2024 to 144.0% in 2025, construction and building from a negative 4.9% to 73.8%, and manufacturing industries declined from 84.2% to 72.4%, and mining declined from 39.9% to 34.3%.

The decline in the agricultural sector was attributed to the decline in the livestock sector from 58.2% in 2024 to 50.1% in 2025, while forestry declined from 30.6% to 26.3%, fisheries declined from 85.5% to 73.5%, and main agricultural crops rose from 52.7% to 55.2%.

90.0
74.0
51.5
51.3
52.3
56.7
Services sector
Industrial sector
Agricultural sector
%
2025 2024

137
(Table 5-7)
Relative contribution of economic sectors to GDP at current prices for the years 2024 and 2025

It is noted from (Table 3-7) and (Table 5-7) that the relative contribution of the services sector to GDP at current prices rose from 49.1% in 2024 to 53.2% in 2025, as a result of the rise in the relative contribution of transport and communications from 18.5% to 22.7%, the rise of banks, insurance, and real estate from 12.8% to 14.9%, and the rise of the community services sector from 4.0% to 5.9%, while the relative contribution of trade, restaurants, and hotels decreased from 11.0% to 6.9%.

In addition, the relative contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP at current prices decreased from 29.7% in 2024 to 25.8% in 2025, due to the decline in the relative contribution of livestock from 18.7% to 16.0%, and the decline in the relative contribution of main agricultural crops from 10.3% to 9.1%. The relative contribution of the industrial sector to GDP at current prices also declined slightly from 21.2% to 21.0%.

4.7 GDP at current prices by expenditure:

(Table 4-7) shows GDP at current prices by expenditure for the years 2024 and 2025.

53.2 21.0 25.8 49.1 21.2 29.7
Services sector
Industrial sector
Agricultural sector
%
2025 2024

138
(Table 4-7)
GDP at current prices by expenditure for the years 2024 and 2025 (Million SDG)

Main sector	2024*			2025*
	Value and growth	%	Relative contribution %	Value and growth	%	Relative contribution %
Final consumption expenditure	64,433,368	66.1	91.2	38,796,604	61.6	96.4
Community expenditure	4,498,988	75.4	6.4	2,564,839	53.0	6.4
Private expenditure	59,934,380	65.4	84.9	36,231,765	62.2	90.0
Investment expenditure	10,071,808	174.5	14.3	3,668,482	(2.3)	9.1
Net exports of goods and services	(3,889,409)	(76.2)	(5.5)	(2,207,570)	(52.3)	(5.5)
Exports of goods and services	6,555,346	75.4	9.3	3,737,153	53.0	9.3
Imports of goods and services	10,444,755	75.7	14.8	5,944,723	52.7	14.8
GDP at current prices	70,615,767	75.4	100.0	40,257,517	53.0	100.0

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data

It is noted from (Table 4-7) that the growth rate of GDP at current prices rose from 53.0% in 2024 to 75.4% in 2025, mainly attributed to the large increase in investment expenditure, which moved from a negative 2.3% to 174.5%. In addition to the growth of final consumption expenditure, which rose from 52.3% to 76.2%, and the rise in net trade of goods and services from 61.6% to 66.1%.

The following is a detailed explanation of expenditure by GDP components:

1.4.7 Final consumption expenditure:
Final consumption expenditure is divided into government consumption and private consumption, as it includes all current expenditures of the government, federal and state institutions, wages and salaries, purchase of goods and services, and includes the private sector and all households.

(Table 6-7) and (Table 7-7) show the growth rate of final consumption expenditure in GDP at current prices for the years 2024 and 2025.

139
(Table 6-7)
Growth rate of final consumption expenditure in GDP at current prices for the years 2024 and 2025

(Table 4-7) and (Table 6-7) reflect the rise in the growth rate of final consumption expenditure in GDP at current prices from 61.6% in 2024 to 66.1% in 2025, as the growth rate of government expenditure rose from 53.0% to 75.4%, and the growth rate of private expenditure from 62.2% to 65.4%.

(Table 7-7)
Relative contribution of final consumption expenditure in GDP at current prices for the years 2024 and 2025

(Table 4-7) and (Table 7-7) show the stability of the relative contribution of government expenditure in GDP at current prices at 6.4% for the years 2024 and 2025, while the relative contribution of private expenditure in GDP at current prices declined from 90.0% to 84.9%.

65.4
75.4
62.2
53.0
Private expenditure
Government expenditure
%
2025 2024

84.9
6.4
90.0
6.4
Private expenditure
Government expenditure
%
2025 2024

140
(Table 8-7) shows the general trend of total final consumption expenditure during the years (2021-2025).

(Table 8-7)
General trend of total final consumption expenditure during the years (2021-2025)

It is noted from (Table 8-7) that the general trend of total final consumption expenditure during the years (2021-2025) decreased from 289.7% in 2021 to a negative 15.6% in 2023 due to the outbreak of war in mid-April 2023, then rose again to reach 61.6% in 2024, then rose to 66.1% during 2025, which indicates the continuation of economic challenges despite the recovery of aggregate demand.

2.4.7 Investment expenditure:
Investment expenditure is defined as expenditure on new projects in the public and private sectors, infrastructure, and additional sectors such as industry, agriculture, electricity, education, tourism, and productive and service sectors related to economic activity for the production of goods and services. Total investment is also defined as the market value of all fixed assets and new production means added to the assets of enterprises and the change in inventory value.

(Table 9-7) shows the general trend of investment expenditure during the years (2021-2025).

289.7
64.5
(15.6)
61.6 66.1
(50.0)
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Total final consumption expenditure (%) General trend of total final consumption expenditure (%)

141
(Table 9-7)
General trend of investment expenditure during the years (2021-2025)

It is noted from (Table 9-7) that the general trend of total investment expenditure during the years (2021-2025) decreased from 515.4% in 2021 to 64.5% in 2022, then decreased to 35.5% in 2023 due to the outbreak of war in mid-April 2023, which directly affected the investment climate and productive capacities, and the continuation of challenges, which led to a negative 2.3% in 2024, and the decline continued to reach 174.5% in 2025, while the growth rate of investment expenditure rose during the year, reflecting the improvement in the investment climate and production capacities in Sudan.

3.4.7 Net trade of goods and services:
Net trade of goods and services is the difference between the value of exports of goods and services minus the value of imports of goods and services. It is noted from (Table 4-7) that the growth rate of net trade rose from 52.3% in 2024 to 76.2% in 2025, due to the rise in imports from 52.7% to 75.7%, despite the rise in the growth rate of exports from 53.0% to 75.4%.

5.7 Aggregate demand and per capita GDP

Aggregate demand is the sum of total consumption expenditure, investment, and change in inventory (fixed assets).

(Table 5-7) shows aggregate demand and per capita GDP for the years 2024 and 2025.

515.4
64.5 35.5
(2.3)
174.5
(200.0)
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Investment expenditure growth rate
General trend of total investment expenditure growth rate

142
(Table 5-7)
Aggregate demand and per capita GDP for the years 2024 and 2025

Main	2024*			2025*
	Value and growth	%	Change in value	Value and growth	%	Change in value
Aggregate demand (million SDG)	74,505,176	52.9	42,465,086	75.5	32,040,090.0
Total final consumption expenditure (million SDG)	64,433,368	61.6	38,796,604	66.1	25,636,764.0
Total investment expenditure (million SDG) 1	10,071,808	(2.3)	3,668,482	174.5	6,403,326.0
GDP at current prices (million SDG)	70,615,767	53.0	40,257,517	75.4	30,358,250
Population (million)	50,757,402	2.6	49,474,856	2.6	1,282,546.0
Per capita GDP (SDG)	1,391,241	49.0	813,696	71.0	577,544.8

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data
  1 Total investment expenditure (change in inventory (fixed assets)).

It is noted from (Table 5-7) that the growth rate of aggregate demand rose from 52.9% in 2024 to 75.5% in 2025, as a result of the rise in the growth rate of total investment expenditure from a negative 2.3% to 174.5%, the rise in total final consumption expenditure from 61.6% in 2024 to 66.1% in 2025, and the rise in per capita GDP from 813,696 SDG in 2024 to 1,391,241 SDG in 2025, a growth of 71.0%.

6.7 Standard price numbers and rates

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

The consumer price index is a statistical tool used to measure the change in prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by the household during a period of time, i.e., it measures the average change in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services over time. It can also be used for economic purposes such as adjusting wages and salaries, and because of the change in consumption patterns, new goods may be substituted for other goods. The consumer price index is calculated on the basis of the base year, which is the year in which the base year prices are stable.

13 It should be noted that the Central Bureau of Statistics conducted a household survey in 2007, which included all states of Sudan, and the standard numbers and weights reached 13.

143
Inflation: It is defined as the continuous rise in the general level of prices of goods and services during a specific period of time.

Inflation is divided into the following types:

• Headline Inflation: It is defined as the inflation that includes the prices of all goods and services in the consumer price index.
• Core Inflation: It is defined as the number that measures the change in the general level of prices, excluding food group (which is affected by changes in aggregate demand and money supply).
• Imported Inflation: It is defined as the rise in prices resulting from the transmission of global inflation to the country through imports.

1.6.7 Standard price numbers and rates by commodity groups

(Table 6-7) shows the standard price numbers and rates by commodity groups for the years 2024 and 2025 (base year 2007).

(Table 6-7)
Standard price numbers and rates by commodity groups for the years 2024 and 2025 (Base year 2007)

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Commodity groups	2024			2025
	Weight %	Average standard numbers	Average inflation rate (%)	Average standard numbers	Average inflation rate (%)
Food and beverages	52.9	116,999.9	147.2	218,004.2	86.3
Tobacco	0.7	116,255.3	118.5	170,072.8	46.3
Clothing and footwear	4.5	88,629.8	85.1	165,952.5	87.2
Housing	14.2	528,593.4	243.1	984,348.9	86.2
Furniture and equipment	6.9	85,472.6	85.3	150,602.9	76.2
Health	1.0	78,627.4	147.5	106,229.0	35.1
Transport	8.3	1,132,132.5	184.7	2,522,847.6	122.8
Communications	1.7	60,152.0	135.4	220,775.7	267.0
Culture and entertainment	2.2	287,883.4	102.2	510,552.6	77.3
Education	2.7	44,603.8	51.1	136,137.7	205.2
Hotels and restaurants	2.3	140,181.9	153.8	218,898.1	56.2
Other	2.6	101,897.5	132.4	190,185.7	86.6
Average	100.0	257,152.1	176.9	513,987.8	99.9

144
It is noted from (Table 6-7) that the standard number for the transport group rose from 1,132,132.5 points in 2024 to 2,522,847.6 points in 2025, with an inflation rate of 122.8% in 2025, while the education group recorded an average standard number of 44,603.8 points in 2024 compared to 136,137.7 points in 2025, with an inflation rate of 205.2%. The communications group recorded the highest inflation rate, reaching 267.0% in 2025.

2.6.7 Inflation rates

(Table 7-7) shows inflation rates for the years 2024 and 2025.

(Table 7-7)
Monthly inflation rates for the years 2024 and 2025 (%)

Month	2024			2025
	Headline inflation	Core inflation	Imported inflation	Headline inflation	Core inflation	Imported inflation
January	152.4	51.1	127.9	146.8	116.2	145.1
February	147.9	55.3	129.1	146.7	108.9	142.3
March	143.7	59.5	128.8	192.3	115.9	173.7
April	148.4	67.5	131.1	172.4	111.3	156.3
May	148.9	86.1	139.8	159.4	99.4	142.8
June	170.4	97.2	158.2	122.8	90.5	113.4
July	208.3	121.3	193.9	76.9	76.4	78.4
August	229.2	130.0	218.2	83.5	71.4	83.1
September	222.4	142.8	215.5	85.3	63.3	83.5
October	217.9	148.8	211.5	78.3	62.2	77.4
November	201.5	149.3	198.2	76.2	60.1	74.0
December	188.2	156.0	187.8	70.4	57.3	68.2

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

145
(Table 10-7)
Monthly inflation rates for the years 2024 and 2025

It is noted from (Table 7-7) and (Table 10-7) that the headline inflation rate continued during 2024, as the general level continued its upward trend during most months of the year, rising from 127.9% in January to reach its peak of 218.2% in August, before declining to 187.8% in December. This reflects the continued supply-side imbalances, and the decline in the exchange rate and the flow of goods and services.

Imported inflation also showed a similar trend, rising from 152.4% in January 2024 to 229.2% in August, before declining to 188.2% in December, reflecting the impact of high import prices and exchange rate fluctuations on the general price level.

During 2025, inflation rates declined significantly compared to 2024, despite the continued high levels, as the headline inflation rate decreased from 145.1% in January to 68.2% in December, although it rose to 173.7% in March. The decline in pressures continued during the rest of the year, and the general trend began to decline before the improvement in inflation and price stability.

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2024 2025
%
Headline inflation
Core inflation
Imported inflation

146
Core inflation also declined from 146.8% in January 2025 to 70.4% in December, while imported inflation decreased from 116.2% to 57.3% during the same period, reflecting the decline in pressures resulting from imports and the improvement in supply conditions and exchange rates compared to 2024.

The Sudanese economy moved from the stage of high inflation rates during 2024 to the stage of improvement during 2025, despite the continuation of war, thanks to the improvement in inflation rates and the policies followed by the monetary and economic authorities, in addition to the decline in pressures and the continuation of economic stability.

3.6.7 General trend of average inflation rates

(Table 11-7) shows the general trend of average inflation rates during the years (2021-2025).

(Table 11-7)
General trend of average inflation rates during the years (2021-2025)

It is noted from (Table 11-7) that the average inflation rate decreased from 359.1% in 2021 to 138.8% and 66.6% in the years 2022 and 2023, respectively, due to the repercussions of the war in mid-April 2024, reaching 176.9% in 2024, then declining to 99.9% in 2025.

4.6.7 Average inflation rate by states

(Table 8-7) shows the average inflation rate by states for the years 2024 and 2025.

359.1
138.8
66.6
176.9
99.9
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Food and beverages
Transport
All items
Other groups
Housing
Average inflation rate
General trend of average inflation rate

147
(Table 8 – 7)
Average monthly rainfall by state for the years 2024 and 2025

State	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Annual average
Northern Darfur	134.3	156.9	115.3	146.9	147.2	225.9	224.8	311.7	340.0	338.8	346.1	321.7	304.3	273.7
Gezira	157.8	146.7	141.4	269.1	267.0	237.6	215.2	182.3	218.5	180.5	149.8	148.2	144.0	183.0
Blue Nile	305.8	325.8	321.4	352.2	319.7	287.7	367.2	153.7	150.0	145.5	75.2	67.0	65.2	158.0
Khartoum	91.7	90.4	89.2	140.4	140.2	127.8	111.1	88.8	111.1	132.9	132.7	121.2	126.9	118.6
Kassala	221.4	391.8	245.8	254.1	211.8	213.3	165.1	44.6	47.2	100.8	99.4	99.0	99.2	114.1
Sennar	298.5	218.7	297.3	312.8	306.2	305.1	197.0	160.9	40.5	37.7	37.8	36.8	7.2	106.0
White Nile	258.4	154.9	245.2	269.2	189.5	149.1	94.3	65.8	54.0	49.3	50.6	58.7	19.2	94.2
Southern Kordofan	106.0	227.4	103.5	116.3	78.0	79.9	59.7	49.7	79.6	74.6	75.3	80.5	81.9	78.9
Gedaref	311.2	300.2	304.1	297.7	234.8	180.0	124.6	22.3	14.8	20.9	23.5	20.9	25.4	72.9
Central Darfur	48.9	111.5	46.2	49.3	55.1	63.3	58.7	65.5	84.4	83.1	88.4	86.8	83.0	69.8
West Darfur	106.3	208.4	120.0	119.6	120.7	105.6	83.6	80.6	61.6	30.8	32.6	30.8	26.0	66.2
Blue Nile	160.7	197.3	157.6	162.8	160.4	149.5	75.7	56.3	51.4	26.5	5.8	5.6	6.3	60.3
South Darfur	84.1	116.7	80.8	92.5	84.1	72.9	56.9	54.0	40.8	37.8	38.3	31.9	29.0	54.0
Red Sea	54.8	115.3	44.5	78.5	76.1	69.1	51.8	45.1	42.8	41.5	40.9	41.3	41.1	51.0
North Kordofan	82.8	164.3	87.0	98.3	92.6	82.6	42.4	33.4	34.8	30.3	29.1	29.0	26.0	49.0
East Darfur	117.8	136.1	99.2	111.1	79.2	68.2	62.3	47.7	29.2	12.9	22.2	21.4	22.0	48.3
West Kordofan	65.1	93.2	62.4	61.7	57.7	55.5	52.9	27.1	22.1	19.8	19.9	21.4	19.9	37.2
Northern	49.2	328	48.8	55.3	54.4	48.2	37.2	18.2	15.7	14.6	28.0	11.3	11.4	30.1
Overall average	145.1	176.9	142.3	173.7	156.3	142.8	113.4	78.4	83.1	83.5	77.4	74.0	68.2	99.9

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

From Table (8 – 7), it is noted that 6 states recorded an increase in the general average rainfall during the year 2025, as Northern Darfur State recorded the highest average rainfall of 273.7 mm, followed by Gezira State with an average of 183.0 mm, then Blue Nile State with an average of 158.0 mm, while Northern State recorded the lowest average rainfall of 30.1 mm during the year 2025.

148
7.6.6 Average monthly rainfall index for livestock and agriculture
Table (7 – 9) shows the average monthly rainfall index for livestock and agriculture for the years 2024 and 2025.

(Table 7 - 9)
Average monthly rainfall index for livestock and agriculture for the years 2024 and 2025 (%)

Month	2024	2025	Annual change rate
January	157.9	124.3	123.3
February	165.1	147.5	146.3
March	105.7	80.2	83.9
April	87.6	83.4	80.6
May	74.7	100.6
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Overall average	189.5	159.7	155.8
Livestock rainfall index	181.7	163.7	141.8
Agricultural rainfall index	119.1	77.5	83.5
Overall average	81.9	74.8	71.2
	65.2	100.3
	74.7	100.6

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

From Table (7 – 9), it is noted that the average livestock rainfall index decreased from 157.9% in 2024 to 100.6% in 2025, and the average agricultural rainfall index decreased from 189.5% in 2024 to 100.3% in 2025.

7.7 Demographic developments:
7.7.1 Population size and growth rates
Table (7 – 10) shows population estimates and growth rates during the years (2021 – 2025).

(Table 7 - 10)
Population estimates and growth rates during the years (2021 - 2025) (Number)

Year	Males	Females	Total
*2021	23,122,320	22,556,056	45,678,376
*2022	23,751,148	23,183,374	46,934,522
*2023	24,384,725	23,815,061	48,199,786
*2024	25,023,411	24,451,445	49,474,856
*2025	25,666,038	25,091,364	50,757,402

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Preliminary data

149
(Table 7 - 12)
(2021 - 2025) Population estimates and growth rates during the years

From Tables (7 - 10) and (7 - 12), it is noted that the population estimates increased from 45,678,376 people in 2021 to 50,757,402 people in 2025, with an annual growth rate of 2.6% during the period (2021 - 2025). The number of males reached 25,666,038 people in 2025, representing 50.6% of the population, while females numbered 25,091,364 people, representing 49.4% of the population in 2025.

7.7.2 Age distribution of the population
Table (7 – 11) shows the age distribution for the year 2025.

23,122,320
23,751,148
24,384,725
25,023,411
25,666,038
22,556,056
23,183,374
23,815,061
24,451,445
25,091,364
21,000,000
21,500,000
22,000,000
22,500,000
23,000,000
23,500,000
24,000,000
24,500,000
25,000,000
25,500,000
26,000,000
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Males Females

150
(Table 7 - 11)

• Age distribution for the year 2025
  (Number)

Age group	Males	%	Females	%	Total	%	Cumulative %
0 – 4	3,636,857	7.2	3,562,764	7.0	7,199,621	14.2	14.2
5 – 9	3,331,689	6.6	3,272,301	6.4	6,603,990	13.0	27.2
10 – 14	3,064,076	6.0	3,008,093	5.9	6,072,169	12.0	39.2
15 – 19	2,672,670	5.3	2,548,855	5.0	5,221,525	10.3	49.4
20 – 24	2,368,861	4.7	2,209,476	4.4	4,578,337	9.0	58.5
25 – 29	2,094,926	4.1	1,949,404	3.8	4,044,330	8.0	66.4
30 – 34	1,818,166	3.6	1,709,272	3.4	3,527,438	6.9	73.4
35 – 39	1,530,962	3.0	1,501,858	3.0	3,032,820	6.0	79.4
40 – 44	1,277,438	2.5	1,302,046	2.6	2,579,484	5.1	84.4
45 – 49	1,047,163	2.1	1,097,628	2.2	2,144,791	4.2	88.7
50 – 54	843,092	1.7	900,403	1.8	1,743,495	3.4	92.1
55 – 59	665,082	1.3	695,937	1.4	1,361,019	2.7	94.8
60 – 64	504,371	1.0	516,540	1.0	1,020,911	2.0	96.8
65 – 69	353,948	0.7	357,412	0.7	711,360	1.4	98.2
70 – 74	229,476	0.5	229,025	0.5	458,501	0.9	99.1
75 – 79	132,914	0.3	133,375	0.3	266,289	0.5	99.6
80+	94,347	0.2	96,975	0.2	191,322	0.4	100.0
Total	25,666,038	50.6	25,091,364	49.4	50,757,402	100

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Preliminary data

(Table 7 - 13)
Population distribution by age and gender for the year 2025

7.2
6.6
6.0
5.3
4.7
4.1
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.3
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
7.0
6.4
5.9
5.0
4.4
3.8
3.4
3.0
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
0 – 4
10 – 14
20 – 24
30 – 34
40 – 44
50 – 54
60 – 64
70 – 74
80+
%
Males Females

151
From Tables (7 - 11) and (7 - 13), it is noted that females represent 50.6% and males 49.4% of the total population. The working-age population (15–64 years) constitutes 57.6% of the total population, while the youth category (0–14 years) represents 39.2% of the population for the year 2025 in Sudan. The elderly (65 years and above) constitute 3.2% of the total population.

(Table 7 - 12)

• Distribution of population by state and gender for the year 2025
  (Number)

State	Total	Males	%	Females	%	2024
Khartoum	9,664,224	5,012,609	19.5	4,651,615	18.5	9,420,017
Central States	12,836,422	6,295,948	24.5	6,540,474	26.1	12,512,095
Gezira	6,161,901	3,003,297	11.7	3,158,604	12.6	6,006,213
White Nile	3,014,959	1,484,216	5.8	1,530,743	6.1	2,938,783
Sennar	2,319,585	1,134,802	4.4	1,184,783	4.7	2,260,981
Blue Nile	1,339,977	673,633	2.6	666,344	2.7	1,306,118
Darfur States	11,405,120	5,815,991	22.7	5,589,129	22.3	11,116,924
South Darfur	4,507,375	2,335,729	9.1	2,171,646	8.7	4,393,480
North Darfur	2,786,567	1,409,080	5.5	1,377,487	5.5	2,716,151
East Darfur	1,964,179	1,015,608	4.0	948,571	3.8	1,914,546
West Darfur	1,233,451	606,645	2.4	626,806	2.5	1,202,286
Central Darfur	913,548	448,929	1.7	464,619	1.9	890,461
Eastern States	7,507,002	3,924,321	15.3	3,582,681	14.3	7,317,304
Kassala	3,045,447	1,616,736	6.3	1,428,711	5.7	2,968,490
Gedaref	2,669,814	1,330,713	5.2	1,339,101	5.3	2,602,356
Red Sea	1,791,741	976,872	3.8	814,869	3.2	1,746,458
Kordofan States	6,385,204	3,114,755	12.1	3,270,449	13.0	6,223,874
North Kordofan	3,024,415	1,468,804	5.7	1,555,611	6.2	2,948,001
West Kordofan	1,905,035	934,107	3.6	970,928	3.9	1,856,898
South Kordofan	1,455,754	711,844	2.8	743,910	3.0	1,418,975
Northern States	2,959,430	1,502,414	5.9	1,457,016	5.8	2,884,642
River Nile	1,827,249	927,477	3.6	899,772	3.6	1,781,075
Northern	1,132,181	574,937	2.2	557,244	2.2	1,103,567
Total	50,757,402	25,666,038	100.0	25,091,364	100.0	49,474,856

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Preliminary data

152
From Table (7 - 12), it is noted that Khartoum State has the highest population, reaching 9,664,224 people, representing 19.0%, followed by Gezira State with 12.1%, then South Darfur State with 8.9%. The lowest population was in Central Darfur State, reaching 913,548 people in 2025.

(Table 7 - 14)
Population by state and gender for the year 2025

7.7.3 Unemployment rate
Tables (7 - 13) and (7 - 15) show the unemployment rate during the period (2021 - 2025).

(Table 7 - 13)
Unemployment rate during the period (2021 - 2025) (%)

Statement	*2021	*2022	*2023	*2024	*2025
Unemployment rate	28.3	32.1	47.6	60.8	60.6

Source: World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, April 2025

• Preliminary data

54.5
53.1
51.9 51.8 51.7
50.8 50.8 50.6 50.3 49.8 49.2 49.2 49.1 49.0 48.9 48.9 48.7 48.6
45.5
46.9
48.1 48.2 48.3
49.2 49.2 49.4 49.7 50.2 50.8 50.8 50.9 51.0 51.1 51.1 51.3 51.4
Red Sea
Kassala
Khartoum
South Darfur
Gedaref
Northern
River Nile
North Darfur
Blue Nile
Gedaref
White Nile
West Darfur
Central Darfur
West Kordofan
South Kordofan
Sennar
Gezira
North Kordofan
%
Males Females

153
(Table 7 - 15)
General trend of unemployment rate during the period (2021 - 2025)

From Tables (7-13) and (7-15), it is noted that the general trend of unemployment rates during the period (2021–2025) was upward, as the unemployment rate rose from 28.3% in 2021 to 32.1% in 2022, then continued to rise to reach 47.6%, 60.8%, and 60.6% in the years 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. This rise is mainly attributed to the repercussions of the war that broke out in mid-April 2023, which led to the contraction of economic activity and the damage to productive sectors, which negatively affected the labor market, weakened the economy's ability to create jobs, and disrupted production.

28.3 32.1
47.6
60.8
60.6

10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Unemployment rate (%) General trend of unemployment rate

154
Central Bank of Sudan

155
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156
Production for the year 2025
1.8 Introduction:
This chapter reviews the performance of the agricultural sector, which includes plant and animal production (agriculture, pastoralism, and fisheries), the industrial sector, which includes mining, quarrying, manufacturing industries, electricity, water, and construction, and the service sector, which includes transport, roads, communications, tourism, hotels, and other subsidiary services.

2-8 Agricultural sector
The agricultural sector includes plant and animal production activities, including agriculture and fisheries. The performance of this sector during the year 2025 improved, as the recession rate decreased from 4.4% in 2024 to 0.4% in 2025, due to the improvement in the agricultural activity index, which contributed 34.6% of the gross domestic product in 2025. This confirms the sector's role in supporting the economy and achieving food security and providing job opportunities.

1-2-8 Plant production
Plant production includes agriculture (traditional and mechanized rain-fed agriculture), forestry, and cotton as the main crop, in addition to food and oil crops and gum arabic.
Table (8 - 1) shows the cultivated areas in the seasons 2022/2023, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025.

(Table 8-1)
Cultivated areas for the seasons 2022/2023, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025 (Million feddans)

Season	Rain-fed agriculture	Irrigated agriculture	Total cultivated areas
2022/2023	22.1	0.7	22.8
2023/2024*	20.2	0.6	20.8
2024/2025*	21.7	0.4	22.2
Change rate %	7.4	- 33.3	6.7

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – General Administration of Agricultural Economics and Planning

• Preliminary figures
  Note: 1 hectare equals 2.38 feddans.

From Table (8 - 1), the cultivated areas for the 2024/2025 season increased to 22.2 million feddans compared to 20.8 million feddans, achieving a rate of 6.7%. This is mainly attributed to the increase in rain-fed agriculture areas from 20.2 million in the 2023/2024 season, while irrigated agriculture areas decreased from 0.6 million feddans to 0.4 million feddans in the 2024/2025 season by 33.3%.

157

• Review of the performance of the plant production sector:
  Despite the repercussions of the war that broke out on April 15, 2023, on the three agricultural seasons, the 2024/2025 season witnessed an improvement in agricultural production indicators compared to the 2023/2024 season. This improvement included most food and oil crops, except for the sunflower crop, which recorded a decline in its production during the comparison period.
  Table (8 - 2) presents the performance of plant and animal production.

(Table 8-2)
The most important performance of plant and animal production for the seasons 2022/2023, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025

Crops	2022/2023	2023/2024	2024/2025*	Change rate %*
	Cultivated area	Productive area	Production	Cultivated area	Productive area	Production	Cultivated area	Productive area	Production
Food crops 1:
Maize	9,727	5,248	311	9,860	3,091	214	11,346	5,406	265	23.5
Millet	4,809	1,904	210	3,869	684	97	3,812	793	118	21.7
Wheat	192.9	476	1,058	179.1	378	983	159.6	490	1,323	34.6
Oil crops 2:
Sudan bean	3,617	2,642	361.2	3,587	1,386	193.2	3,457	1,684	289.8	50.0
Sesame	3,744	742.0	109	2,978	600.1	105	2,807	625.4	117.6	12.0
Sunflower	163.0	77.5	256.2	148.9	40.0	218.4	260.4	59.5	189	-13.5
Cotton	514.0	307.5	315	199.0	118.0	491.4	356.0	358.8	630	28.2
Cash crops 3:
Gum arabic:
Acacia gum	-	97.3	-	-	57.8	-	-	169.2	-	192.6
Talh gum	-	41.6	-	-	130.5	-	-	111.0	-	(14.9)
Nabq gum	-	6.3	-	-	13.2	-	-	15.3	-	15.6
Camel thorn gum	-	0.39	-	-	0.4	-	-	1.1	-	163.5
Total	-	145.6	-	-	201.9	-	-	296.6	-	46.9
Animal wealth 4 -:
Cows	-	32.7	-	-	32.9	-	-	32.2	-	-
Sheep	-	41.4	-	-	41.5	-	-	41.6	-	-
Goats	-	32.7	-	-	32.9	-	-	33.1	-	-
Camels	-	5.0	-	-	5.1	-	-	5.1	-	-
Total	-	111.8	-	-	112.4	-	-	113.0	-	-

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (General Administration of Agricultural Economics and Planning); Gum arabic data from the National Forestry Corporation.

• Preliminary data
  Notes:
  Productive area: thousand feddans; Production: thousand tons; Area: thousand feddans Gum arabic data are in thousands of tons only for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025, not agricultural seasons. Animal wealth data are in million head for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025, not agricultural seasons. Productivity represents the result of dividing production by the harvested area, which sometimes varies from the cultivated area.

158
Food crops:
Table (8-2) includes the most important food crops, represented by wheat, maize, and millet.
Maize
Maize production increased from 3,091 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 5,406 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, with an increase in productivity of 23.5%, supported by an increase in cultivated areas from 9,860 thousand feddans to 11,346 thousand feddans, with an increase of 16.6%, as well as an increase in productivity from 214 kg/feddan to 265 kg/feddan, with an increase of 23.5%. Millet Millet production increased from 684 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 793 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, with an increase of 16.0%, despite a decrease in cultivated area from 3,869 thousand feddans to 3,812 thousand feddans, with a decrease of 1.5%. An increase in productivity from 97 kg/feddan to 118 kg/feddan is also noted, with an increase of 21.7%. Wheat Wheat production increased during the 2024/2025 season, rising from 378 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 490 thousand tons, with an increase of 29.7%, and productivity increased by 34.6%, reflecting an improvement in production efficiency. Despite this, cultivated areas declined from 179.1 thousand feddans to 159.6 thousand feddans, a decrease of 10.9%. Cash crops:
Table (8-2) includes the most important cash crops, represented by cotton and gum arabic.
Gum arabic
Gum arabic production increased from 201.9 thousand tons in 2024 to 296.6 thousand tons in 2025, with an increase of 46.9%. Cotton Cotton production increased from 118 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 359 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, with productivity improving by 204% and production increasing by 28.2%. This reflects the positive impact of the package of policies adopted to encourage exports and the significant improvement in productivity due to the expansion of cultivated areas from 199.0 thousand feddans to 356.0 thousand feddans, with an increase of 78.9%.

159
Oil crops:
Table (8-2) shows the most important oil crops, represented by Sudan bean, sesame, and sunflower.
Sudan bean
Sudan bean production increased from 1,386 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 1,684 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, with an increase of 21.5%, despite a decrease in cultivated areas from 3,587 thousand feddans to 3,457 thousand feddans, with productivity reaching 50%. Sesame Sesame production increased slightly from 600.1 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 625.5 thousand tons, with an increase of 4.2%, despite a decline in cultivated areas to 2,978 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, supported by an increase in productivity of 12%. Sunflower Sunflower production increased from 40 thousand tons in the 2023/2024 season to 59.5 thousand tons in the 2024/2025 season, with an increase of 48.8%. This is attributed to the increase in cultivated area from 148.9 thousand feddans to 260.4 thousand feddans, with an increase of 74.9%, despite a decrease in productivity of 13.5%.

(Figure 8-1)
General trend of production of the most important plant crops during the period (2021-2025) Source: Data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (General Administration of Agricultural Economics and Planning); food crops, oil crops, and cotton data from the National Forestry Corporation.

160

• From the above, it is noted:
  The general trend of production of the most important plant crops during the period (2021–2025) shows fluctuation and instability in production levels, with an upward trend in 2025. This pattern is attributed to the heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and climatic factors, in addition to the limited expansion in irrigated agriculture. The data also showed that gum arabic production took a gradual upward trend during the period (2021–2025), reflecting an improvement in production levels. Plant production in the years preceding the war had stabilized at moderate rates, but the subsequent years witnessed a decline that reflected the sector's performance and productivity.

(Figure 8-2)
Production of the most important food crops for the seasons 2022/2023, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025

(Figure 8-3)
Production of the most important oil crops for the seasons 2022/2023, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025 (Thousand tons)

376
1,904
5,248
338
684
3,055
490 793
5,406
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Wheat Millet Maize
2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025
0
1000
2000
3000
Sunflower Sesame Sudan bean
2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025

161

2-2-8 Animal production and products
Table (8-2) shows the continuation of the stable performance of the animal production sector and its products during the period 2023-2025. The total number of livestock increased from about 112.0 million head in 2024 to 113.0 million head in 2025, with a growth rate of 0.5%, reflecting the stability of this development and supporting the continued improvement of the sector's production base and the achievement of food security and economic activity.

(Table 8-3)
Estimates of animal and fish products for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 (Thousand tons)

Product	2023	2024	2025*	Change rate %*
Red meat	1,734	1,742	1,753	0.6
Milk	4,757	4,792	4,836	0.9
Poultry meat	81	83	84	1.2
Eggs	76	77	79	2.6
Fish	16,712	not available	not available	not available
Hides (thousand pieces)	27,501	27,612	27,724	0.4

Source: Ministry of Animal and Fisheries Resources - Information Center

• Preliminary data

Red meat production increased in 2025 slightly compared to 2024, as all types of animal products increased. Egg production recorded the highest growth rate of 2.6%, poultry 1.2%, milk 0.9%, red meat 0.6%, and hides production increased by 0.4%.

3-8 Industrial sector
The industrial sector includes manufacturing industries, quarrying, mining, oil, gas, water, electricity, and construction. The industrial sector contributed 19.7% and 19.8% of the gross domestic product for the years 2024 and 2025, respectively. The sector's growth rate improved from a negative rate of 26.4% in 2024 to a positive 2.4% in 2025.

162
As for the data related to the industrial sector for the years 2024 and 2025, data were available for other minerals and products, sugar industry, and oil and its derivatives. As for the manufacturing industries, data were not available. The following is a review of the performance of some sub-sectors of the industrial sector:

2-3-8 Mining and other products
Within the framework of the state's package of policies and measures aimed at developing exploration and exploitation activities, increasing production, and promoting mining industries, including enhancing export capacity and increasing their contribution to the gross domestic product. These policies also aim to improve the investment climate to attract national and foreign capital, in addition to upgrading mining activities through regulation and development to contribute to the sector's efficiency and sustainability and its growth.
Table (5-8) shows the production of minerals and other products for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025.

(Table 8-4)
Production of minerals and other products for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025

Product	2023	2024	2025*	Annual change rate %
Gold (tons)	23.1	64.3	71.4	11.04
Chromium (thousand tons)	14.3	13.0	5.5	57.9-
Feldspar (thousand tons)	-	-	-	-
Kaolin (thousand tons)	-	-	1.8	-
Limestone (million tons)	1.25	0.001	1.8	354,231
Gypsum (thousand tons)	27.1	20.0	92.7	363.50
Salt (thousand tons)	49.7	157.0	149.9	4.55-
Iron (thousand tons)	-	-	-	-
Talc (thousand tons)	4.4	0.0	0.0	-

Source: Sudanese Mineral Resources Company – Ministry of Minerals

• Preliminary data

163
1-2-3-8 Gold
From Table (8-4), gold production increased from 64.3 tons in 2024 to 71.4 tons in 2025, with an increase of 11.04%. Chromium production also increased by 57.9%, with a decrease of 4.55% in limestone production, and varying increases in the production of kaolin and limestone.

3-3-8 Manufacturing industries
Manufacturing industries are among the sub-sectors with a positive impact on the added value to the economy, including the sugar industry, cement, ceramics, water, electricity, construction, and other manufacturing industries. The sector's growth rate decreased from a negative 40.3% in 2024 to 1.0% in 2025, while its contribution to the gross domestic product decreased from 10.9% in 2024 to 10.8% in 2025. As for the data related to manufacturing industries for the years 2024 and 2025, data were available for the cement industry and Nile Cement Company (Berber). As for the ceramics industry, data were not available, in addition to the data for other manufacturing industries and the sugar industry. The performance of the most important manufacturing industries is as follows:

1-3-3-8 Cement industry
The cement industry is one of the industries closely linked to the construction and building sector and plays a strategic role, serving as a major axis for economic growth and supporting related sectors. The sector has faced multiple challenges in recent years, most notably the war that broke out on April 15, 2023, repeated power outages, rising costs of production inputs such as fuel and spare parts, competition with imported cement, and the number of fees and customs.
Table (8-7) shows the production of cement for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025. Figure (8-8) shows the general trend of production during the period (2021–2025). Figure (8-9) shows the contribution of total cement production for the year 2025.

164
(Table 8-5) (a)
Cement production for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025

Statement	Production (thousand tons)	Contribution % for 2025	Change rate %*
	2023	2024	2025
Atbara	435.6	244.6	331.4	21.7	35.5
Northern	409.2	0	155.0	10.2	0
Takamol	351.1	268.8	525.1	34.4	95.3
Berber	512.4	389.1	512.9	33.6	31.8
Nile Cement (Berber)				0.0	0
Alsalam				0.0	0
Total	1,708.3	902.5	1,524.4	100.0	68.9

Source: Factories mentioned in the table

• Preliminary data

From Table (8-5) (a), total cement production decreased from 1,708.3 thousand tons in 2023 to 902.5 thousand tons in 2024, with a decrease of 47.1%. This is mainly attributed to the exit of the Northern Cement Factory and the halt of the Nile Cement Factory (Berber). Production resumed in 2025, with a growth rate of 68.9%, reaching 1,525.4 thousand tons compared to 2024. This is due to the improvement in the production of Atbara factory by 95.3%, Berber factory by 35.5%, and Takamol factory by 31.8%, in addition to the return of the Northern factory to production by 155 thousand tons. According to the contribution to total production in 2025, Takamol factory came first with 34.4%, followed by Berber factory with 33.6%, then Atbara factory with 21.7%.

(Table 8-5) (b)
Design capacity of cement factories for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025

Statement	Design capacity for production (thousand tons)	Utilization rate %
	2023	2024	2025	2024	2025
Atbara	1,200	1,200	1,200	20.4	27.6
Northern	1,200			0.0	12.9
Takamol	1,544			17.4	34.0
Berber	1,825	1,825	1,830	21.3	28.1
Nile Cement (Berber)	350.0			0.0	0.0
Alsalam	1000.0			0.0	0.0

Source: Factories mentioned in the table

165

Exploitation of the designed production capacity of the working cement factories (average rise) (5-8) Table (million tons)

Cement production reached about 7,119 thousand tons, despite the stability of the designed capacity in 2025 BC at 25.7% versus 14.8% in 2024 BC, reflecting the improvement in operating rates and utilization of available capacities.

(4-8) Figure

General direction of cement production during the period (2021-2025)

(4-8) Figure shows that cement production fluctuated during (2021-2025), as it declined in 2024 BC and then improved in 2025 BC compared to 2023, after recovering from its level before the war. This development is attributed to the improvement in the performance of the cement sector in 2025 BC, contrary to what happened in 2023, as a result of the challenges that affected the production and operating operations.

(5-8) Figure

Contribution ratios of cement factories to total cement production for the year 2025

100 91
39
21
35
0
50
100
150
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
General direction of cement production
22%
10%
34.4%
33.6%
Berber
North
Integration
River

166

Pharmaceutical industry 2-3-3-8

(6-8) Table shows the production of human/veterinary/agricultural medicines for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

(6-8) Table

Production of human, veterinary and agricultural medicines for 2023, 2024 and 2025

Products	Unit	2023	2024	2025*	Change rate %*
First: Human medicines:
Tablets	million tablets	807.1	1,201.7	1,731.5	44.1
Capsules	million capsules	118.8	149.7	21,857.1	14,497
Oral solutions	million bottles	5.9	448.6	641.4	43.0
Injectable solutions	million bottles	161.5	330.8	953.4	188.2
Suppositories and ointments	million packages	4.1	1,189.4	2,383.5	100.4
Ready-made infusion solution	million bags	3.2	-	0.1	0.0
Serums	million vials	1.5	502.8	879.4	74.9
Ointments	million tubes	0.2	-	33.9	0.0
Second: Veterinary medicines:
Veterinary ointments	million units				0.0
Veterinary solutions	million units				0.08
Veterinary serums	million units				0.01
Union of Veterinary Medicine Factories - Industrial Chambers Room
Source: * Primary data

(6-8) Table shows the increase in the production of all human/veterinary/agricultural medicines in 2025 compared to 2024, as the production of tablets increased to 1,731.48 million tablets in 2025 BC from 1,201.67 million tablets in 2024 BC, at a rate of 44.1%, oral solutions from 330.79 million bottles to 953.36 million bottles at a rate of 188.2%, suppositories and ointments from 502.8 million vials to 879.4 million vials at a rate of 100.4%, and packages from 1,189.43 million packages to 2,383.49 million packages at a rate of 74.9%.

Veterinary/agricultural medicine production was affected by the lack of data for 2024 and 2025, due to the interruption of the supply chain.

Other transformative industries: 3-3-3-8

(7-8) Table shows the production of other transformative industries for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

167

(7-8) Table

Production of other transformative industries for 2023, 2024 and 2025

Products	Unit	2023	2024	2025*	Change rate %*
Ethanol	million liters			16	-
School chairs	million seats	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
School books	million books	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
Vegetable oils	thousand tons	68.96	172.4	206.88	20.0
Carbonated water and juices	million liters	61,107.3	23,040	27,648	20.0
Flour	million tons	1.16	1.34	2.67	99.3
Biscuits	thousand tons	57.52	143.8	172.56	20.0
Milling and grinding	thousand tons	0.013	0.330	0.396	20.0
Cartons	thousand tons	7,114,050	Not available	Not available	-
Tobacco	tons	2,432.80	Not available	Not available	-
Water coolers and refrigerators	thousand units	10,051.0	Not available	Not available	-
Motors	units	10,400	26,000	31,200	20.0
Nails	thousand tons	0.42	1.05	1.26	20.0
Soap	tons	9,600	24,000	28,800	20.0
Tires	thousand tons	0.250	0.500	0.750	50.0
Shoes	thousand tons	37.3	42	112	166.7
Leather	million pieces	264	660	792	20.0
Agricultural equipment	units	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
Tractors	units	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
Ready-made clothes	million pieces	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
Porcelain and ceramic	million cubic meters	Not available	Not available	Not available	-
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade, Sudanese Businessmen and Employers Federation - Production Tax Administration
* Primary data

(7-8) Table shows the variation in growth rates of transformative industries production in 2025 compared to 2024, as the growth rate of shoes industry reached 166.7%, flour industry 99.3%, tires 50.0%, and a number of other industries exceeded 20% growth rates, most notably oils, vegetable oils, motors, soap, and biscuits. Some industries whose data are not available in the counterpart country, and production has stopped due to the outbreak of war since mid-April 2023, which was reflected in the lack of completion of statistical data for the sector.

Electricity and water 5-3-3-8.

Water data is not available for the years 2024 and 2025, while water data was available for the year 2023 BC.

168

Electricity generation: 1-5-3-3-8

Electricity generation and transmission is carried out by five specialized companies: the Sudanese Electricity Transmission Company, the Sudanese Thermal Generation Company, the Sudanese Hydro Generation Company, the Sudanese Electricity Distribution Company, and the Sudanese Company for Electricity Transmission and Distribution.

The performance of electricity generation and imported electricity for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 is reviewed.

Generated and imported electricity 1-1-5-3-3-8

(8-8) Table shows the generated and imported electricity for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 in Sudan, as (6-8) Figure shows the contribution ratios of generation sources to the total generated electricity in 2025.

(8-8) Table

Generated and imported electricity for 2023, 2024, and 2025

	(megawatt/hour)				Contribution ratio (%) for 2025	Change rate %
	2023	2024	2025*
1. Hydro generation	10,153.00	8,762.80	6,901.42	80.5	-21.2
2. Thermal generation:	2,508.00	1,172.81	1,250.13	14.6	6.6
a/ Steam	1,652.00	598.36	745.81	8.7	24.6
b/ Gas	35	-	-	0.0	0.0
c/ Diesel	519	574.45	504.33	5.9	-12.2
d/ Combined cycle	302	-	-	0.0	0.0
3. Solar connection	479	124.52	2.59	0.0	-97.9
4. Egyptian connection	475	202.15	417.04	4.9	106.3
Total generated electricity	13,615.00	10,262.28	8,571.18	100.0	-16.5
Source: Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity
* Primary data

1 Includes gas and steam generation process.

169

(6-8) Figure

Contribution ratios of generation sources to total generated electricity in 2025

(8-8) Table and (6-8) Figure show a decrease in total generated electricity by about 10,262.28 megawatt/hour in 2024 BC to 8,571.18 megawatt/hour in 2025 BC, a decline of 16.5%. This decrease is attributed mainly to the decline in hydro generation from 8,762.80 megawatt/hour to 6,901.42 megawatt/hour at a rate of 21.2%, while thermal generation increased by 6.6%, and the contribution ratio of hydro generation reached 80.5%, and thermal generation about 14.6% of the total generated electricity during 2025.

Consumed electricity 2-1-5-3-3-8

(9-8) Table shows the consumed electricity by sectors for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025, as (7-8) Figure shows the contribution ratios of sectors to consumed electricity in 2025.

(9-8) Table

Consumed electricity by sectors for 2023, 2024, and 2025

	(megawatt/hour)
Sector	2023	2024	2025*	Consumption ratio (%) for 2025	Change rate %
Residential sector	2,949.33	2,079.50	1,887.66	49.8	(9.2)
Industrial sector	685.10	323.88	543.89	14.4	67.9
Agricultural sector	805.83	776.61	576.33	15.2	(25.8)
Government sector	188.14	107.90	168.86	4.5	56.5
Unified 1	382.58	288.04	342.93	9.1	19.1
Other	306.72	166.82	268.12	7.1	60.7
Total	5,317.70	3,742.75	3,787.79	100	1.2

170

(7-8) Figure

Contribution ratios of sectors to electricity consumption in 2025

(9-8) Table and (7-8) Figure show a slight increase in total electricity consumption by various sectors, as it increased from about 3,742.75 megawatt/hour in 2024 BC to 3,787.79 megawatt/hour in 2025 BC, achieving a growth rate of 1.2%. The residential sector accounted for the largest share of total consumption at 49.8%, followed by the agricultural sector at 15.2%, the industrial sector at 14.4%, the unified sector at 9.1%, and other sectors at 7.1%, while the government sector's share reached 4.5% of total consumed electricity during 2025.

Services sector: 4-8

This sector includes services such as wholesale and retail trade, transport, roads and bridges, construction, communications and hotels, and other services. The sector's growth rate improved from negative 11.5% in 2024 to positive 2.5% in 2025, and its contribution to GDP increased from 45.4% in 2024 to 45.8% in 2025. With regard to the services sector data for 2024 and 2025, data for some states for the year 2024 were not available, and education and hotel and tourism data are not available.

Residential sector
50%
Industrial sector
14%
Agricultural sector
15%
Government sector
5%
Unified
9%
Other
7%

171

Performance of some sub-sectors:

Health 1-4-8

The sector includes health institutions represented by hospitals, family and health centers, primary health units, dressing points, pharmacies, and eye hospitals.

Data for the sector for the year 2024 were available for a limited number of states, as the number of hospitals reached 473.0, family and health centers 1,839.0, primary health units 2,107.0, and dressing points 3,337.

Transport and communications 2-4-8

This sector includes transport means, namely land, sea and air transport. The sector's performance improved, as the number of passengers increased from 3,102 thousand passengers in 2024 to 3,990 thousand in 2025 at a rate of 28.6%, and the number of vehicles increased from 761.2 thousand vehicles in 2024 to 851.4 thousand vehicles in 2025 at a rate of 11.8%.

(10-8) Table shows the performance of transport means for goods and passengers in Sudan for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

(10-8) Table

Performance of transport means for goods and passengers in Sudan for 2023, 2024 and 2025

Transport means	Change rate %*	2025	2024	2023
		Goods (thousand tons)	Passengers (thousand passengers)	Goods (thousand tons)	Passengers (thousand passengers)	Goods (thousand tons)	Passengers (thousand passengers)	Goods	Passengers
Land transport	Not available	28.7	Not available	3,986	Not available	3,098	Not available	4,076
Sudan Railways	0
Air transport	11.8	11.2	851.4	3.9	761.2	3.5	1,332.4	6.85
Total	11.8	28.6	851.4	3,990	761.2	3,102	1,332.4	4,083
Source: Sudan Railways Corporation, Sudan Air Transport Union, Civil Aviation Authority
* Primary data

Land transport: 1-3-4-8

Land transport accounted for about 99.9% of total goods transport, as it witnessed a growth of 28.7% in 2025 compared to 2024, the increase that occurred after the war.

Sudan Railways: 2-3-4-8

Its activity has stopped for the past eleven years due to the war.

172

Air transport: 3-3-4-8

Despite the small contribution of air transport to goods transport, it improved the transport of passengers at a rate of 11.8% and goods at a rate of 11.2% during 2025 compared to 2024.

Roads and bridges 5-8

(11-8) Table shows the status of national road construction compared to the targeted for the years 2023, 2024 and 2025.

(11-8) Table

Status of national road construction compared to targeted for the years 2023, 2024 and 2025

Roads implementation	Length (km*)	2025		2024		2023		Change rate %
		Targeted	Achieved	Implementation ratio %	Targeted	Achieved	Implementation ratio %	Targeted	Achieved	Implementation ratio %
Paved roads	0
Road rehabilitation	0
Road maintenance programs	100	250	200	80	300	300	50	100
Source: National Roads and Bridges Authority - Ministry of Transport, Roads and Bridges
* Primary data

(11-8) Table shows the implementation of national roads, whether new or paved roads during the mentioned years, as the targeted length increased from 300 km in 2024 to 250 km, while the implementation of road maintenance programs increased by 50% in 2025.

Communications 6-8

Data indicate that the performance of the communications sector continued to be affected by the war since mid-April 2023, as the movement of internal and external demand for communications services was disrupted and the movement of internal and external demand for communications services was disrupted, and the performance of some communications companies declined during the reporting period. In contrast, the exit of parts of the communications network from some states led to the efficiency of the network and coverage since mid-2023 in parts of Darfur, Kordofan, and some service areas, which was reflected in the lack of completion of data for the sector's performance.

173

(12-8) Table

Numbers of subscribers in communications and internet companies for 2023, 2024 and 2025

Company	Number (thousand subscribers)	Change rate %	2025*	2024	2023
Sudanese Telecommunications Company (Sudatel)	9.0	7,788	7,148	Not available
Fixed Telecommunications Company	-	Not available	Not available	Not available
Sudanese Telecommunications Company	9.0	7,788	7,148	Not available
Zain Sudan (Mobile Phone Company)	27.5	12,410	9,730	Not available
MTN Sudan (Mobile Phone Services Company)	-12	2,224	2,526	Not available
Canar Telecommunications Company	-	Not available	Not available	Not available
Internet users	12	12,895	11,541	Not available
Source: Telecommunications and Postal Regulatory Authority
* Primary data

(8-8) Figure

Numbers of subscribers in communications companies for 2024 and 2025

(12-8) Table and (8-8) Figure show the numbers of subscribers in communications and internet companies for 2023, 2024 and 2025, as the number of subscribers in fixed telecommunications, Sudanese telecommunications and Sudatel reached 7.79 million subscribers in 2025 compared to 7.15 million subscribers in 2024, an increase of 9%. Zain Company achieved a growth rate of 27.5%, as the number of subscribers increased from 9.73 million subscribers to 12.41 million subscribers, due to the expansion of the network and the stability of services in production areas. In contrast, the number of subscribers in MTN Company decreased from 2.53 million subscribers to 2.22 million subscribers at a rate of 12.0%, and this is attributed to the exit of some areas from service due to the war, maintenance work, and the transfer of fuel to generation areas. The number of internet users increased from 11.54 million users to 12.90 million users at a rate of 12% due to the expansion of services and the stability of the network.

9,730
2,526
7,148
12,410
2,224
7,788
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
Total Sudatel MTN Zain 2024 2025

174

Central Bank of Sudan

175

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176

Foreign Trade 2025

Introduction: 1.9

This chapter reviews the volume of foreign trade exchange of goods and services between Sudan and the world, and the position of Sudan's trade with regional and international blocs, represented by the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA), the Common Market for East and South Africa (COMESA), and the details of the position.

Foreign trade:

Foreign trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services across international or regional borders, and includes a group of economic activities. Foreign trade is part of the total output and affects directly most countries of the world. Foreign trade takes three forms:

1/ International trade: It means the process of exchanging goods and services between countries, and it differs from internal trade in that the exchange takes place between different countries. International trade is sometimes called global trade or foreign trade, and includes:

o Export trade: It means the commercial activity by which goods are exported from within a country to the rest of the world.

o Import trade: It means the commercial activity by which goods are imported from the rest of the world into the country.

2/ Transit trade: It means the crossing of goods and merchandise through the territory of the concerned country without being subject to customs duties, provided that the country of destination is not the country of transit.

3/ Border trade: It means the exchange of goods and merchandise between the concerned country and any other country across geographical borders according to regional or bilateral agreements between the two countries.

Trade balance: 2-9

It is one of the economic indicators that reflects the foreign trade relationship between countries. The trade balance is the difference between the value of exports (F.O.B) and the value of imports (C.&.F) in the case of a surplus or deficit.

(1-9) Table and (1-9) Figure show the trade balance for the years 2024 and 2025.

177

(1-9) Table

Trade balance for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Statement	2024	2025*	Change rate %
Merchandise exports F.O.B	3,134.49	2,639.44	-15.79
Gold exports	1,570.21	1,536.25	-2.16
Other exports	1,564.28	1,103.19	-29.48
Merchandise imports C&F	4,911.17	7,323.06	49.11
Food imports	1,763.75	1,854.97	5.17
Other imports	3,147.42	5,468.09	73.73
Trade balance	-1,776.68	-4,683.61	163.62
Exports as % of GDP	12.48	9.01
Imports as % of GDP	19.55	24.99
Source: Ministry of Oil and Energy, Sudanese Businessmen and Employers Federation
* Primary data

(1-9) Figure

Trade balance for the years 2024 and 2025

The trade balance deficit increased from 1,776.68 million dollars in 2024 to 4,683.61 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 163.61%, due to the increase in the value of imports by 49.11% and the decrease in the value of exports by 15.79%.

3,134.49
4,911.17
-1,776.68
2,639.44
7,323.06
-6,000 -4,683.61
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Exports F.O.B Imports C&F Trade balance
Million dollars
2024 2025

178

Details of exports and imports:

Exports: 1-2-9

The total value of merchandise exports declined from 3,134.49 million dollars in 2024 to 2,639.44 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 15.79%, and this is attributed to the decrease in other exports by 29.48% and gold exports by 2.16%, despite the impact of the continuation of the war since mid-April 2023 on the movement of goods and the restriction of most production areas that the country witnessed in 2025.

(2-9) Table and (2-9) Figure show merchandise exports for the years 2024 and 2025, as (3-9) Figure shows the contribution ratios of merchandise exports to total merchandise exports for the years 2024 and 2025.

179

(2-9) Table

Merchandise exports for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Goods	Unit	2024			2025*		Change rate %
		Value	Quantity	Ratio of total %	Value	Quantity	Ratio of total %
Minerals		1,578.79		50.37	1,547.88		58.64	-1.96
Gold	kg	1,570.21	22,918.39	50.09	1,536.25	14,722.15	58.20	-2.16
Other mineral goods 1	value	8.57		0.27	11.62		0.44	35.54
Agricultural goods		1,007.79		32.15	603.86		22.88	-40.08
Sesame	metric ton	330.28	289,606.03	10.54	333.71	288,940.70	12.64	1.04
Cotton	bale	82.38	46,261.59	2.63	64.10	46,457.84	2.43	-22.19
Gum arabic	metric ton	82.21	70,323.03	2.62	78.17	62,514.27	2.96	-4.91
Fodder		32.65	151,171.13	1.04	35.22	225,284.34	1.33	7.88
Other agricultural goods 2	value	480.27		15.32	92.66		3.51	-80.71
Live animals and meat		535.21		17.07	471.07		17.85	-11.98
Sheep	head	392.24	3,152,350.44	12.51	392.28	3,155,479.12	14.86	0.01
Camels		110.96	103,990.00	3.54	62.22	54,551.00	2.36	-43.93
Cattle		18.96	30,762.00	0.60	9.64	16,074.00	0.37	-49.13
Goats		8.29	122,798.00	0.26	1.87	28,740.00	0.07	-77.40
Other animal goods 3	value	4.77		0.15	5.05		0.19	5.87
Manufactured goods		5.94		0.19	6.99		0.26	17.76
Vegetable oils	metric ton	1.99	1,178.25	0.06	2.57	1,437.22	0.10	29.42
Other manufactured goods 4	value	3.93		0.13	4.42		0.17	12.45
Other exports 5		6.78		0.22	9.65		0.37	42.26
Total		3,134.51		100.00	2,639.45		100.00	-15.79
Source: Sudanese Businessmen and Employers Federation
* Primary data

1 Includes copper ore, lead ore, iron ore, aluminum ore, chromium and other minerals.
2 Includes vegetables, watermelon, chickpeas, beans, onions, seeds, fenugreek, peanuts, cotton seeds, other agricultural products, and for more details, you can refer to the website of the Central Bank of Sudan - Foreign Trade Statistics for the years 2024-2025. 3 Includes meat, fish, leather and other animal goods. 4 Includes manufactured beverages, ethanol, cement. 5 Includes vegetable oil, etc.

180

It is noted from (2-9) Table that the value of merchandise exports decreased from 3,134.51 million dollars in 2024 to 2,639.44 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 15.79%, due to the decrease in the value of exports of agricultural goods, live animals and minerals, as their contribution ratios to total exports reached 22.88%, 17.85%, 58.64% respectively, while the value of exports of manufactured goods increased by 17.76% and other goods by 42.26%.

(2-9) Figure

Structure of merchandise exports for the years 2024 and 2025

Details of exports by main groups:

Minerals: -

The value of mineral exports decreased from 1,578.79 million dollars in 2024 to 1,547.88 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 1.96%, due to the decrease in the value of gold exports from 1,570.21 million dollars to 1,536.25 million dollars at a rate of 2.16%, as a result of the decrease in exported quantities from 22.9 tons to 14.7 tons. The value of other mineral goods increased from 8.57 million dollars to 11.62 million dollars at a rate of 35.54%.

14 Gold exports do not include gold exported for manufacturing purposes.

1,578.79
1,007.79
535.21
5.94 6.56
1,547.88
603.86
471.07
6.99 9.65
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
Minerals Agricultural goods Live animals and meat Manufactured goods Other exports Million dollars 2024 2025

181

Agricultural goods: -

The value of agricultural exports decreased significantly from 1,007.79 million dollars in 2024 to 603.86 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 40.08%, due to the decrease in the value of cotton exports by 22.19% and gum arabic by 4.91%, in addition to the decrease in the value of other agricultural exports by 80.71%. The value of sesame exports increased by 1.04% and fodder by 7.88%.

Live animals and meat: -

The value of live animal exports decreased from 535.21 million dollars in 2024 to 471.07 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 11.98%, due to the decrease in the value of exports of sheep, goats and camels by 77.40%, 49.13%, 43.93% respectively. The decrease in the value of live animal exports is mainly due to the decrease in exported quantities compared to 2024, while the value of other animal goods exports increased by 5.87%.

Manufactured goods: -

The value of manufactured goods exports increased from 5.94 million dollars in 2024 to 6.99 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 17.76%, due to the increase in the value of vegetable oil exports from 1.99 million dollars to 2.57 million dollars at a rate of 29.42%, and the increase in exported quantities from 1,178 metric tons to 1,437 metric tons, as well as the increase in the value of other manufactured goods exports from 3.93 million dollars to 4.42 million dollars at a rate of 12.45%.

182

(3-9) Figure

Total merchandise exports for 2025 by groups:

Imports: 2-2-9

The value of merchandise imports (C&F) increased from 4,911.17 million dollars in 2024 to 7,323.06 million dollars in 2025 at a rate of 49.11%, and this increase is attributed to the improvement in the movement of foreign trade and the return of activity of some roads and ports, and the return of stability to some states.

(3-9) Table shows merchandise imports for the years 2024 and 2025, as (4-9) Figure shows the contribution ratios of merchandise imports to total merchandise imports for the years 2024 and 2025, and (5-9) Figure shows the total merchandise imports for 2025.

Minerals
58.6%
Agricultural goods
22.9%
Live animals and meat
17.8%
Manufactured goods
Other exports
0.4%

183

Table (3 - 9)

Imports by commodity for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Commodity	2025			2024
	Value	Quantity	Percentage of total %	Value	Quantity	Percentage of total %
Foodstuffs	1,854.97		35.91	1,763.75		25.33
Wheat	413.61	1,691,282.60	5.65	257.42	931,826.42	5.24
Wheat flour	317.30	665,801.16	" "	232.57	487,726.35	-26.70
Sugar	552.81	960,591.74	13.46	660.92	1,131,962.32	" "
Vegetable oils	108.74	141,914.16	1.48	58.06	69,407.49	" "
Other foodstuffs	547.25		7.47	470.05		9.57
Manufactured goods and intermediate goods	1,719.90		23.49	937.65		19.09
Intermediate goods	1,634.82		22.32	890.80		18.14
Other intermediate goods	85.08		1.16	46.85		0.95
Manufactured goods	949.41		12.96	666.52		13.57
Machinery and equipment	904.26		12.35	447.82		9.12
Chemical materials	780.35		10.66	489.57		9.97
Medicines	522.49		7.13	299.77		6.10
Other chemical materials	257.86		3.52	189.80		3.86
Means of transport	676.98		9.24	329.09		6.70
Manufactured goods	357.28		4.88	208.16		4.24
Beverages and tobacco	58.76		1.20	54.98		0.75
Other goods	24.93		0.34	9.85		0.20
Total	7,323.06		100.00	4,911.17		100.00

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

1. Wheat imports include wheat and wheat flour as a single commodity.

Note: Imports data on C & F basis.

184

Table (4 - 9)

Imports by commodity for the years 2024 and 2025

Details of imports according to main groups are as follows:

Foodstuffs:

The value of food imports increased from 1,763.75 million dollars in 2024 to 1,854.97 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 5.17%. This can be attributed to the increase in the value of imports of wheat, vegetable oils, and other foodstuffs by rates of 60.68%, 87.30%, 16.42%, respectively, with varying rates of increase in imported quantities.

Manufactured goods and intermediate goods:

The value of manufactured and intermediate goods imports increased from 937.65 million dollars in 2024 to 1,719.90 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 83.43%. This can be attributed to the increase in the value of intermediate goods imports from 890.80 million dollars to 1,634.82 million dollars, a rate of 83.52%, and the value of other intermediate goods imports increased from 46.85 million dollars to 85.08 million dollars, a rate of 81.63%.

[Bar chart: 2024 and 2025 values in million dollars for: Foodstuffs, Intermediate goods, Manufactured goods, Chemical materials, Machinery and equipment, Means of transport, Manufactured goods, Other intermediate goods, Beverages and tobacco, Other goods. 2024 values: 1,764; 891; 667; 490; 448; 329; 208; 47; 59; 10. 2025 values: 1,855; 1,635; 949; 780; 904; 677; 357; 85; 55; 25.]

185

Manufactured goods:

The value of manufactured goods imports increased from 666.52 million dollars in 2024 to 949.41 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 42.44%.

Machinery and equipment:

The value of machinery and equipment imports increased from 447.82 million dollars in 2024 to 904.26 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 101.92%.

Chemical materials:

The value of chemical materials imports increased from 489.57 million dollars in 2024 to 780.35 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 59.39%.

Means of transport:

The value of means of transport imports increased from 329.09 million dollars in 2024 to 676.98 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 105.71%.

Manufactured goods:

The value of manufactured goods imports increased from 208.16 million dollars in 2024 to 357.28 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 71.64%.

Beverages and tobacco:

The value of beverages and tobacco imports decreased from 58.76 million dollars in 2024 to 54.98 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 6.44%.

186

Table (5 - 9)

Total commodity imports in 2025 according to main groups

3-9 Sudan's trade with main trading partners and foreign trade trends

Main trading partners: The UAE topped the list of countries exporting to Sudan, accounting for 85.4% of total Sudanese imports, while its imports from Sudan accounted for 77.9% of total Sudanese exports. The value of Sudanese imports from the UAE increased by 42.41% in 2025 compared to 2024, and the value of Sudanese exports to the UAE decreased by 21.02% in 2025 compared to 2024. The main imported goods from the UAE accounted for 35.7% of total Sudanese imports in 2025.

In the following, the trade balance and direction of trade with main trading partners, exports and imports:

1-3-9 Trade balance

Table (4 - 9) Trade balance with main trading partners for the years 2024 and 2025

Foodstuffs	25.3
Intermediate goods	22.3
Manufactured goods	13.0
Machinery and equipment	12.4
Chemical materials	10.7
Means of transport	9.2
Manufactured goods	4.9
Beverages and tobacco	0.8
Other goods	0.3

187

Table (4 - 9)

Trade balance with main trading partners for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Country	2025*			2024
	Trade balance	Imports	Exports	Trade balance	Imports	Exports
United Arab Emirates	585.33	340.90	926.23	709.08	955.68	1,664.76
China	-1,532.75	1,586.47	53.72	-624.73	911.89	287.16
Egypt	-278.14	997.01	718.87	-451.06	728.03	276.98
India	-883.44	953.75	70.32	-470.11	610.43	140.32
Saudi Arabia	1,016.62	409.67	141.01	296.41	437.42	-606.94
Turkey	208.57	34.12		-203.72	241.64	37.92
Russia	241.76	0.00		-484.70	484.70	0.00
Germany	30.18	6.87		-25.94	31.43	5.49
Ethiopia	30.16	5.70		2.68	29.28	31.96
Thailand	-73.99	74.63	0.64	-27.43	28.90	1.47
Total	-3,501.60	5,756.43	2,254.83	-1,187.20	4,042.01	2,854.81

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

Note: Exports on FOB basis, imports on C & F basis.

It is noted from Table (4 - 9) that the trade balance with main trading partners for the year 2025 recorded a rise in the value of the trade balance with the United Arab Emirates and Ethiopia, as the trade balance recorded a surplus of 585.33 million dollars with the UAE, and 2.68 million dollars with Ethiopia in 2025.

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2-3-9 Exports

Table (5 - 9) Main exports by main groups for the years 2024 and 2025

Table (5 - 9)

Main exports by main groups for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Export destination	2025*		2024
	Value	Percentage of total exports %	Value	Percentage of total exports %
United Arab Emirates	926.23	37.77	1,664.76	56.05
Egypt	718.87	29.31	276.98	9.32
Saudi Arabia	409.67	16.71	437.42	14.73
Qatar	76.21	3.11	11.98	0.40
India	70.32	2.87	140.32	4.72
China	53.72	2.19	287.16	9.67
France	42.24	1.72	35.10	1.18
Turkey	37.92	1.55	34.12	1.15
Ethiopia	31.96	1.30	5.70	0.19
Jordan	23.93	0.98	23.12	0.78
Lebanon	21.57	0.88	16.80	0.57
Russia	17.18	0.70	15.10	0.51
Switzerland	7.08	0.29	5.83	0.20
Italy	6.56	0.27	4.20	0.14
Germany	5.49	0.22	6.87	0.23
United Kingdom	3.39	0.14	4.91	0.17
Total	2,452.36	100.00	2,970.37	100.00

Source: Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

It is noted from Table (5 - 9) that the UAE, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar are the main markets for Sudanese exports in 2025, accounting for 86.9% of total Sudanese exports. The value of exports to the UAE decreased from 1,664.76 million dollars in 2024 to 926.23 million dollars in 2025, accounting for 37.8% of total exports. Sudanese exports to the UAE are concentrated in gold, other precious metals, and sesame.

(15) See Appendix No. (18) (b) for more details.

189

The value of exports to Egypt increased from 276.98 million dollars to 718.87 million dollars, accounting for 29.3% of total exports. Egyptian exports are concentrated in live animals and sesame.

The value of exports to Saudi Arabia decreased from 437.42 million dollars to 409.67 million dollars, accounting for 16.7% of total exports. Saudi exports are concentrated in live animals.

The value of exports to Qatar increased from 11.98 million dollars to 76.21 million dollars, accounting for 3.1% of total exports. Qatari exports are concentrated in live animals and sesame.

3-3-9 Imports

Table (6 - 9) Main imports by main groups for the years 2024 and 2025

190

Table (6 - 9)

Main imports by main groups for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Source	Imports 2025*		Imports 2024
	Value	Percentage of total imports %	Value	Percentage of total imports %
China	1,586.47	25.80	911.89	21.19
Saudi Arabia	1,016.62	16.53	296.41	6.89
Egypt	997.01	16.21	728.03	16.92
India	953.75	15.51	610.43	14.18
Russia	484.70	7.88	241.76	5.62
United Arab Emirates	340.90	5.54	955.68	22.21
Turkey	241.64	3.93	208.57	4.85
Ukraine	202.41	3.29	135.00	3.14
Jordan	80.35	1.31	31.74	0.74
Thailand	74.63	1.21	28.90	0.67
Canada	66.99	1.09	75.21	1.75
Germany	31.43	0.51	30.18	0.70
Italy	27.20	0.44	22.37	0.52
Malta	25.54	0.42	10.44	0.24
Ukraine	20.33	0.33	17.06	0.40
Total	6,149.96	100.00	4,303.68	100.00

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

It is noted from Table (6 - 9) that China is the largest source of Sudan's imports, accounting for 25.8% of total imports in 2025, with imports from China amounting to 1,586.47 million dollars. The imported goods are machinery and equipment, manufactured goods, and means of transport. Imports from Saudi Arabia amounted to 1,016.62 million dollars, accounting for 16.5% of total imports. The imported goods are foodstuffs and vegetable products. Imports from Egypt amounted to 997.01 million dollars, accounting for 16.2% of total imports. The imported goods are foodstuffs, wheat, and wheat flour. Imports from India amounted to 953.75 million dollars, accounting for 15.5% of total imports. The imported goods are foodstuffs, vegetable products, and chemical materials.

191

Imports from Russia amounted to 484.70 million dollars, accounting for 7.9% of total imports in 2025. The imported goods are wheat, wheat flour, and vegetable products. The countries of the European Union combined accounted for 18.1% of total imports in 2025.

4-9 Sudan's trade with regional blocs and foreign trade:

1-4-9 Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)

GAFTA is a trade agreement aimed at liberalizing trade between Arab countries by reducing customs tariffs and eliminating customs duties on goods traded between member states. It was established by a decision of the League of Arab States in 1997 and entered into force in 1998. It includes 18 Arab countries, including Sudan. The value of Sudanese exports to GAFTA decreased from 2,489.75 million dollars in 2024 to 2,293.46 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 7.88%. The value of Sudan's imports from the region also increased from 2,031.55 million dollars to 2,658.10 million dollars, a rate of 30.8%, accounting for 36.3% of total imports in 2025.

Table (7 - 9) Trade balance between Sudan and GAFTA countries for the years 2024 and 2025

192

Table (7 - 9)

Trade balance with GAFTA for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Country	2025*			2024
	Imports	Exports	Trade balance	Imports	Exports	Trade balance
United Arab Emirates	585.33	340.90	926.23	709.08	955.68	1,664.76
Saudi Arabia	1,016.62	409.67	141.01	296.41	437.42	-606.94
Egypt	-278.14	997.01	718.87	-451.06	728.03	276.98
Qatar	73.32	2.88	76.21	9.82	2.16	11.98
Jordan	25.57	23.93	4.53	18.59	23.12	-1.64
Lebanon	18.95	2.62	21.57	15.39	1.41	16.80
Oman	-71.89	153.77	81.88	14.07	18.66	32.73
Syria	13.34	3.84	17.18	12.25	2.84	15.10
Tunisia	-30.04	30.73	0.69	0.16	0.07	0.23
Switzerland	6.36	0.72	7.08	4.75	1.08	5.83
Yemen	1.68	0.34	2.02	1.95	0.01	1.96
Bahrain	-59.54	59.75	0.22	-1.38	1.72	0.34
Algeria	-8.49	16.12	7.63	2.14	0.05	2.19
Morocco	-0.80	0.82	0.02	-3.19	3.27	0.09
Iraq	-2.59	2.62	0.03	-1.22	1.25	0.03
Libya	0.30	0.21		-3.56	3.79	0.22
Total GAFTA	-364.65	2,658.10	2,293.46	458.21	2,031.55	2,489.75

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

Note: Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia are included in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area.

It is noted from Table (7 - 9) that the trade balance with GAFTA turned from a surplus of 458.21 million dollars in 2024 to a deficit of 364.65 million dollars in 2025.

193

2-4-9 Common Market for East and South Africa (COMESA)

COMESA was established in 1991, replacing the Preferential Trade Area that was established in 1981. Sudan is one of the 21 member states. The value of Sudanese exports to COMESA countries increased from 289.46 million dollars in 2024 to 759.41 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 162.36%. Exports to COMESA countries accounted for 28.8% of total Sudanese exports in 2025. The value of imports also increased from 809.14 million dollars in 2024 to 1,110.06 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 37.19%, with imports from COMESA countries accounting for 15.2% of total Sudanese imports in 2025.

Table (8 - 9) Trade balance between Sudan and COMESA countries for the years 2024 and 2025

194

Table (8 - 9)

Trade balance with COMESA for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Country	2025*			2024
	Imports	Exports	Trade balance	Imports	Exports	Trade balance
Egypt	-278.14	997.01	718.87	-451.06	728.03	276.98
Ethiopia	2.68	29.28	31.96	-24.45	30.16	5.70
Uganda	-48.38	49.46	1.08	-21.13	21.46	0.33
Kenya	-20.63	20.63	0.00	-25.47	25.47	0.00
Zimbabwe	-4.99	4.99	0.00
Eswatini (Swaziland)	-1.51	1.51	0.00	-0.19	0.19	0.00
Malawi	-0.11	0.11	0.00
Rwanda	-0.76	0.76	0.00	-1.03	1.05	0.02
Djibouti	0.49	0.12	-0.07	0.07	0.00	-0.37
Burundi	0.03	0.08	0.00	0.05
Madagascar	-1.05	1.05	0.00	-0.99	0.99	0.00
Libya	3.79	0.22	-0.09	0.30	0.21	-3.56
Comoros	0.00	0.00	-0.06	0.06	0.00	0.00
Eritrea	0.01	0.00	-0.01
Seychelles	0.00	0.00	0.39	0.00	0.39	0.00
Zambia	0.20	0.00	-0.20
Switzerland	0.72	7.08	4.75	1.08	5.83	6.36
Somalia	0.03	0.00	-0.07	0.07	0.00	-0.03
Mauritius	0.00	-0.21	0.21	0.00
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Total COMESA	-350.66	1,110.06	759.41	-519.68	809.14	289.46

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data.

Note: Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia are included in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area.

It is noted from Table (8 - 9) that the trade balance with COMESA recorded a deficit of 350.66 million dollars in 2025 compared to a deficit of 519.68 million dollars in 2024.

195

Table (9 - 9) Composition of Sudan's commodity exports to GAFTA and COMESA for the years 2024 and 2025

Table (9 - 9)

Composition of Sudan's commodity exports to GAFTA and COMESA for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Commodity group*	2025		2024
	GAFTA	COMESA	GAFTA	COMESA
Gold	547.36	1,505.73	16.29	1,568.98
Live animals	66.76	463.02	123.80	529.73
Sesame	108.15	213.94	73.36	192.12
Gum arabic	0.00	0.02	0.00	2.31
Cotton	15.92	15.91	17.82	25.40
Fodder	0.02	33.99	0.09	30.68
Peanuts	0.83	0.92	34.32	59.38
Cottonseed	6.46	33.30	2.48	26.75
Other agricultural products	8.77	14.58	17.95	40.96
Arabic gum	2.64	5.76	2.23	2.93
Other	2.50	6.28	1.11	10.52
Total	759.41	2,293.46	289.46	2,489.75

Source: Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data

The value of commodity exports to GAFTA decreased from 2,489.75 million dollars in 2024 to 2,293.46 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 7.88%. Gold and live animals are the most important exports, followed by sesame.

The value of commodity exports to COMESA increased from 289.46 million dollars to 759.41 million dollars, a rate of 162.36%. Gold, live animals, and sesame are the most important exports to COMESA.

196

Table (10 - 9) Sudan's imports from GAFTA and COMESA for the years 2024 and 2025

Table (10 - 9)

Sudan's imports from GAFTA and COMESA for the years 2024 and 2025

(Unit: million dollars)

Commodity group*	2025		2024
	GAFTA	COMESA	GAFTA	COMESA
Intermediate goods	44.86	1,075.06	1.60	791.34
Manufactured goods	238.11	299.80	150.32	177.66
Foodstuffs	522.46	672.05	469.47	715.75
Chemical materials	180.68	262.72	111.40	168.49
Machinery and equipment	47.74	142.56	21.01	59.70
Other intermediate goods	11.70	52.15	3.22	27.80
Manufactured goods	47.35	84.95	38.06	53.95
Means of transport	3.10	40.68	2.39	8.85
Beverages and tobacco	8.14	22.85	7.96	23.15
Other	5.93	5.28	3.71	4.86
Total	1,110.06	2,658.10	809.14	2,031.55

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces.

• Preliminary data

The value of commodity imports from GAFTA increased from 2,031.55 million dollars in 2024 to 2,658.10 million dollars in 2025, a rate of 30.8%. Foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and chemical materials are the most important imports from the region's countries.

The value of commodity imports from COMESA also increased from 809.14 million dollars to 1,110.06 million dollars, a rate of 37.19%. Wheat and wheat flour, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, and chemical materials are the most important commodity imports from COMESA.

197

Central Bank of Sudan

198

[Unreadable text]

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Balance of payments, international investment position, and external debt for the year 2025

1.10 Introduction

This chapter discusses the balance of payments, international investment position, and external debt of Sudan.

The balance of payments is a statistical statement that summarizes economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world during a specific period. For the purposes of this report, it has been reviewed according to the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual issued by the International Monetary Fund in 2009.

The balance of payments is an international statistical tool through which the performance of the national economy can be measured and compared with the economies of the world, and the official foreign reserves can be measured. It also benefits from some of its indicators in determining the competitiveness of the country compared to other countries.

The international investment position is a statistical statement that shows at a specific point in time the value and composition of external financial assets and liabilities of an economy. External financial assets represent claims of residents on non-residents, including gold holdings and other assets included in the reserve category. External financial liabilities include financial instruments of various types and other liabilities of residents to non-residents. The international investment position includes external financial assets and liabilities, in addition to other investments, portfolio investments, direct investment, and other liabilities. The international investment position statistics include the balance of public external debt. The international investment position is the sum of external financial assets and external financial liabilities of the economy. The balance of the international investment position can be positive or negative. If the country's external financial assets exceed its external financial liabilities, the international investment position is positive, and vice versa for debtor countries. The international investment position reflects the accumulation of past surpluses or deficits achieved by the country, and the difference between the balance of payments and the international investment position is that the balance of payments records transactions (financial flows) between the economy and the rest of the world during a specific period only, while the international investment position records the stock of external assets and liabilities at a specific point in time. If the country has achieved a surplus or deficit in the current account, the international investment position will be affected.

200

During the year, the external sector's performance and the status of foreign exchange reserves are usually linked to a specific point in time, and the balance of payments is linked to the change in the external position of the economy and the payments during a specific period.

16. The balance of payments is linked to the change in the external position of the economy and the payments during a specific period.

2.10 Payments Systems

The payments systems include the reserve assets, capital account, current account, errors and omissions, and financial derivatives.

1.2.10 Current Account

The current account consists of three components: goods, services, and income, as well as current transfers. It reflects all transactions between residents and non-residents.

• Goods and services account: This is the difference between the value of exports and imports of goods and services during a specific period (usually one year), including travel, transportation, insurance, and other services.

• Income account (primary income account): This is the difference between the value of receipts and payments for transactions related to compensation of employees and investment income. Investment income includes returns on financial assets and natural resources, and income from production processes.

• Secondary income account (current transfers): This is the difference between the value of receipts and payments for transactions such as workers' remittances and grants during a specific period.

16. For clarification, refer to the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition, issued by the International Monetary Fund, 2009.

201

2.2.10 Capital Account:

The capital account shows credit and debit entries for non-produced, non-financial assets, such as the sale of natural resources, and acquisitions and disposals of non-produced non-financial assets, such as leases and contracts, and capital transfers, such as debt forgiveness.

3.2.10 Financial Account:

It includes transactions in financial assets and liabilities between the economy and the rest of the world, including direct investment, portfolio investment, other investment, and reserve assets. It also includes transactions in financial derivatives and employee stock options.

4.2.10 Errors and Omissions:

Although the balance of payments accounts are balanced in principle, imbalances may appear due to data source limitations and estimation methods. Errors and omissions is a standard item.

Table (1-10)

Balance of Payments for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Item	2024*	2025	Change %
1- Current Account	-2,312.11	-5,091.00	-2,778.88	120.2
1.1 Goods and Services	-2,410.35	-5,129.72	-2,719.36	112.8
1.2 Income Account (Primary Income)	-1,705.65	-1,465.50	240.15	-14.1
1.3 Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers)	1,803.89	1,504.21	-299.68	-16.6
2- Capital Account	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Current and Capital Account	-2,312.11	-5,091.00	-2,778.88	120.2
3- Financial Account (Loans/Borrowing)	-2,003.33	-2,656.92	-653.60	32.6
Of which: Reserve Assets	-1.54	103.58	105.12	-6,826.0
4- Errors and Omissions	308.79	2,434.07	2,125.29	688.3
5- Total	-1.54	103.58	105.12	-6,826.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Statistics Department

• Preliminary data

Supported data

(1-10)

Components of the Balance of Payments for the years 2024 and 2025

203

During January–October 2025, the current account deficit increased to USD 2,312.11 million from USD 5,091.00 million in 2024, an increase of USD 2,778.88 million, or 120.2%.

Table (2-10)

Balance of Payments Performance for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Item	2024*	2025	Change %
1- Current Account	-2,312.11	-5,091.00	-2,778.88	120.2
1-1 Goods and Services	-2,410.35	-5,129.72	-2,719.36	112.8
Exports	3,380.65	2,911.03	-469.63	-13.9
Imports	5,791.01	8,040.74	2,249.74	38.9
1-1-1 Trade Balance (Goods)	-1,285.56	-4,047.83	-2,762.27	214.9
Exports (FOB)	3,134.49	2,639.44	-495.04	-15.8
Gold	1,570.21	1,536.25	-33.96	-2.2
Other	1,564.28	1,103.19	-461.09	-29.5
Imports (FOB)	4,420.05	6,687.28	2,267.23	51.3
1-1-2 Services Balance	-1,124.79	-1,081.88	42.91	-3.8
Receipts (Credit)	246.17	271.58	25.42	10.3
Payments (Debit)	1,370.96	1,353.47	-17.49	-1.3
1-2 Income Account (Primary Income)	-1,705.65	-1,465.50	240.15	-14.1
Receipts (Credit)	7.27	5.52	-1.74	-24.0
Payments (Debit)	1,712.92	1,471.02	-241.90	-14.1
1-3 Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers)	1,803.89	1,504.21	-299.68	-16.6
Receipts (Credit)	2,249.11	1,687.38	-561.73	-25.0
Payments (Debit)	445.22	183.17	-262.05	-58.9
2- Capital Account	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
3- Financial Account (Loans/Borrowing)	-2,003.33	-2,656.92	-653.60	32.6
3-1 Direct Investment	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
3-2 Portfolio Investment	6.07	3.69	-2.39	-39.3
3-3 Other Investment	-2,007.86	-2,764.19	-756.33	37.7
4- Reserve Assets	-1.54	103.58	105.12	-6,826.1
4- Errors and Omissions	308.79	2,434.07	2,125.29	688.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Statistics Department

• Preliminary data

Supported data

1/ For details, see Chapter Nine (External Trade)

2/ For details, see Table (10-4)

Note: The balance of payments and international investment position are presented according to the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual. Increases in assets are shown with a positive sign and decreases with a negative sign, except for reserve assets, which are shown with a negative sign.

204

1.2.10 Current Account:

The current account deficit increased to USD 2,312.11 million in 2024 from USD 5,091.00 million in 2025, an increase of 120.2%. This was mainly due to the increase in the goods and services deficit from USD 2,410.35 million to USD 5,129.72 million, an increase of 112.8%, and the decrease in the secondary income account surplus from USD 1,803.89 million to USD 1,504.21 million, a decrease of 16.6%. The primary income account deficit also decreased by 14.1% due to the accumulation of interest on external debt (contractual and arrears).

(Table 2-10) Components of the Current Account for the years 2024 and 2025

(Table 2-10)

Components of the Current Account for the years 2024 and 2025

(Table 3-10) Current Account Balance as a Percentage of GDP (2021-2025)

Table (3-10)

Current Account Balance

(As a percentage of GDP for the years 2021–2025)

Year	Current Account (million dollars)	% of GDP
2021	-2,755.27	5.5
2022	-3,917.02	7.4
2023	-2,070.75	7.9
2024*	-2,312.11	9.2
2025	-5,091.00	17.4

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Statistics Department

• Preliminary data

Supported data

-6,000.0
-4,000.0
-2,000.0

2,000.0

Goods and services trade balance

Services trade balance

Primary income account (income account)

Secondary income account (current transfers)

-1,285.56 -1,124.79 -1,705.65
1,803.89
-4,047.83
-1,081.88 -1,465.50
1,504.21

Million dollars

2024 2025

205

Figure (3-10)

Current Account Balance as a Percentage of GDP (2021-2025)

The current account deficit increased to 9.2% of GDP in 2024 from 17.4% in 2025.

1.1.2.10 Goods and Services

Table (2-10) shows that the goods and services deficit increased from USD 2,410.35 million in 2024 to USD 5,129.72 million in 2025, an increase of 112.8%. The trade balance (goods) deficit increased from USD 1,285.56 million in 2024 to USD 4,047.83 million in 2025, an increase of 214.9%. Exports of goods decreased from USD 3,134.49 million to USD 2,639.44 million, a decrease of 15.8%, mainly due to a 29.5% decrease in other goods exports (non-gold) and a 2.2% decrease in gold exports. Imports of goods increased from USD 4,420.05 million to USD 6,687.28 million, an increase of 51.3%.

As for the services trade balance, it decreased from USD 1,124.79 million in 2024 to USD 1,081.88 million in 2025, a decrease of 3.8%. This was due to an increase in receipts from USD 246.17 million to USD 271.58 million, an increase of 10.3%, and a decrease in payments from USD 1,370.96 million to USD 1,353.47 million, a decrease of 1.3%.

17. For details, see Table (10-17).

5.52
7.36 7.85
9.20
17.37

2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

206

2.1.2.10 Income Account (Primary Income):

The income account includes receipts and payments, with a deficit of USD 1,705.65 million in 2024, which decreased to USD 1,465.50 million in 2025, a decrease of 14.1%. This was mainly due to a decrease in payments from USD 1,712.92 million to USD 1,471.02 million, a decrease of 14.1%, which mainly represents interest on external debt (contractual and arrears).

3.1.2.10 Secondary Income Account (Current Transfers):

This item includes all receipts and payments of current transfers between residents and non-residents, which take the form of cash or in-kind. Current transfers are divided into:

a- General government transfers between different countries and international organizations, including emergency aid, and in-kind grants.

b- Transfers between households, including remittances between resident and non-resident households.

18. Workers' remittances.

Table (2-10) shows that the secondary income account (current transfers) surplus decreased from USD 1,803.89 million in 2024 to USD 1,504.21 million in 2025, a decrease of 16.6%. This was due to a decrease in receipts from USD 2,249.11 million to USD 1,687.38 million, a decrease of 25.0%, and a decrease in payments from USD 445.22 million to USD 183.17 million, a decrease of 58.9%.

It is worth noting that the value of workers' remittances receipts decreased from USD 219.51 million to USD 172.45 million, a decrease of 21.4%.

Table (10-4) shows details of current transfers receipts (2021-2025).

18. For details, see Table (10-18).

207

Table (10-4)

Current Transfers Receipts (2021-2025)

Table (10-5)

Current Transfers Payments (2021-2025)

4.1.2.10 Capital and Financial Account:

Table (10-4) shows the details of capital and financial account flows for the years 2024 and 2025.

0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1,814.45
2,675.26
1,539.27
219.51 172.45
1,130.33
792.93
1,300.01
2,029.59
1,514.93

Public sector Private sector

Million dollars

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

709.35
138.95
613.37
425.08
151.40
0.51 7.64 16.80 20.14
31.77

Public sector Private sector

208

Table (10-4)

Capital and Financial Account Flows for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Item	2024*	2025	Change %
1- Capital Account	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Assets	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Liabilities	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
2- Financial Account (Loans/Borrowing)	-2,003.33	-2,656.92	-653.60	32.6
Acquisition of financial assets	156.58	457.68	301.10	193.3
Incurrence of liabilities	2,158.37	3,218.19	1,059.82	49.1
2-1 Direct Investment	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Acquisition of financial assets	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Incurrence of liabilities	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2-2 Portfolio Investment	6.07	3.69	-2.39	-39.2
Acquisition of financial assets	6.07	3.69	-2.39	-39.2
Incurrence of liabilities	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
2-3 Other Investment	-2,007.86	-2,764.19	-756.33	37.7
Acquisition of financial assets	150.51	454.00	303.49	201.7
Incurrence of liabilities	2,158.36	3,218.18	1,059.82	49.1
2-3-1 Trade Credits	-237.98	-465.34	-227.36	95.5
Acquisition of financial assets	130.36	91.93	-38.42	-29.5
Incurrence of liabilities	368.34	557.27	188.94	51.3
2-3-2 Loans	-1,575.55	-1,405.69	169.86	-10.8
Acquisition of financial assets	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0
Incurrence of liabilities	1,575.55	1,405.69	-169.86	-10.8
2-3-3 Currency and Deposits	-193.42	-893.01	-699.59	361.7
Acquisition of financial assets	20.59	360.75	340.16	1,652.1
Incurrence of liabilities	214.01	1,253.76	1,039.75	485.8
2-3-4 Other Accounts	0.36	1.24	0.88	244.4
Acquisition of financial assets	-0.44	1.32	1.76	-400.0
Incurrence of liabilities	-0.80	0.08	0.88	-110.0
2-3-5 Special Drawing Rights (SDR)	1.26	1.38	0.12	9.5
4- Reserve Assets	-1.54	103.58	105.12	-6,826.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Statistics Department

• Preliminary data

Supported data

209

2.2.10 Capital Account:

No capital flows or capital transfers, whether from the public sector or other sectors, were recorded during 2024 and 2025.

3.2.10 Financial Account:

The financial account deficit increased from USD 2,003.33 million in 2024 to USD 2,656.92 million in 2025, an increase of 32.6%. This was mainly due to an increase in other investment liabilities, including external debt.

As for the financial account components, acquisition of financial assets increased from USD 156.58 million to USD 457.68 million, an increase of 193.3%. In contrast, incurrence of liabilities increased from USD 2,158.37 million to USD 3,218.19 million, an increase of 49.1%, due to increased borrowing from external debt.

As for direct investment, it did not record any flows during 2024 and 2025. Portfolio investment decreased from USD 6.07 million to USD 3.69 million, a decrease of 39.2%.

Other investment (loans/borrowing) increased from USD 2,007.86 million to USD 2,764.19 million, an increase of 37.7%.

Other accounts recorded limited changes that did not significantly affect the overall trend, and SDR holdings remained affected by exchange rate fluctuations.

In contrast, the financial account deficit turned into a surplus of USD 1.5 million in 2025, and reserve assets increased to USD 103.6 million in 2025.

210

3.10 International Investment Position:

Table (10-5) shows the evolution of the international investment position for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (10-5) Evolution of the International Investment Position for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Item	2024*	2025	Change %
External Assets (by functional category)
Direct investment	54.2	54.2	0.0
Portfolio investment	235.7	245.2	9.5
Other investment	5,586.3	5,889.1	302.8
Reserve assets:	1,016.3	1,165.4	149.1
Currency and deposits
SDR holdings	1,003.8	1,049.2	45.4
Other reserve assets	12.5	116.1	103.6
Total external assets	6,892.5	7,353.9	461.4
External Liabilities (by functional category)
Direct investment	30,307.2	30,307.2	0.0
Portfolio investment	300.8	300.8	0.0
Other investment	96,534.4	100,944.6	4,410.2
Trade credit and advances	12,266.5	12,753.7	487.2
Foreign loans	72,500.0	74,000.0	1,500.0
Currency and deposits	10,727.0	11,980.7	1,253.7
Other liabilities
SDR holdings	1,040.9	2,210.1	1,169.2
Total external liabilities	127,142.4	131,552.6	4,410.2
Net international investment position	-120,249.9	-124,198.7	-3,948.8

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Statistics Department

• Preliminary data

Supported data

• Includes currency and deposits with monetary authorities and other entities, bonds, other accounts, and financial derivatives.

211

According to the data in Table (10-5), Sudan's net international investment position remained in deficit, as the net international investment position decreased from a negative USD 120,249.9 million in 2024 to a negative USD 124,198.7 million in 2025. This is despite the increase in total external assets from USD 6,892.5 million in 2024 to USD 7,353.9 million in 2025, an increase of 6.7%, which resulted from an increase in reserve assets from USD 1,016.3 million in 2024 to USD 1,165.4 million in 2025, an increase of 14.7%, and an increase in other investment from USD 5,586.3 million to USD 5,889.1 million. In contrast, external liabilities increased from USD 127,142.4 million in 2024 to USD 131,552.6 million in 2025, an increase of 3.5%, due to an increase in foreign loans from USD 72,500 million to USD 74,000 million, due to increased debt service, and an increase in trade credit and advances from USD 12,266.5 million to USD 12,753.7 million, and an increase in currency and deposits from USD 10,727.0 million to USD 11,980.7 million.

4.10 External Debt:

Table (10-6) shows the external debt position for the years 2024 and 2025, as well as external debt sources.

Table (10-6)

Sudan's External Debt by End of 2024 and 2025

(billion dollars)

Creditor	2024*	2025	Change %
Non-Paris Club countries	37.21	38.08	51.4
Paris Club countries	12.89	13.03	17.6
International commercial banks	11.83	12.26	16.6
Foreign suppliers and contractors	5.97	5.97	8.1
International financial institutions	4.57	4.67	6.3
Total	72.47	74.02	100.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Debt Unit

• Preliminary data

Supported data

Note: Contractual interest is the interest agreed upon in the agreement.

212

Table (10-6) shows that total external debt increased from USD 72.47 billion in 2024 to USD 74.02 billion in 2025, an increase of 2.1%, with the creditor structure remaining unchanged. Non-Paris Club countries remained the largest source of debt, accounting for 51.5% of total debt, increasing from USD 37.21 billion to USD 38.08 billion. Paris Club countries' debt also increased from USD 12.89 billion to USD 13.03 billion, an increase of 17.6%. International commercial banks' debt increased from USD 11.83 billion to USD 12.26 billion, an increase of 16.6%. Foreign suppliers and contractors' debt remained stable at USD 5.97 billion, while international financial institutions' debt increased slightly from USD 4.57 billion to USD 4.67 billion, an increase of 6.4%.

Comparing 2024 and 2025, the increases were limited and included most creditor categories without a shift in creditor composition. However, the debt service burden remains a major challenge, as the outstanding principal in 2025 amounted to USD 32.31 billion, contractual interest of USD 6.0 billion, and arrears of USD 35.72 billion, which exceeds the principal and reflects accumulated arrears.

1.4.10 Debt Sustainability Indicators for Sudan for 2024 and 2025:

Debt sustainability indicators are used to measure the country's ability to service external debt, given the available financial resources such as exports and government revenues, in addition to GDP. It should be noted that the standard international benchmark for measuring external debt sustainability is: 30% for the ratio of external debt to GDP, and 100% for the ratio of external debt to exports.

Table (10-7) shows Sudan's external debt sustainability indicators for 2024 and 2025.

Table (10-7)

Sudan's External Debt Sustainability Indicators for 2024 and 2025

Indicator	Standard Benchmark %	2024*	2025
Ratio of total external debt to GDP	30	288.5	252.5
Ratio of total external debt to exports	100	2,312.05	2,804.34
Ratio of total external debt to government revenues	200	1,868.9	1,416.3

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Debt Unit

• Preliminary data

Supported data

213

2.4.10 Status of External Loans and Repayments:

Table (10-8) shows external loans for the years 2024 and 2025.

Table (10-8)

External Loans for the years 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Source	2024*	2025	% of Total
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	8.3	7.4	88.1
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	1.6	1	11.9
Saudi Fund for Development	3.8	0	0
Total	13.7	8.4	100.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Debt Unit

• Preliminary data

Supported data

Table (10-8) shows that external loans decreased from USD 13.7 million in 2024 to USD 8.4 million in 2025, a decrease of 38%, and the level of funding sources remained stable. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) remained the largest financier, accounting for 88.1% in 2025, despite its contribution decreasing from USD 8.28 million to USD 7.42 million.

Table (10-9) shows external loan principal repayments for 2024 and 2025.

Table (10-9)

External Loan Principal Repayments for 2024 and 2025

(million dollars)

Source	2024*	2025	% of Total
World Bank	23.60	26.20	82.1
African Development Bank	5.30	5.70	17.9
IMF	2.00	0.00	0.0
Total	30.9	31.90	100.0

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Debt Unit

• Preliminary data

Supported data

Note: Does not include arrears of principal on due loans.

Table (10-9) shows a slight increase in external loan principal repayments from USD 30.90 million in 2024 to USD 31.90 million in 2025, with the World Bank accounting for the largest share, followed by the African Development Bank.

214

Central Bank of Sudan

215

0 >? = @!

216

Table (1)

Currency in Circulation (2016–2025)

(in thousands of pounds)

Source: Bank of Sudan

Note: Currency in circulation = currency with the public + currency with banks

Year	Currency with the public	Currency with banks	Total currency in circulation
2016	38,712,019.07	2,192,277.60	40,904,296.67
2017	61,455,040.42	3,785,842.73	65,240,883.15
2018	112,832,214.48	1,089,399.26	113,921,613.74
2019	281,335,737.54	13,938,596.48	295,274,334.03
2020	560,312,259.32	28,516,570.24	588,828,829.56
2021
March	671,543,435	41,068,980	712,612,415
June	740,770,445	72,523,215	813,293,660
September	755,660,406	99,510,055	855,170,461
December	905,705,606	82,952,240	988,657,846
2022
March	1,018,400,749.23	72,299,354.97	1,090,700,104.20
June	1,045,317,242.29	142,554,152.77	1,187,871,395.07
September	1,024,554,646.79	162,074,368.57	1,186,629,015.37
December	1,245,561,930.91	132,204,218.87	1,377,766,149.78
2023
March	1,303,290,860.24	166,588,096.37	1,469,878,956.61
June	1,221,037,048.40	171,108,535.75	1,392,145,584.16
September	1,221,037,048.40	171,108,535.75	1,392,145,584.16
December	1,730,862,510.82	107,854,837.71	1,838,717,348.53
2024
March	1,821,438,287.14	580,225,180.59	2,401,663,467.73
June	1,859,573,475.86	591,792,131.87	2,451,365,607.73
September	2,050,486,171.38	567,482,326.35	2,617,968,497.73
December	1,614,730,281.57	122,217,896.16	1,736,948,177.73
2025
March	2,097,517,667.43	89,456,387	2,186,974,054.73
June	2,472,363,797.22	150,106,411	2,622,470,207.73
September	2,759,449,878.70	138,703,449	2,898,153,327.73
December	3,220,492,076.06	96,234,622	3,316,726,697.73

217

Table (2)

Currency in Circulation for the years 2024 and 2025

(in thousands of pounds)

Year	Total currency in circulation
2024
March	209,187,733.00
June	209,187,733.00
September	209,187,733.00
December	209,187,733.00
2025
March	209,187,733.00
June	209,187,733.00
September	209,187,733.00
December	209,187,733.00

Source: Bank of Sudan

218

Item No. (3)

Analysis of currency in circulation for the years 2024 and 2025

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

Currency denominations	2025	2024
SDG 2,000 denomination	18,966,678.00	-
SDG 1,000 denomination	2,227,488,531.25	732,105,880.00
SDG 500 denomination	655,436,790.00	586,402,170.00
SDG 200 denomination	203,568,320.00	205,915,650.00
SDG 100 denomination	198,997,110.00	200,320,820.00
SDG 50 denomination	8,002,790.00	7,936,500.00
SDG 20 denomination	2,095,360.00	2,092,920.00
SDG 10 denomination	1,236,330.00	1,239,140.00
SDG 5 denomination	380,100.00	380,330.00
SDG 2 denomination	262,040.00	262,120.00
SDG 1 denomination	83,460.00	83,460.00
Total	3,316,517,509.25	1,736,738,990.00

Metal currency denominations	2025	2024
SDG 1 denomination	132,145.00	132,145.00
50 piasters denomination	48,330.28	48,330.28
20 piasters denomination	18,245.42	18,245.42
10 piasters denomination	8,996.62	8,996.62
5 piasters denomination	1,468.50	1,468.50
1 piaster denomination	1.92	1.92
Total	209,187.74	209,187.74

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

219

Item No. (4)

Currency supply during the years (2016 - 2025)

(Millions of Sudanese pounds)

Statement	End of December 2016	End of December 2017	End of December 2018	End of December 2019	End of December 2020	End of December 2021	End of December 2022	End of December 2023	End of December 2024	End of December 2025
Currency supply	120,800.00	203,367.50	430,986.00	689,797.60	1,302,229.61	3,296,958.85	4,927,294.01	7,595,400.01	14,480,589.23	25,303,078.5
Currency outside banks	38,712.00	61,455.00	112,832.20	281,335.70	560,312.26	905,705.61	1,245,561.93	1,729,492.29	1,614,730.28	3,220,492.1
Demand deposits in local currency	33,460.80	59,545.50	119,811.60	158,147.70	319,611.11	928,012.85	1,322,857.76	1,626,056.93	3,193,397.13	5,607,535.2
Quasi-money	48,627.20	82,367.00	198,342.20	250,314.20	422,306.23	1,463,240.39	2,358,874.32	4,239,850.78	9,672,461.82	16,475,051.2
Foreign assets (net)	-36,320.80	-40,242.40	-287,165.90	-280,761.30	-530,233.93	-2,731,463.58	-3,966,660.58	-7,602,620.63	-16,253,466.38	-25,354,187.1
Bank of Sudan reserves	6,109.80	6,812.50	52,144.40	67,137.80	131,625.88	1,126,845.67	1,560,710.57	2,063,475.80	3,490,513.04	5,306,585.0
Fund accounts	-8,580.80	-9,186.00	-64,137.60	-60,143.10	-76,592.19	0.00	-842.49	-1,502.03	-2,777.11	-4,474.1
Short-term foreign liabilities	-221.30	-181.80	-3,735.90	-12,910.00	-18,435.94	-116,963.49	-159,347.34	-273,062.89	-564,825.09	-772,755.6
Payment agreements	-159.40	-173.10	-1,158.30	-1,104.00	-1,349.59	-10,699.68	-13,891.33	-24,221.91	-50,184.60	-67,393.2
Other foreign liabilities	-3,186.70	-3,390.20	-23,012.00	-21,800.80	-26,645.86	-211,624.80	-280,452.06	-484,151.51	-1,005,642.10	-1,332,548.3
Long-term foreign liabilities*	-24,299.20	-29,091.20	-201,155.40	-217,258.80	-97,858.00	-826,373.42	-1,152,383.95	-2,115,468.06	-4,683,102.64	-6,600,409.1
Other foreign liabilities*	-7,539.60	-8,656.50	-55,978.30	-51,259.20	-478,124.40	-3,090,903.86	-4,411,624.98	-7,812,099.24	-15,845,458.22	-22674101.8
Foreign assets of banks (net)	1,556.40	3,623.90	9,867.20	16,576.80	37,146.16	398,256.01	491,171.00	1,044,409.21	2,408,010.34	790,909.9
Revaluation	26,627.90	35,354.40	532,458.80	560,119.90	867,625.55	4,483,274.88	5,480,280.05	9,168,757.35	17,724,458.05	22,637,267.3
Claims on public sector	69,294.90	105,786.80	162,188.30	242,440.40	751,511.09	1,205,032.11	2,203,619.56	4,501,707.12	9,641,824.44	17,980,007.3
Claims on central government	54,216.70	76,439.10	117,193.30	198,858.40	680,026.44	953,763.82	1,895,875.09	3,690,781.17	8,063,343.63	16,264,127.7
Claims on state governments	3,342.00	4,794.10	11,700.80	12,585.30	11,107.12	15,166.69	15,184.82	2,084.85	8,856.36	8584.3
Claims on public institutions	11,736.20	24,553.60	33,294.20	30,996.70	60,377.54	236,101.60	292,559.66	808,841.11	1,569,624.45	1,715,879.6
Claims on private sector	54,010.20	75,060.00	127,415.60	185,697.00	213,326.90	340,115.44	1,210,054.97	1,527,556.16	3,367,773.13	9,986,025.5
Financial institutions	52,561.40	72,735.50	123,107.20	179,477.60	307,571.37	886,212.04	1,621,737.12	1,900,305.05	2,648,284.75	4,728,233.3
Non-bank financial institutions	1,448.70	2,324.50	4,308.40	6,219.40	8,517.92	16,673.23	22,226.48	35,580.59	35,913.37	45381.2
Other items (net)	7,188.10	27,408.80	-103,910.80	-17,698.60	-102,762.39	-562,769.83	-433,908.63	-408,329.47	683,575.01	5,257,792.2

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

220

Item No. (5/a)

Assets and liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan during the years (2012 – 2025)

Assets

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

• Effective from October 2005, the Central Bank's deposits were converted into certificates.

Revised data

End of period	Government securities	Certificates for commercial banks	Temporary deposits for commercial banks	Long-term deposits for government	Bank certificates	Central bank deposits	Deposits of public institutions	Capital and reserves	Banks	Other accounts	Other contributions	Total
December 2012	29,412,033	437,447	2,030,432	286,539	62,485	5,212,230	3,499,329	632,273	3,375,065	234,602	7,480,674	52,663,109
December 2013	41,048,012	559,327	2,152,552	232,451	185,830	5,212,230	4,500,000	3,003,065	4,797,509	314,250	9,179,951	71,185,176
December 2014	44,292,649	603,741	2,249,035	290,184	-	9,712,228	2,240,000	4,791,882	4,897,364	302,393	8,725,566	78,105,041
December 2015	61,657,339	647,882	2,647,399	196,480	-	11,938,968	3,500,000	8,317,835	3,725,862	288,790	6,110,229	99,030,785
December 2016	85,026,962	729,855	2,713,434	280,073	-	15,438,968	5,400,000	7,911,429	4,397,125	415,094	5,692,671	128,005,610
December 2017	131,618,700	852,563	2,705,434	252,023	-	15,356,568	14,753,333	13,945,532	1,953,889	547,989	6,262,560	188,248,591
December 2018	606,432,861	3,441,189	2,873,179	971,242	1,650,000	14,915,062	56,137,980	17,018,885	1,917,831	3,380,065	48,762,392	757,500,684
December 2019	756,202,724	3,392,546	6,641,043	870,692	-	14,126,261	120,926,635	25,957,231	1,917,831	4,717,307	62,418,512	997,170,784
December 2020	1,075,612,945	4,102,273	6,641,043	12,502,180	-	125,425,060	285,144,005	45,527,468	1,887,742	5,997,348	125,626,550	1,688,466,613
December 2021	5,343,443,606	28,050,499	6,641,043	84,728,049	-	120,796,120	337,105,496	129,258,810	1,887,742	69,860,804	1,056,982,878	7,178,755,047
December 2022	6,933,766,503	36,770,643	6,641,043	95,260,014	1,250,000	120,796,120	864,009,940	236,879,206	1,887,742	93,500,766	1,467,207,816	9,857,969,794
December 2023	11,719,610,282	62,068,803	6,641,043	247,711,973	1,250,000	192,645,835	1,874,871,618	283,937,457	1,887,742	163,046,331	1,900,427,485	16,454,098,569
December 2024	24,148,323,381	127,654,840	6,641,043	435,259,977	1,450,000	192,645,835	4,414,238,467	310,811,949	1,887,742	333,575,917	3,156,935,137	33,129,424,289
January 2025	24,998,024,363	132,075,335	6,641,043	548,157,388	1,450,000	192,645,835	4,469,167,868	312,542,480	1,887,742	345,505,385	3,224,303,384	34,232,400,823
February 2025	23,852,955,861	125,546,268	6,641,043	716,520,638	1,450,000	192,645,835	4,957,054,573	309,986,487	1,887,742	328,446,023	3,068,257,576	33,561,392,044
March 2025	25,142,288,672	131,772,411	6,641,043	920,752,781	1,450,000	192,645,835	5,535,559,895	312,423,892	1,887,742	347,645,110	3,241,307,786	35,834,375,167
April 2025	25,210,651,946	129,534,556	6,641,043	1,003,717,188	1,450,000	192,645,835	5,675,139,725	311,547,818	1,887,742	346,513,303	3,119,621,261	35,999,350,417
May 2025	26,363,741,110	135,087,422	6,641,043	1,453,027,721	1,450,000	192,645,835	6,178,502,101	313,721,649	1,887,742	360,657,628	3,300,463,917	38,307,826,169
June 2025	26,794,075,335	135,597,717	6,641,043	1,567,551,073	1,450,000	192,645,835	6,188,502,101	313,921,419	1,887,742	366,147,206	3,391,322,776	38,959,742,247
July 2025	30,779,824,387	154,555,316	6,641,043	1,334,699,733	1,450,000	192,645,835	6,545,012,771	321,342,923	1,887,742	415,535,961	3,723,448,498	43,477,044,208
August 2025	33,960,792,797	166,325,497	6,641,043	629,832,680	1,450,000	192,645,835	6,820,654,435	325,950,702	1,887,742	450,356,163	4,094,615,397	46,651,152,291
September 2025	34,394,607,776	167,997,495	6,641,043	1,112,785,709	1,450,000	192,645,835	7,386,337,762	326,605,047	1,887,742	455,500,277	4,349,136,334	48,395,595,020
October 2025	34,068,240,345	167,967,420	6,641,043	1,169,450,747	1,450,000	192,645,835	8,111,931,162	326,593,480	1,887,742	454,301,094	4,519,446,535	49,020,555,402
November 2025	41,134,278,416	201,413,024	6,641,043	1,001,986,324	1,450,000	192,645,835	8,444,772,825	339,686,735	1,887,742	545,905,241	5,373,587,843	57,244,255,028
December 2025	34,886,563,713	168,374,935	72,142,443	694,936,071	1,450,000	192,645,835	10,691,274,337	261,231,614	1,887,742	456,503,711	4,850,079,272	52,277,089,674

221

Item No. (5/b)

Assets and liabilities of the Central Bank of Sudan during the years (2012 - 2025)

Liabilities

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

End of period	Government accounts	Currency in circulation	Certificates	Central bank participation	Total	Other	Capital and reserves	Other accounts	Foreign liabilities	Other liabilities*	Payment agreements	Bank accounts
December 2012	12,402,945	314,766	4,528,245	5,524,968	883,017	102,434	10,183,003	0	853,826	17,869,905	52,663,109
December 2013	20,118,470	526,589	7,132,437	7,465,488	1,132,027	135,748	13,255,191	0	1,006,327	20,412,898	71,185,176
December 2014	18,375,677	540,316	6,538,829	7,999,773	1,159,132	140,897	16,864,056	0	1,426,284	25,060,075	78,105,041
December 2015	21,619,937	732,316	7,414,103	17,643,810	1,070,900	143,226	20,092,217	0	973,837	29,340,437	99,030,785
December 2016	24,697,342	773,589	9,628,745	24,299,242	1,331,252	159,419	23,308,352	0	2,903,373	40,904,297	128,005,610
December 2017	31,338,345	2,562,557	10,870,443	29,091,241	1,371,241	173,090	42,799,526	0	4,801,265	65,240,883	188,248,591
December 2018	169,155,817	2,603,011	70,738,728	201,253,343	11,987,880	1,158,309	168,809,531	0	17,872,452	113,921,614	757,500,684
December 2019	183,123,750	2,603,011	65,329,241	217,351,526	20,639,494	1,103,954	190,169,479	0	21,575,997	295,274,334	997,170,784
December 2020	64,044,681	2,603,011	468,041,315	97,971,368	55,163,672	1,349,595	375,406,905	0	35,057,238	588,828,830	1,688,466,613
December 2021	315,728,556	2,603,011	3,302,528,661	827,273,843	117,859,735	10,699,678	1,357,851,171	0	255,552,547	988,657,846	7,178,755,047
December 2022	285,097,690	2,603,011	4,093,448,193	1,153,577,219	756,325,899	13,891,327	1,801,138,976	0	374,121,329	1,377,766,150	9,857,969,794
December 2023	(65,989,518)	2,603,011	7,255,750,281	2,117,528,027	1,310,063,457	24,221,908	3,295,191,551	0	685,775,473	1,828,954,380	16,454,098,569
December 2024	134,113,743	2,603,011	14,753,092,885	4,692,794,293	2,654,597,422	50,184,596	7,826,604,336	0	1,282,189,912	1,733,244,091	33,129,424,289
January 2025	50,930,105	2,603,011	15,277,882,921	4,860,584,533	2,748,001,350	51,879,726	7,883,777,559	0	1,513,269,588	1,843,472,031	34,232,400,823
February 2025	30,900,894	2,603,011	14,730,746,299	4,611,755,782	2,624,116,697	49,410,149	7,832,668,330	0	1,691,025,269	1,988,165,614	33,561,392,044
March 2025	264,252,437	2,603,011	15,531,205,013	4,846,269,365	2,777,349,395	52,112,878	8,637,492,570	0	1,546,319,154	2,176,771,345	35,834,375,167
April 2025	299,540,057	2,603,011	15,544,261,002	4,786,966,377	2,778,125,538	51,539,457	8,593,884,332	0	1,650,335,097	2,292,095,546	35,999,350,417
May 2025	419,350,575	2,603,011	16,200,267,764	4,986,397,661	2,926,487,209	53,832,133	9,575,039,960	0	1,718,194,514	2,425,653,341	38,307,826,169
June 2025	325,419,340	2,603,011	16,520,032,699	5,022,894,502	2,968,194,789	54,244,486	9,802,212,421	0	1,697,169,542	2,566,971,458	38,959,742,247
July 2025	498,094,458	2,603,011	18,599,394,745	5,727,808,398	3,353,268,543	61,607,719	10,704,298,981	0	1,820,696,512	2,709,271,841	43,477,044,208
August 2025	576,109,318	2,603,011	20,163,290,242	6,181,762,369	3,640,926,949	66,605,539	11,285,501,787	0	1,931,947,723	2,802,405,353	46,651,152,291
September 2025	1,030,336,643	2,603,011	20,695,773,395	6,241,977,475	3,682,440,793	67,221,820	11,576,642,679	0	2,225,531,377	2,873,067,828	48,395,595,020
October 2025	809,702,021	2,603,011	20,614,524,730	6,222,749,536	3,670,791,330	66,998,705	12,476,326,971	0	2,148,510,714	3,008,348,385	49,020,555,402
November 2025	1,016,639,979	2,603,011	24,613,459,230	7,470,858,512	4,399,516,244	80,586,184	13,931,196,678	0	2,578,072,394	3,151,322,797	57,244,255,028
December 2025	913,931,678	2,603,011	21,089,106,959	6,606,082,931	3,679,086,429	67,393,222	14,755,240,883	0	1,856,491,927	3,307,152,634	52,277,089,674

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

*Revised data

222

Item No. (6/a)

Consolidated commercial banks during the years (2012 - 2025)

Assets

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

End of period	Cash	Deposits with Central Bank of Sudan	Local commercial banks	Foreign correspondents	Other remittances	Treasury bills	Government securities	Financing	Other accounts	Total
December 2012	9,791,805	30,482,751	7,277,005	4,893,611	1,470,676	12,015,294	1,118,420	67,049,562
December 2013	10,931,452	37,657,122	7,589,658	4,696,049	2,165,731	13,205,260	1,234,486	77,479,759
December 2014	12,463,156	44,320,716	8,773,292	5,148,873	2,719,939	17,174,095	1,716,978	92,317,049
December 2015	15,435,820	53,456,764	11,191,416	3,858,707	3,175,897	19,973,900	1,845,066	108,937,570
December 2016	18,809,094	67,688,597	12,469,181	3,724,012	3,702,574	24,127,809	2,192,278	132,713,544
December 2017	30,070,124	102,927,668	17,654,465	6,746,856	2,372,570	47,688,281	3,785,843	211,245,807
December 2018	41,783,637	167,703,204	22,669,571	27,639,166	5,547,441	181,418,129	1,089,399	447,850,547
December 2019	63,212,556	218,464,030	27,243,550	33,404,978	9,535,609	185,098,922	13,938,596	550,898,241
December 2020	100,849,584	363,610,236	31,896,102	58,499,645	18,062,514	383,459,787	28,516,570	984,894,438
December 2021	347,855,935	1,031,235,997	28,801,472	578,769,946	69,611,511	1,379,047,778	82,952,240	3,518,274,879
December 2022	522,436,171	1,808,991,758	30,331,140	909,619,889	128,089,185	1,802,882,460	132,204,219	5,334,554,821
December 2023	905,140,838	2,419,946,562	30,194,372	1,377,894,393	582,432,856	3,327,305,510	99,462,087	8,742,376,618
December 2024	1,216,423,908	3,683,576,539	28,845,569	3,383,452,169	1,157,487,327	8,771,369,265	118,513,810	18,359,668,588
January 2025	1,296,603,306	3,718,650,394	28,852,111	3,433,113,487	1,154,400,659	8,894,803,413	82,687,321	18,609,110,691
February 2025	1,286,360,521	4,032,844,549	28,318,162	3,364,418,058	1,132,226,326	8,714,202,054	79,462,511	18,637,832,182
March 2025	1,431,032,669	4,223,250,192	28,891,212	4,010,451,675	1,177,810,343	9,708,321,930	79,253,677	20,659,011,699
April 2025	1,432,312,270	4,396,555,949	28,948,258	3,986,061,568	1,055,430,615	11,363,726,429	56,224,858	22,319,259,946
May 2025	1,707,991,934	4,424,775,604	29,782,050	3,422,035,758	1,455,492,385	12,311,304,943	66,060,649	23,417,443,324
June 2025	1,796,215,967	4,550,212,175	29,508,726	3,205,094,474	2,301,362,445	11,157,269,655	94,607,660	23,134,271,102
July 2025	1,818,505,455	4,616,322,533	29,532,578	3,751,147,692	2,631,516,895	12,008,828,765	100,506,449	24,956,360,367
August 2025	1,993,007,429	4,862,821,580	21,527,678	3,847,976,884	2,647,016,846	12,712,231,199	116,032,164	26,200,613,780
September 2025	2,159,766,389	5,071,600,740	12,434,257	4,241,886,516	2,432,749,115	15,737,825,938	113,617,949	29,769,880,904
October 2025	2,178,249,023	5,243,114,242	12,170,919	4,589,189,888	2,505,179,488	16,796,092,726	118,163,452	31,442,159,738
November 2025	2,194,949,692	5,510,282,819	12,239,920	5,376,390,933	2,527,121,117	18,678,029,457	99,248,823	34,398,262,761
December 2025	2,155,981,018	5,606,392,123	10,481,798	5,439,813,683	2,503,320,220	19,035,481,812	86,660,558	34,838,131,211

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Revised data

Note: Financing includes total local and foreign financing.

223

Item No. (6/b)

Consolidated commercial banks during the years (2012 – 2025)

Liabilities

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

End of period	Capital	Reserves	Foreign correspondents	Other banks	Commercial banks	Deposits of state governments	Deposits of local institutions and public	Government deposits	Unified deposits	Other accounts	Total
December 2012	12,865,086	10,830,670	1,793,468	802,931	1,213,069	39,387,283	157,055	67,049,562
December 2013	15,017,382	13,149,116	1,996,426	1,639,272	1,544,495	44,007,037	126,031	77,479,759
December 2014	17,442,136	14,739,386	1,996,986	1,818,365	2,850,807	53,402,658	66,711	92,317,049
December 2015	21,308,343	16,254,425	1,937,450	1,692,013	4,325,786	63,340,701	78,852	108,937,570
December 2016	28,041,325	18,423,745	2,167,616	1,909,420	2,711,910	79,354,931	104,598	132,713,544
December 2017	34,779,170	22,847,199	3,122,993	3,453,714	7,936,719	138,914,816	191,197	211,245,807
December 2018	79,552,517	31,058,511	17,771,952	6,023,622	10,464,716	302,437,775	541,454	447,850,547
December 2019	85,916,022	58,564,407	16,828,191	6,930,388	20,850,960	361,316,654	491,620	550,898,241
December 2020	153,571,260	75,542,425	21,223,645	9,293,691	52,226,630	672,445,421	591,366	984,894,438
December 2021	746,762,370	241,939,884	180,513,940	19,556,983	244,722,683	2,042,858,688	41,920,330	3,518,274,879
December 2022	909,479,717	490,493,468	418,448,887	28,576,183	258,170,868	3,229,318,034	67,665	5,334,554,821
December 2023	1,669,642,624	900,792,688	333,485,187	325,926,928	319,213,149	5,176,387,954	16,928,088	8,742,376,618
December 2024	3,153,393,830	1,507,259,508	975,441,833	584,423,815	685,490,709	11,420,270,515	33,388,377	18,359,668,588
January 2025	2,768,478,831	2,081,608,738	990,830,435	570,965,304	692,068,914	11,471,254,251	33,904,220	18,609,110,691
February 2025	2,725,899,019	2,056,635,375	938,226,336	587,913,899	634,373,816	11,647,778,647	47,005,089	18,637,832,182
March 2025	3,436,039,065	2,025,602,573	1,046,217,481	589,441,862	698,169,140	12,788,323,875	75,217,703	20,659,011,699
April 2025	3,788,505,161	2,069,677,048	836,202,733	2,207,592,752	715,168,317	12,623,434,748	78,679,188	22,319,259,946
May 2025	3,125,798,623	2,171,565,873	894,973,609	2,443,180,274	881,190,933	13,848,604,811	52,129,201	23,417,443,324
June 2025	3,045,704,378	2,142,326,455	1,584,798,754	1,052,730,189	1,007,780,882	14,237,885,405	63,045,039	23,134,271,102
July 2025	3,539,952,506	2,248,910,649	1,465,500,240	1,365,958,297	882,823,116	15,389,204,890	64,010,669	24,956,360,367
August 2025	4,083,288,253	2,340,805,333	1,521,319,658	1,331,594,800	921,655,842	15,888,338,590	113,611,304	26,200,613,780
September 2025	4,352,855,170	2,469,267,554	1,083,739,620	4,156,597,071	1,054,289,001	16,515,635,443	137,497,045	29,769,880,904
October 2025	4,560,781,794	2,477,252,880	1,196,863,901	4,296,101,361	1,203,808,008	17,593,957,276	113,394,519	31,442,159,738
November 2025	6,112,311,736	2,593,855,133	3,810,640,230	1,324,085,271	1,251,432,378	19,243,551,922	62,386,092	34,398,262,761
December 2025	5,304,491,415	2,598,112,859	4,648,903,745	858,930,291	1,408,526,461	19,922,751,347	96,415,094	34,838,131,211

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

224

Item No. (7/a)

Balance of financing and deposits in local currency during the years (2012 – 2025)

(In thousands of Sudanese pounds)

End of period	Agriculture	Industry	Exports	Imports	Local trade	Storage	Transport	Construction and reconstruction	Energy	Other	Total
December 2012	3,673,477	3,123,959	850,880	792,717	3,285,559	1,998,820	2,721,599	85,111	8,282,889	24,815,011
December 2013	5,229,370	5,195,515	1,186,519	987,800	3,180,619	3,136,690	3,565,315	188,623	9,996,827	32,667,278
December 2014	6,698,212	5,839,140	1,488,275	802,564	3,630,552	3,201,635	6,678,284	361,340	11,305,696	40,005,698
December 2015	8,401,164	6,890,855	1,383,122	1,032,686	5,799,644	3,329,773	9,091,760	308,051	13,782,503	50,019,557
December 2016	11,830,288	8,059,067	1,538,986	2,417,254	8,698,763	4,439,470	10,193,986	591,689	16,427,991	64,197,494
December 2017	21,011,323	15,703,014	3,452,475	2,920,251	12,011,072	5,785,361	14,634,274	2,279,952	21,791,198	99,588,920
December 2018	19,634,945	33,737,207	10,554,376	1,643,933	8,907,176	9,465,724	19,896,340	2,771,648	37,139,425	143,750,775
December 2019	32,865,122	43,698,302	16,306,198	2,023,031	15,807,127	15,800,027	24,131,892	4,935,674	47,534,980	203,102,353
December 2020	68,692,825	73,013,343	38,853,040	2,693,962	36,836,437	32,686,870	28,458,765	7,033,327	66,986,077	355,254,646
December 2021	254,526,610	196,902,628	97,491,071	14,053,154	39,913,372	112,146,668	60,922,151	31,810,009	182,400,207	990,165,869
December 2022	415,950,136	374,004,574	177,737,101	34,808,832	99,875,307	132,378,098	106,889,052	64,091,305	276,918,876	1,682,653,281
December 2023	411,989,656	478,415,434	205,760,238	130,417,382	94,704,698	130,686,542	105,951,656	53,996,278	368,257,859	1,980,179,743
December 2024	710,485,879	621,626,516	301,390,035	96,218,958	154,327,073	150,456,464	82,915,469	50,117,778	453,269,728	2,620,807,900
January 2025	705,196,299	586,332,282	289,402,651	97,247,590	155,432,692	148,782,671	81,768,397	109,497,039	415,392,164	2,589,051,784
February 2025	628,563,718	726,759,448	289,094,873	240,416,044	153,092,008	149,246,909	83,579,710	152,141,355	551,642,985	2,974,537,051
March 2025	731,722,359	765,550,190	350,789,394	239,912,403	158,159,721	166,151,184	79,938,856	110,520,300	552,910,877	3,155,655,282
April 2025	720,507,540	753,264,722	364,532,387	381,928,827	165,241,251	174,899,633	86,032,312	221,669,351	456,754,887	3,324,830,911
May 2025	876,279,631	788,096,069	380,339,093	246,421,233	180,854,831	184,357,785	83,424,807	188,874,518	500,335,865	3,428,983,830
June 2025	1,002,013,532	754,892,532	378,991,323	224,709,475	188,113,703	191,649,029	102,492,228	186,074,963	502,211,103	3,531,147,888
July 2025	930,573,569	844,945,989	367,850,626	215,117,269	179,283,007	193,235,447	85,089,021	202,705,160	478,891,397	3,497,691,483
August 2025	1,056,547,912	836,972,431	381,359,067	211,497,663	183,075,102	203,742,107	88,625,250	237,244,311	531,634,052	3,730,697,894
September 2025	1,111,611,941	832,762,877	393,804,641	328,756,117	206,147,084	213,302,219	78,647,524	189,993,126	630,147,967	3,985,173,497
October 2025	1,152,768,449	909,649,489	407,155,736	249,128,089	206,562,513	211,543,282	85,382,037	286,278,032	561,544,849	4,070,012,476
November 2025	1,254,692,925	1,026,474,253	440,019,257	248,443,946	338,855,552	209,653,250	85,410,645	254,509,260	558,942,011	4,417,001,099
December 2025	1,324,804,724	1,051,004,586	437,118,980	161,906,182	368,733,546	213,873,610	85,819,178	210,236,888	669,612,046	4,523,109,740

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Annual Report 2025

Table (7) (b)

Money Supply (Broad Money) and Domestic Credit by Economic Sectors (in thousands of Sudanese Pounds) for the Period (2012–2025)

End of Period	Agriculture	Industry	Exports	Imports	Local Trade	Storage and Transport	Construction and Reconstruction	Other	Total
December 2012	71,886	790,661	58,634	1,468,494	608,667	227,328	662,190	4,306	1,775,574	5,667,740
December 2013	73,215	879,066	10,446	1,386,922	308,112	503,491	710,377	-	1,118,215	4,989,844
December 2014	209,893	851,587	580	828,283	168,187	945,310	464,629	-	846,548	4,315,017
December 2015	171,779	766,049	-	409,414	130,322	685,389	568,583	3,130	702,541	3,437,207
December 2016	119,654	883,714	-	268,718	136,549	505,295	523,372	32,603	1,021,198	3,491,101
December 2017	140,280	656,492	-	313,836	114,071	292,831	637,652	70,561	1,113,025	3,338,748
December 2018	4,053,094	3,453,393	71,908	1,661,691	783,926	199,421	3,950,088	13,276	5,544,016	19,730,813
December 2019	3,706,850	1,705,749	-	1,601,065	689,452	-	3,349,096	-	4,309,464	15,361,676
December 2020	392,856	1,478,328	-	1,150,773	162,529	-	3,975,647	-	1,328,103	8,488,236
December 2021	1,847,568	10,046,229	592,488	1,877,999	2,747,310	463,893	-	-	23,494,641	41,070,128
December 2022	2,266,096	41,704,021	6,658,472	35,992,831	2,746,443	1,332,193	-	1,472,400	34,166,022	126,338,477
December 2023	5,668,977	35,339,557	17,418,698	67,040,088	183,154,748	-	3,163,334	-	95,479,097	407,264,499
December 2024	109,023,385	68,062,318	32,327,210	183,214,455	520,862,862	-	-	-	165,049,182	1,078,539,411
January 2025	111,903,324	112,632,103	33,333,216	182,735,614	494,705,621	-	-	-	210,861,994	1,146,171,872
February 2025	97,389,015	49,035,742	33,411,339	189,831,737	490,920,515	-	-	-	214,298,554	1,074,886,902
March 2025	112,467,444	49,813,505	33,458,261	187,405,473	482,733,276	-	-	-	218,334,177	1,084,212,136
April 2025	110,847,407	50,106,521	1,245,542	209,191,869	497,281,111	-	-	-	219,669,813	1,088,342,263
May 2025	114,734,564	51,130,312	1,020,206	98,305,304	518,164,569	-	-	-	229,742,443	1,013,097,399
June 2025	150,549,388	32,328,581	1,043,198	101,681,034	505,695,216	-	3,163,334	-	234,076,808	1,028,537,560
July 2025	140,314,142	56,236,182	759,991	110,624,768	571,485,649	-	3,163,334	-	253,448,925	1,136,032,992
August 2025	155,165,832	59,203,882	332,337	101,708,081	572,861,021	-	-	-	260,258,834	1,149,529,985
September 2025	166,455,004	60,345,170	332,338	103,247,641	574,418,718	-	-	-	204,216,349	1,109,015,221
October 2025	176,194,549	60,878,071	19,052,721	104,948,505	575,901,507	1,857,547	-	-	256,934,932	1,195,767,833
November 2025	212,176,458	55,612,002	21,067,532	96,088,371	531,818,090	1,857,547	-	-	197,406,235	1,116,026,235
December 2025	174,832,487	54,503,209	21,090,526	119,837,359	542,161,910	1,962,947	-	-	196,852,995	1,111,241,433

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Table (7) (c)

Money Supply by Type of Deposits (in thousands of Sudanese Pounds) for the Period (2012–2022)

Year	Demand Deposits	Savings Deposits	Time Deposits	Investment Deposits	Mudarabah	Musharakah	Murabaha	Salam	Istisna'a	Industry	Good Loans	Other	Total
2012*	12,021,906	2,636,883	1,296,315	459,838	2,160,054	89,595	20,115	125,475	5,292,662	24,102,842
2013	18,012,731	3,740,711	1,772,902	665,257	3,929,456	331,230	32,387	99,619	5,238,195	33,822,488
2014	20,180,433	3,625,294	2,086,517	1,464,259	5,178,257	144,597	43,193	208,716	5,747,359	38,678,626
2015	26,968,511	3,822,837	3,582,143	1,622,869	8,402,243	200,215	47,226	120,915	9,426,317	54,193,276
2016	38,518,716	5,593,984	4,165,534	2,499,694	17,271,520	290,365	52,265	240,811	14,722,414	83,355,303
2017	60,723,766	8,099,318	9,740,088	728,467	32,375,192	545,895	442,742	294,132	12,141,659	125,091,258
2018	78,705,264	9,196,459	7,560,347	2,030,221	26,417,767	1,058,173	1,114,718	543,988	18,059,319	144,686,256
2019	159,010,374	13,042,386	10,472,736	4,111,990	20,322,000	929,728	4,521,097	480,894	47,315,603	260,206,808
2020	224,396,201	31,229,409	17,426,158	9,106,981	15,067,171	1,362,833	2,068,191	3,289,859	44,563,151	348,509,954
2021	797,091,186	86,571,656	19,538,185	50,457,957	29,707,965	3,867,123	8,993,379	3,383,929	85,410,392	1,085,021,773
2022	1,320,743,434	133,667,013	30,504,230	58,287,871	87,127,342	4,571,205	2,208,297	4,290,732	114,610,294	1,756,010,419

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Note: Central government financing is not included.

• Starting from 2012, a new type of deposit data has been included.

Table (7) (d)

Money Supply by Economic Sectors (in thousands of Sudanese Pounds) for the Period (2012–2022)

Year	Agriculture	Industry	Exports	Local Trade	Imports	Storage and Transport	Construction and Reconstruction	Energy	Real Estate	Other	Total
2012	2,873,014	4,577,492	1,065,594	4,168,358	1,259,869	1,636,122	129,241	2,152,871	6,240,281	24,102,842
2013	6,721,005	5,486,736	2,259,228	4,368,770	1,885,977	3,433,868	488,470	3,042,285	6,136,149	33,822,488
2014	6,062,080	5,155,753	1,771,516	6,588,343	2,968,207	2,237,273	610,440	3,848,082	9,436,932	38,678,626
2015	11,089,383	7,899,342	2,230,537	9,928,501	1,568,853	2,508,466	401,219	5,936,956	12,630,020	54,193,276
2016	18,893,594	9,570,887	1,629,062	16,627,297	3,012,642	3,455,749	941,562	9,873,789	19,350,723	83,355,303
2017	23,393,922	17,341,814	3,848,350	22,275,949	4,072,425	5,160,239	3,835,468	16,965,584	28,197,507	125,091,258
2018	36,629,814	37,925,355	10,968,004	6,766,338	1,831,493	7,767,042	3,883,941	13,818,413	25,095,856	144,686,256
2019	79,611,777	49,714,745	19,313,305	18,652,181	7,682,566	17,834,549	9,719,041	26,065,259	31,613,385	260,206,808
2020	87,290,152	74,623,160	39,334,438	35,148,392	9,923,158	38,447,973	10,554,601	9,842,671	43,345,409	348,509,954
2021	303,559,306	223,637,390	103,995,469	51,016,516	39,995,527	113,340,416	45,586,700	69,315,694	134,574,754	1,085,021,773
2022	455,340,092	521,407,351	222,440,653	70,596,392	96,222,246	101,457,192	56,197,259	68,908,380	163,382,227	1,755,951,791

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

Note: Central government financing is not included.

Table (8)

Distribution of Branches of Working Banks in Sudan by State (2020 and 2021)

State	Central Bank of Sudan	Specialized Banks	Commercial Banks	Foreign Banks	Joint Venture Banks	National Banks	Total*
	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
Khartoum	1	1	42	41	17	17	393	401	17	17	469	476
Sennar	1	1	15	15	2	2	13	13	30	30
Gezira	1	1	46	46	2	2	41	45	0	0	89	93
Blue Nile	1	1	3	3	0	0	12	12	0	0	15	15
White Nile	11	11	6	6	30	31	0	0	47	48
Qadarif	1	1	17	17	2	2	23	23	0	0	42	42
Kassala	1	1	3	3	0	0	19	19	0	0	22	22
Red Sea	1	1	6	6	42	41	50	49
Northern	1	1	19	19	1	1	30	30	50	50
River Nile	1	1	20	19	0	0	22	22	43	44
North Kordofan	1	1	8	8	4	4	9	9	0	0	21	21
South Kordofan	1	1	17	17	25	24	0	0	45	46
West Kordofan	0	0	8	8	0	0	7	6	0	0	14	15
North Darfur	1	1	20	20	1	0	13	13	0	0	33	34
South Darfur	1	1	4	4	1	1	20	18	0	0	23	25
West Darfur	1	1	2	2	5	5	0	0	8	8
Central Darfur	1	1	0	0	3	4	0	0	5	4
East Darfur	1	1	3	3	0	0	4	4	0	0	7	7
Total	17	17	243	243	46	45	723	708	17	17	1,013	1,029

Source: Central Bank of Sudan

• Total does not include branches of the Central Bank of Sudan.

Note: Does not include representative offices, correspondents, and agencies.

Table (9) (a)

Gross Domestic Product at Constant Economic Prices by Economic Activity (1981/1982) for the Period (2018–2025)

(in thousands of Sudanese Pounds)

Sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023*	2024*	2025*
1. Agriculture	10,295.7	10,180.7	9,307.7	9,135.1	9,143.9	7,782.7	7,439.7	7,468.4
Main agricultural crops	4,641.9	4,652.4	3,721.0	3,643.4	3,651.0	2,263.6	1,896.8	1,902.9
Livestock and fisheries	5,519.8	5,400.7	5,454.7	5,362.1	5,365.0	5,402.3	5,422.6	5,442.9
Forests	20.8	20.8	22.0	21.7	21.4	20.0	20.6	21.7
Fish	113.2	106.8	110.0	107.9	106.5	96.8	99.7	100.8
2. Industry Sector	7,688.8	7,572.2	7,775.4	7,760.0	7,704.0	5,715.0	4,207.4	4,304.3
Mining and quarrying	536.5	507.4	482.1	524.4	525.0	354.1	354.5	385.6
Manufacturing industries	5,375.0	5,273.1	5,459.0	5,445.1	5,408.0	3,895.4	2,325.2	2,349.5
Electricity, gas and water	1,092.0	1,110.1	1,132.3	1,101.1	1,097.0	883.0	964.9	989.4
Building and construction	685.3	681.6	702.0	689.4	674.0	582.5	562.8	579.7
3. Services Sector	18,699.8	18,444.8	18,549.2	18,069.1	17,821.0	10,961.8	9,703.4	9,949.9
Trade, hotels and restaurants	3,218.1	3,144.6	3,208.9	3,129.7	3,060.0	2,386.8	2,269.2	2,335.9
Transport and communications	4,019.4	4,017.0	3,776.0	3,693.7	3,610.0	2,960.2	3,047.3	3,151.7
Banks, insurance and real estate	5,403.4	5,293.5	5,352.3	5,247.5	5,204.0	3,819.4	3,066.9	3,101.0
Government services	5,276.2	5,218.0	5,431.7	5,238.5	5,204.0	1,040.8	651.5	674.7
Indirect financial services	782.7	771.7	780.3	759.7	743.0	754.6	668.5	686.6
GDP at constant prices	36,684.3	36,197.7	35,632.3	34,964.2	34,668.9	24,459.5	21,350.5	21,722.6
GDP at market prices (millions of pounds)	1,263,068	1,873,703	4,386,387	18,703,277	30,768,013	26,316,114	40,257,517	70,615,767

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data.

1. Agriculture sector includes: agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries.
2. Industry sector includes: extractive industry, manufacturing, electricity and water.

Table (9) (b)

Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices by Economic Activity for the Period (2018–2024)

(in millions of Sudanese Pounds)

Sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023*	2024*	2025*
1. Agriculture	277,374	379,000	892,768	3,776,787	8,108,495	7,633,372	11,960,239	18,217,949
Main agricultural crops	106,608	146,426	350,115	1,477,591	3,237,581	2,712,925	4,142,518	6,427,357
Livestock and fisheries	165,667	225,441	526,220	2,229,544	4,757,497	4,766,155	7,539,465	11,316,659
Forests	1,865	2,763	6,595	28,052	18,977	14,560	19,016	24,026
Fish	3,234	4,370	9,838	41,600	94,440	139,732	259,240	449,907
2. Industry Sector	262,017	408,552	944,303	4,201,622	6,831,641	5,636,451	8,526,182	14,838,144
Mining and quarrying	104,257	176,204	397,605	1,864,210	465,552	1,176,977	1,646,064	2,210,910
Manufacturing industries	111,639	156,404	366,052	1,573,711	4,795,628	2,862,527	5,272,683	9,090,355
Electricity, gas and water	5,451	8,862	21,496	90,095	972,781	1,019,477	1,058,475	2,583,052
Building and construction	40,670	67,082	159,150	673,606	597,680	577,470	548,960	953,827
3. Services Sector	723,677	1,086,151	2,549,316	10,724,868	15,827,877	13,046,291	19,771,095	37,559,673
Trade, hotels and restaurants	225,770	309,716	722,027	3,035,187	2,713,502	2,957,911	4,445,553	4,854,884
Transport and communications	124,672	165,747	395,186	1,666,166	3,201,223	3,726,688	7,448,565	16,051,277
Banks, insurance and real estate	201,503	341,347	797,772	3,371,231	4,639,557	4,060,643	5,134,480	10,518,580
Government services	41,610	105,327	248,505	1,032,995	4,614,728	1,449,908	1,601,356	4,144,556
Indirect financial services	130,122	164,014	385,826	1,619,289	658,867	851,141	1,141,140	1,990,376
GDP at market prices	1,263,068	1,873,703	4,386,387	18,703,277	30,768,013	26,316,114	40,257,517	70,615,767

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

• Estimated data.

1. Agriculture sector includes: agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries.
2. Industry sector includes: extractive industry, manufacturing, electricity and water.

Table (10)

Cultivated Areas, Production and Productivity for Seasons (2021/2022–2024/2025)

Area: in feddans, Production: in thousands of tons, Productivity: in kg/feddan

Crop	Season 2022/2021			Season 2023/2024			Season 2024/2025
	Cultivated Area	Production	Productivity	Cultivated Area	Production	Productivity	Cultivated Area	Production	Productivity
Maize	9,727	5,248	311	9,860	3,091	214	11,346	5,406	265
Wheat	192.9	476	1,058	179.1	378	983	159.6	490	1,323
Sorghum	4,809	1,904	210	3,869	684	97	3,812	793	118
Groundnut	3,617	2,642	361.2	3,587	1,386	193.2	3,457	1,684	289.8
Sesame	3,744	742.0	109	2,978	600.1	105	2,807	625.4	117.6
Sunflower	163.0	77.5	256.2	148.9	40.0	218.4	260.4	59.5	189
Cotton	514.0	307.5	315	199.0	118.0	491.4	356.0	358.8	630

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forests – Agricultural Statistics Estimates

Table (11)

Transport and Communications by Means of Transport for the Period (2021–2025)

Statement	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Air Transport
Passengers (international and domestic) (thousands)	34	30.5	6.85	3.5	3.9
Goods transported (thousands of tons)	2,532	3,343.8	1,332.40	761.2	851.4
Sudan Railways
Goods transported (thousands of tons)	146.9	93.8	0
Passengers transported (thousands)	66.6	57.8	0
Land Transport
Goods transported (thousands of tons)	7,720.0	5,675.1	4,076	3,098	3,986
Passengers transported (thousands)	7,225.0	3,557.6	N/A	N/A	N/A

Source: Sudan Railways Corporation, Sudan Airports Authority, Sudanese Land Transport Union, and other Sudanese companies.

• Air transport includes Sudanese airports and other companies.

Table (12)

Manufacturing Production for the Period 2021–2025

Item	Unit	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Sugar	Thousand tons	350.0	390.0	61.1	23.0	27.6
Ethanol	Million liters	125.0	120.0	57.52	143.8	172.56
Flour	Thousand tons	112.0	108.0	0.013	0.330	0.396
Edible oils	Thousand tons	11.0	10.0	0.42	1.05	1.26
Soap	Thousand tons	N/A	N/A	9.0	11.0	N/A
Vegetable oil	Thousand tons	180.0	162.0
Biscuits	Million pieces	23.0	19.0	264	660	792
Pasta	Thousand tons	55.0	51.0	37.3	42	112
Plastic and rubber products	Thousand units	350.0	332.0	10,051.0	N/A	N/A
Cement	Thousand tons	3,781.2	3,534.3	1,708.3	902.5	1,524.4
Porcelain and ceramics	Million tons	N/A	N/A	7,924	N/A	N/A
Iron and steel	Thousand tons	N/A	N/A	155	N/A	N/A
Exercise books	Thousand books	42.0	38.0	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exercise booklets	Thousand dozen	44.0	45.0	N/A	N/A	N/A
Meters	Thousand units	N/A	N/A	10,400	26,000	31,200

Source: Ministry of Industry, General Administration of Statistics

Table (13) (a)

Balance of Payments for the Period (2021–2025)

(in millions of dollars)

Statement	2021*	2022	2023*	2024	2025
1. Current Account	-2,755.3	-3,917.0	-2,070.8	-2,312.1	-5,091.0
1-1. Goods and Services	-3,645.8	-5,666.9	-4,466.9	-2,410.4	-5,129.7
1-1-1. Trade Balance	-3,916.3	-5,627.9	-3,120.3	-1,285.6	-4,047.8
Exports	4,988.3	4,357.4	3,628.4	3,134.5	2,639.4
Imports	8,904.6	9,985.4	6,748.7	4,420.0	6,687.3
1-1-2. Services Balance	270.6	-38.9	-1,346.6	-1,124.8	-1,081.9
Credit (receipts)	1,637.0	1,550.7	25.3	246.2	271.6
Debit (payments)	1,366.4	1,589.7	1,371.9	1,371.0	1,353.5
1-2. Income Account	-1,344.4	-1,078.4	187.0	-1,705.7	-1,465.5
Credit (receipts)	113.3	467.3	240.1	7.3	5.5
Debit (payments)	1,457.7	1,545.8	53.0	1,712.9	1,471.0
1-3. Secondary Income (Transfers)	2,234.9	2,828.3	2,209.1	1,803.9	1,504.2
Credit (receipts)	2,944.8	3,468.2	2,839.3	2,249.1	1,687.4
Debit (payments)	709.9	639.9	630.2	445.2	183.2
2. Capital Account	103.3	112.9	0.0
Credit (receipts)	103.3	112.9	0.0
Debit (payments)	0.0
3. Financial Account	-1,373.3	-3,791.1	645.1	-2,003.3	-2,656.9
3-1. Direct Investment	-14.1	4.8	-1.5	6.1	3.7
3-2. Portfolio Investment	-1,999.3	-3,075.7	763.5	-2,007.9	-2,764.2
3-3. Other Investments	-560.5	-637.5	-346.2	-238.0	-465.3
3-3-1. Trade Credits	-1,399.8	-1,368.0	-57.4	-1,575.5	-1,405.7
3-3-2. Loans	815.0	-1,067.5	1,347.5	-193.4	-893.0
3-3-3. Currency and Deposits	5.4	-2.7	-171.8	0.4	1.2
3-3-4. Other Accounts	-859.4	0.0	-8.7	-1.3	-1.4
3-3-5. Special Drawing Rights	1,108.7	-146.7	-116.9	-1.5	-103.6
4. Reserve Assets	1,278.6	13.0	2,715.8	308.8	2,434.1
4. Errors and Omissions

• Revised data

Preliminary data

Note: Increase in assets is shown with a negative sign, and decrease in assets is shown with a positive sign.

Note: The balance of payments was presented according to the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual.

Table (13) (b)

Projected Transactions for the Period (2021–2025)

(in millions of dollars)

Item	2021*	2022	2023*	2024	2025	2021*	2022	2023*	2024	2025
Receipts						Payments
1. Goods	4,695.0	5,486.2	3,104.7	2,502.5	1,964.5	3,534.0	3,775.3	2,055.1	3,529.1	2,997.0
1-1. Services	1,637.0	1,550.7	25.3	246.2	271.6	1,366.4	1,589.7	1,371.9	1,371.0	1,353.5
Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others	0.1	0.0	0.4	7.9	0.0
Maintenance and repair services not included elsewhere	4.5	1.2	3.5	0.0	0.2
Transport	992.5	1,129.0	753.7	496.4	650.7	476.8	436.7	0.1	1.4	4.7
Travel	7.2	10.8	4.1	4.7	72.2	1,062.1	1,029.2	2.5	21.2	43.0
Construction services	23.7	10.8	20.4	77.7	1.5	14.8	35.7	3.8	4.3	0.0
Insurance services	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	1.3
Financial services	130.3	53.2	14.4	11.9	32.6	23.5	3.7	1.6	3.2	52.9
Charges for the use of intellectual property rights not included elsewhere
Telecommunications, computer and information services	25.8	42.5	27.1	58.9	35.6	0.8	0.5	0.0	15.8	27.2
Other business services	19.1	26.2	3.1	29.3	12.4	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.6	3.4
Personal, cultural and recreational services	14.9	8.7	0.5	0.3	0.1
Government services not included elsewhere	71.0	95.2	16.9	8.6	20.4	14.6	15.3	9.9	47.0	136.0
2. Primary Income	1,457.7	1,545.8	53.0	1,712.9	1,471.0	113.3	467.3	240.1	7.3	5.5
Compensation of employees	1,457.7	1,545.1	52.7	1,707.2	1,465.82	0.3	0.8	3.0	0.1	1.0
Investment income						111.7	466.5	237.1	7.2	2.4
Other income						1.2	0.0	2.1	0.0
3. Secondary Income	2,944.8	3,468.2	2,839.3	2,249.1	1,687.4	709.9	639.9	630.2	445.2	183.2
General government	1,130.3	792.9	1,300.0	2,029.6	1,514.9	0.5	19.4	0.0	20.1	31.8
Other sectors	1,814.4	2,675.3	1,539.3	219.5	172.5	709.3	620.5	613.4	425.1	151.4
Of which: Workers' remittances	1,007.3	1,032.9	560.9	15.6	9.5	175.7	246.6	192.5	8.9	16.0
Net errors and omissions	1,161.1	1,710.9	1,049.6	-1,026.6	-1,032.5

• Revised data

Preliminary data

Table (14)

Loans and Grants for the Period (2021–2025)

(in millions of dollars)

Source: Central Bank of Sudan – Debt Unit, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

• Revised data

Preliminary data

Statement	2021	2022	2023*	2024	2025
Loans:	104.5	1.7	-	18.9	8.4
International Monetary Fund	-	-	-	-	-
World Bank	-	-	-	-	-
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	-	1.7	-	8.3	7.4
Islamic Development Bank - Jeddah	47.8	-	-	-	-
Kuwait Fund for Economic Development	-	-	-	-	-
Saudi Fund for Economic and Social Development	-	-	-	1.6	1.0
Saudi Fund for Development	-	-	-	3.8	-
Others	56.7	-	-	5.2	-
Grants:	354.9	576.4	1,296.7	1,884.4	1,196.3
Commodity grants	-	283.7	1,114.2	1,734.0	617.1
United States of America	153.9	-	-	-	-
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	18.4	17.7	-	-	7.4
Islamic Development Bank	-	-	1.5	-	-
African Development Bank	81.5	29.0	31.0	38.0	30.0
Kuwait Fund for Economic Development	0.3	-	-	-	-
Saudi Fund for Economic and Social Development	-	4.0	-	-	1.0
Saudi Fund	-	11.3	-	-	-
United Nations Organizations	34.7	-	50.0	78.4	471.5
World Bank	66.2	85.2	100.0	34.0	65.7
Cooperation Fund	-	-	-	-	0.5
Global Fund	-	-	-	-	3.1
Others	-	145.5	-	-	-
Total	459.4	578.0	1,296.7	1,903.3	1,204.7

Table (15) (a)

Sudan's Foreign Trade Exports by Commodity for the Period 2020–2025*

(Value in thousands of dollars)

Commodity	Unit	2020		2021		2022		2024		2025*
		Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Petroleum and minerals		1,569,710.25		2,879,724.88		2,081,032.70		1,579,005.80		1,547,875.15
Crude oil						1,199,435.00	44,943.02
Natural gas						17,744.33	9,763.06
Naphtha						20,266.01	10,069.78
Medical gas
Butane
Sulfur
Mixed gas
Gasoline
Other petroleum products		600.37	0.00	220.58	0.77	0.01	0.00
Gold		1,480,421.84	25,201.19	2,848,154.30	51,186.00	2,021,920.29	34,476.23	1,570,210.57	22,918.39	1,536,253.42	14,722.15
Copper scrap		7,783.95	1,684.15	18,452.88	3,866.29	21,916.34	5,565.81	3,133.08	871.96	0.00	0.00
Lead scrap		7,746.92	6,779.00	857.14	725.00	7,257.19	6,568.21	4,206.52	3,686.00	8,898.00	8,061.00
Chromium		470.47	3,300.00	932.77	5,575.00	511.43	3,000.00	400.00	2,350.00	88.76	508.00
Aluminum scrap		1,133.54	633.10	2,305.82	1,269.67	7,335.77	3,811.59	629.53	351.60	0.00	0.00
Iron scrap		301.92	2,142.71	131.09	284.40	268.23	426.79	167.42	326.00	0.00	0.00
Other		6,475.38	0.00	8,890.88	0.00	21,823.45	0.00	38.10	205.21	2,634.97	2,430.00

Table (15) (a) continued

Commodity	Unit	2020		2021		2022		2024		2025*
		Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Agricultural products		1,702,943.01		1,414,577.76		1,620,519.06		1,007,790.80		603,864.65
Sesame	Thousand tons	688,894.58	788,715.53	449,198.52	508,569.02	432,709.18	487,974.31	289,606.03	330,275.91	288,940.70	333,709.16
Gum arabic	"	87,274.01	104,307.96	88,058.21	110,568.86	107,179.34	139,384.76	70,323.03	82,207.19	62,514.27	78,170.47
Cotton	"	124,745.59	167,987.16	118,380.10	164,927.40	175,617.43	383,790.52	46,261.59	82,382.25	46,457.84	64,100.78
Groundnut	"	450,642.21	363,691.24	440,237.06	423,987.93	419,070.16	351,279.72	358,843.70	292,983.78	2,493.00	2,039.72
Watermelon seeds	"	105,912.59	66,413.95	66,514.27	42,783.80	143,502.63	89,691.30	115,625.38	77,586.54	94,027.63	59,186.70
Maize	"			11,913.19	93,367.37	35,230.10	117,935.00	19,501.94	0.00
Fodder	"	584,035.24	112,554.06	419,347.41	66,017.91	523,954.10	102,526.46	151,171.13	32,651.77	225,284.34	35,223.40
Hibiscus	"	57,346.41	26,057.61	48,911.27	21,325.71	23,812.58	9,786.34	35,932.57	15,591.13	479.58	211.50
Other agricultural products		98,695.63	61,302.31	69,210.70	41,167.03	45,237.81	36,583.71	232,975.40	94,112.23	73,207.83	31,222.92

Table (15) (a) continued

Commodity	Unit	2020		2021		2022		2024		2025*
		Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Livestock and fisheries		439,130.35		649,282.01		557,114.80		535,717.69		471,452.07
Live sheep	Head	195,299.79	1,922,608.80	251,374.93	1,634,389.96	226,638.72	3,152,350.44	392,237.95	3,155,479.12	392,281.99	1,458,780.00
Camels	"	138,223.53	127,962.51	215,073.94	197,171.00	173,385.77	150,851.50	110,964.28	103,990.00	62,223.09	54,551.00
Goats	"	1,933.32	28,925.00	1,161.66	16,218.00	2,164.33	32,373.00	8,286.95	122,798.00	1,872.81	28,740.00
Cattle	"	30,874.89	53,398.00	49,833.27	84,591.00	46,372.29	67,561.80	18,958.27	30,762.00	9,644.61	16,074.00
Other live animals		172.71	0.00	175.64	0.00	243.46	0.00	53.39	161.00	241.11	246.05
Meat	"	65,792.95	0.00	122,756.62	0.00	101,794.68	0.00	2,305.58	441.43	15.71	3.00
Hides	"	5,979.17	0.00	7,778.32	0.00	5,952.29	0.00	2,408.33	2,649.50	4,790.47	5,381.72
Fresh or chilled fish	"	853.99	0.00	1,127.63	0.00	563.26	0.00	502.94	488.00	382.28	423.53
Manufactured materials
Sugar	Thousand tons					76,144	19,287	17,932	4,250	6,504
Ethanol	"	11,616.41	15,812.00	2,446.55	3,550.50	0.00	0.00	2,240.33	4,260.60	0.00	0.00
Cement	"
Molasses	"	942.68	9,416.15	89.72	851.55	1,113.41	9,870.79	19.62	200.00	0.00	0.00
Mineral products	"	2,530.37	4,447.90	1,516.63	2,702.75	720.16	1,354.37	0.00	0.00	3,933.33	5.52
Crude oil	"	52,407.08	49,196.97	12,318.84	11,646.49	14,695.11	13,646.51	2.80	2.54	0.00	0.00
Sesame oil	"	4,334.42	2,676.01	1,592.25	988.61	1,031.09	521.95	1,664.77	913.74	2,451.06	1,327.90
Sunflower oil	"	965.26	1,046.40	476.26	400.09	136.40	71.20	0.00	0.00	16.00	8.00
Palm oil	"							217.00	264.00	0.00	0.00
Other oils	"	1,758.70	968.45	846.88	716.65	235.56	108.65	318.90	261.77	103.89	100.83
Other exports		14,645.65		80,819.98	64,513.41	7,722.36	10,278	9,748.46	11,224
Total		3,802,573.38		5,027,385.19		4,357,418.27		3,134,486.84		2,639,444.61

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces (Karmak), Al-Jazeera Company, and United Nations Comtrade database.

• Preliminary data.

241
(15) (b) Table No.
Sudan's Foreign Trade 2020-2025, Exports by Country (Value in thousands of dollars)

Importers	2020	2021	2022	2024	2025*
Industrial countries	270,473.61	215,114.61	292,458.77	109,146.58	117,615.75
Belgium	1,668.20	2,314.11	889.14	60.02	188.70
Canada	873.96	65.74	163.16	17.56	23.01
Finland	0.00	4.00	11.00	0.00	87.62
France	52,695.62	47,185.04	57,558.41	35,097.07	42,238.78
Germany	13,339.92	16,865.62	15,375.28	6,874.87	5,488.76
Italy	87,676.91	36,504.28	10,317.24	13,351.88	12,193.57
Japan	2,773.69	4,604.71	4,665.57	1,661.63	2,285.40
Netherlands	1,152.98	1,552.45	1,486.49	147.47	446.09
Spain	17.80	2.55	3.73	0.00	0.00
Sweden	5.11	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.00
United Kingdom	7,876.27	8,772.49	0.01	4,907.57	3,393.22
United States	8,582.02	9,804.22	11,909.51	8,703.62	6,706.02
Poland	250.10	186.67	0.85	0.00	12.69
Romania				0.00	69.93
Turkey	93,560.93	87,252.62	187,227.65	34,124.52	37,920.95

242
(15) (b) Table No.

Importers	2020	2021	2022	2024	2025*
Other countries	415,523.89	516,476.09	665,031.46	293,085.44	770,683.02
Egypt	363,815.54	496,357.84	635,409.13	276,976.83	718,874.59
Eritrea	17.14	6.00	0.02	0.00	0.00
Ethiopia	36,221.10	8,516.52	18,071.00	5,704.26	31,960.02
Kenya	341.71	392.51	6,095.01	0.00	0.00
Mali	308.35	259.19	442.29	209.14	223.13
Eswatini (Swaziland)			973.79	556.19	0.00
Uganda	24.99	194.76	82.85	327.83	1,077.14
Zaire	4,006.82	3,874.51	2,701.08	2,189.98	7,625.79
Nigeria	1,623.03	2,140.86	29.32	1,852.09	3,842.89
Senegal	8,191.42	4,177.71	2,200.76	5,825.31	7,079.46
Asian countries	998,092.79	777,744.88	795,260.13	475,296.72	155,193.50
China	752,345.59	614,491.35	576,108.20	287,162.06	53,723.71
South Korea	0.59	15.81	0.10	5,617.48	0.00
India	158,690.39	86,978.20	94,943.96	140,321.96	70,316.83
Indonesia	29,613.52	24,383.21	22,381.93	713.26	235.66
Iran	1,247.26	390.67	281.04	0.00	128.28
Pakistan	49,220.86	39,535.82	88,112.42	41,183.60	30,638.18
European Union	5,612.78	11,467.55	13,425.21	145.14	85.31
Singapore	1.90	26.27	7.10	0.84	0.00
Thailand	1,359.90	456.00	0.17	152.38	65.53

243
(15) (b) Table No.

Importers	2020	2021	2022	2024	2025*
Arab countries	2,068,615.75	3,464,096.56	2,518,028.97	2,204,46.67	1,559,632.02
Bahrain	1,055.18	4,266.06	278.39	337.33	216.32
Iraq	837.28	570.54	69.99	32.38	32.70
Jordan	24,144.75	23,935.37	36,966.36	23,120.05	23,934.61
Kuwait	12,367.04	21,863.97	13,804.78	228.30	689.91
Lebanon	30,090.33	24,872.88	18,269.97	16,800.47	21,572.73
Oman	18,127.43	14,558.85	15,318.80	32,730.99	81,879.29
Qatar	24,299.05	19,020.85	18,609.81	11,977.08	76,205.21
Saudi Arabia	284,894.16	365,333.63	317,302.38	437,419.13	409,674.10
Syria	22,729.37	16,713.08	15,954.27	15,098.53	17,178.96
United Arab Emirates	1,637,529.03	2,967,803.01	2,076,186.75	1,664,757.68	926,232.37
Yemen	12,542.13	5,158.28	5,267.47	1,964.73	2,015.82
Other countries	49,867.34	53,953.09	86,638.94	52,491.43	36,320.32
Total	3,802,573.38	5,027,385.19	4,357,418.27	3,134,486.84	2,639,444.61

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudan's Central Company (Karam), and United Nations Global Trade Data Platform.

• Preliminary data.

244
(16) (a) Table No.
Sudan's Foreign Trade 2020-2025, Imports by Commodity (Value in thousands of dollars)

Commodity	Unit	2020 Quantity	2020 Value	2021 Quantity	2021 Value	2022 Quantity	2022 Value	2024 Quantity	2024 Value	2025* Quantity	2025* Value
Foodstuffs			2,685,680.55		2,080,930.94		2,826,759.59		1,763,745.31		1,854,971.70
Wheat	Metric ton	2,749,508.60	908,960.88	1,909,904.15	676,948.05	2,701,814.92	1,063,116.67	931,826.42	257,420.31	1,691,282.60	413,610.81
Wheat flour	"	20,086.91	7,970.09	66,393.80	30,766.64	152,011.48	69,361.03	665,801.16	317,296.43	487,726.35	232,566.32
Sugar	"	1,543,896.58	749,393.02	1,445,203.59	486,011.77	1,339,322.02	647,335.88	1,131,962.32	660,923.92	960,591.74	552,809.54
Tea	"	34,948.57	62,117.88	76,423.60	56,591.74	35,146.68	59,991.17	57,202.46	77,023.17	80,141.76	105,487.88
Coffee	"			61,793.07	75,553.82	48,389.81	62,844.25	58,438.83	70,781.91	0.00
Dairy products	"	55,555.53	137,668.52	39,583.44	99,730.54	48,900.98	148,446.12	23,244.01	46,282.87	78,109.18	68,480.57
Fish and fish preparations	"	2,346.01	3,966.33	1,454.56	2,492.46	1,649.74	2,715.77	412.10	650.53	1,195.33	522.33
Prepared and preserved meat	"	31.08	148.50	10,688.31	7,208.98	5,373.50	11,836.23	252.95	548.27	1,627.75	1,649.39
Prepared and preserved fruits	"	29,398.43	20,470.35	44,821.47	29,095.18	66,220.17	38,652.92	92,633.41	50,908.09	124,229.59	67,902.52
Prepared and preserved vegetables	"			69,308.69	52,706.30	67,848.53	52,288.90	130,147.04	67,990.58	0.00
Oils and fats	"	27,934.02	24,597.29	36,103.43	35,870.35	30,205.73	25,605.47	29,934.64	24,723.11	83,866.74	25,082.64
Lentils	"	104,970.19	106,892.76	94,766.23	98,376.35	89,847.58	112,151.43	103,567.95	106,126.63	89,835.25	87,373.29
Animal and vegetable oils	"	308,262.90	279,665.25	198,088.54	180,581.68	165,770.22	184,697.71	69,407.49	58,055.96	141,914.16	108,739.60
Other	Value			16,475.09	21,629.34	14,670.16	20,901.51	18,519.75	24,368.36	0.00
Rice	"	84,714.67	42,865.58	147,617.47	76,315.10	179,032.37	110,787.98	84,441.88	48,026.14	117,858.56	73,531.80
Other	Value			164,907.44	191,074.64			188,920.36	115,759.88	117,215.01

245
(16) (a) Table No.

Commodity	Unit	2020 Quantity	2020 Value	2021 Quantity	2021 Value	2022 Quantity	2022 Value	2024 Quantity	2024 Value	2025* Quantity	2025* Value
Beverages and tobacco								43,806.09	68,555.04	54,808.96	58,763.44
Value				2,711.74	2,519.19	2,149.81	24,622.39	25,858.40
Manufactured mineral products
Cement	"	3,246.34	1,807.24	698.50	30,288.69	20,604.85
Tobacco	"	37,848.01	64,228.61	51,960.65	3,583.15	8,364.52
Other	"					269.21	152.29
Raw materials
Semi-manufactured plant products	Metric ton	2,266,950.90	890,801.72	2,288,508.14	2,870,610.20	2,897,257.77	2,248,147.80	3,745,896.04	1,250,331.24	2,430,257.54	1,482,894.22
Raw plastic	"	178,084.17	203,839.49	129,360.62	161,248.31	196,640.12	29,499.96	0.00	0.00
Raw rubber	"	187.46	198.75	119.17	175.56	110.27	0.00	21,860.72	60,929.83
Wax	"	139.46	330.76	72.55	219.81	1,499.31	1,500.50	6,367.62	6,541.02
Seeds and seedlings	"	13,265.20	20,558.14	10,609.88	16,254.80	22,682.76	8,930.59	5,594.38	7,461.28
Other	Value									0.00
Chemical materials			780,349.06	489,571.19	1,220,037.55			883,405.13	995,520.62
Medicines	Value	339,916.92	488,769.51	571,721.02	299,774.21	522,490.96
Chemical elements and compounds	"			166,547.01	112,618.80	114,108.99	26,993.27	41,119.07
Fertilizers	Metric ton	258,120.62	83,707.62	210,386.25	82,424.53	454,610.18	213,779.26	40,926.17	15,704.65	101,457.15	40,598.92
Dyeing materials and paints	"	20,240.58	33,259.09	24,529.41	28,051.00	19,624.83	34,918.24	8,095.52	4,897.62	12,968.83	8,272.38
Perfumes and cosmetics	"	29,760.61	68,358.00	39,281.00	79,021.01	31,255.08	67,566.60	104,856.66	77,157.30	128,118.91	88,097.35
Other	"			4,023.53	7,807.59	5,731.55	10,376.09	217.34	9,601.16	0.00
Other	Value			183,808.90	194,259.68	208,342.28	65,044.14	79,770.38

246
(16) (a) Table No.

Commodity	Unit	2020 Quantity	2020 Value	2021 Quantity	2021 Value	2022 Quantity	2022 Value	2024 Quantity	2024 Value	2025* Quantity	2025* Value
Manufactured goods:			1,904,015.23		1,518,506.16		1,403,790.33		666,523.22		949,405.09
Medical and pharmaceutical equipment	Value			58,081.20	48,434.83	61,286.90	36,702.71	40,889.27
Metal manufactures	Metric ton	6,812.04	14,046.69	4,432.41	8,474.17	2,971.23	5,077.93	2,230.31	3,949.91	6,144.39	8,445.98
Rubber manufactures	"	5,694.44	15,094.30	4,090.17	13,203.83	3,650.69	16,096.03	45,422.87	28,525.78	57,735.11	56,110.09
Plastic manufactures	"			118,872.72	213,171.87	120,810.99	192,909.91	71,145.98	182,232.14	0.00
Wood and cork manufactures	"	186,077.04	73,286.18	123,192.52	55,373.93	90,402.51	37,019.03	44,458.11	20,251.46	75,640.28	32,565.75
Glass manufactures	"	85,444.65	74,786.57	81,939.43	65,374.86	68,778.77	54,413.91	59,046.50	13,425.68	34,107.70	20,379.01
Iron and steel	"	1,008,558.74	728,151.96	569,355.78	320,159.82	452,530.11	353,129.30	330,651.67	221,536.07	862,182.29	328,492.67
Metal manufactures	"	60,932.87	109,051.83	39,630.09	104,159.13	28,399.52	83,648.91	11,016.49	20,047.04	36,542.18	38,686.72
Footwear	Value			53,749.17	67,494.85	55,189.90	31,431.78	44,569.39
Travel and hand bags	Number			67,388.10	109,495.92	85,773.71	143,672.77	63,579.52	115,390.70	0.00
Books, magazines and newspapers	Metric ton			49,753.05	77,643.99	53,207.25	21,601.76	35,225.39
Essential oils and resinous products	"	528,117.90	53,011.10	1,121,027.23	112,705.47	734,197.58	65,143.79	1,353,411.09	190,086.98	2,081,436.24	225,506.49
Scientific equipment	Value			18,160.95	27,837.54	26,015.78	10,349.24	0.00	12,464.32
Paper manufactures	Metric ton	127,985.66	140,121.04	93,684.05	118,972.05	187,325.75	132,819.89	13,740.98	16,174.68	71,124.27	25,372.10
Glassware manufactures	"	321,961.17	57,824.24	141,725.89	59,133.17	0.00	45,616.11	44,349.62	15,772.16	158,757.55	29,520.83
Children's toys and sports equipment	Value					6,661.13	6,432.68	0.00	0.00
Other	"			130,913.17	96,294.71	111,070.08	36,667.97	51,177.08

247
(16) (a) Table No.

Commodity	Unit	2020 Quantity	2020 Value	2021 Quantity	2021 Value	2022 Quantity	2022 Value	2024 Quantity	2024 Value	2025* Quantity	2025* Value
Machinery and equipment			1,518,596.79		1,559,076.51		1,079,779.97		447,822.98		904,261.83
Agricultural machinery	Metric ton			163,487.94	353,358.18	104,892.91	369,834.48	78,754.59	301,154.82	44,249.70	81,940.82
Agricultural machinery	Value			322,264.52	346,297.79	257,940.55	0.00	162,271.00	0.00	404,207.80
Ploughs	Number	12,148.75	41,107.29	22,021.86	51,239.75	6,576.16	27,745.91	2,268.10	5,546.11	6,918.69	14,286.57
Water pumps	"	11,781.08	47,547.82	10,759.46	51,192.41	7,279.02	24,537.25	13,527.08	5,932.04	6,076.90	11,715.97
Spare parts for machinery	Value					51,127.80	48,022.37	35,346.31	40,314.07	53,716.79
Electrical and electronic equipment and appliances	"			179,480.38	190,630.63	115,505.22	106,784.51	125,935.87
Batteries	Number			15,183.01	17,851.04	10,657.71	19,705.25	7,127.71	9,747.61	0.00
Batteries	"	18,430.49	62,712.63	22,162.36	67,719.80	24,875.74	68,984.74	20,137.33	35,972.87	47,233.44	93,045.64
Tractors	"	45,826.22	338,896.20	56,660.56	333,158.79	28,230.67	164,698.82	1,746.56	12,009.69	15,656.83	63,901.32
Ovens	"	644.94	2,178.50	954.97	4,144.45	1,128.74	5,740.56	1,618.16	4,719.76	4,083.47	6,550.09
Other	Value			102,072.43	77,130.79	68,378.18	30,023.23	48,960.96

248
(16) (a) Table No.

Commodity	Unit	2020 Quantity	2020 Value	2021 Quantity	2021 Value	2022 Quantity	2022 Value	2024 Quantity	2024 Value	2025* Quantity	2025* Value
Transport equipment			744,533.95		685,623.19		570,689.67		329,086.24		676,975.72
Cars	Value			0.01	0.00	18,288.78	7,767.50	19,830.89
Cars	Number	12.83	0.00	54.07	0.00	31.78	0.00	74.80	0.00	448.18	0.00
Trucks and lorries	"	15,423.70	122,450.84	50,628.69	129,772.85	14,322.37	131,116.07	2,741.33	38,793.12	9,258.45	146,667.35
Trucks and lorries	"	13,209.26	108,894.51	15,424.88	100,562.33	9,078.28	78,682.15	9,768.27	113,672.20	63,873.22	242,071.75
Buses	"	2,882.57	33,395.38	1,529.57	11,885.89	6,169.38	32,387.64	1,113.78	9,327.42	5,736.52	11,832.23
Tyres and tubes	"	76,683.06	172,149.66	79,536.50	151,575.20	67,305.91	124,209.30	136,511.10	87,162.94	92,866.11	136,942.57
Spare parts for cars	Value					152,370.74	167,273.42	124,802.27	36,294.48	70,370.96
Bicycles and motorcycles	Number	26,150.86	104,817.14	28,639.99	123,713.83	13,354.61	49,961.62	37,878.12	27,628.08	70,423.17	37,443.39
Bicycles	"	2,461.40	4,846.28	2,292.45	3,903.60	1,320.19	2,420.16	1,000.64	1,684.14	2,308.45	4,346.95
Spare parts for aircraft	Value					4,316.34	2,191.08	748.64	479.24
Spare parts for cars	"					4,660.93	5,769.49	4,367.29	5,041.84
Steam and motor boats	"					154.62	435.64	141.28	41.02
Other	Value			2,652.79	393.69	1,424.35	1,459.35

249

Table (16) (a)

Unit: Value

	2025*		2024		2022		2021		2020
	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity	Value	Quantity
Sesame	357,283.08	208,160.02	434,780.69	463,247.66	500,785.84
Cotton
Cotton yarn	11,882.57	3,258.82	15.55	3.43	1,164.94	617.38	1,561.89	769.14	3,406.33	1,709.33
Woven cotton fabrics	0.00		8,163.09	2,233.45
Cotton, not carded or combed	0.00
Cotton waste	0.00		576.15	148.63	658.15	143.94	267.42	26.26
Cotton, carded or combed	0.00		130.96	140.20	99.40	72.85	228.93	233.75
Sesame seeds, whether or not broken
Turkish	105,781.88	104,510.92	57,006.01	17,931.47	149,907.94	53,534.27	190,638.35	44,934.66	205,268.09	48,295.01
Oil cake and other solid residues	2,203.01	389.06	12,073.52	3,718.55	17,145.46	6,084.17	23,802.83	9,048.78	16,530.82	6,740.02
	1,728.24	971.51	4,107.39	4,450.86	0.00	4,099.15
Cotton, not carded or combed
Cotton waste	146,400.02	93,980.84	75,506.08	49,727.89	29,880.46	4,629.64	30,861.54	27,780.13	39,532.04	5,479.48
Cotton, carded or combed	8,550.73	2,190.46	7,882.53	2,103.33	14.55	0.00	13.67	1.90	0.00	0.00
Men's suits	72,202.54	39,252.43	151,778.86	158,582.98	146,931.46
Other	8,534.09	15,452.39	80,073.98	52,577.99	76,358.51
Other	24,927.04	9,845.88	405,146.03	92,328.71	73,958.64
Total	7,323,057.85	4,911,165.53	11,094,848.94	9,894,046.37	9,837,676.44

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces, and Gezira Scheme.

• Preliminary data.

250

Table (17) (b)

Sudan's Foreign Trade 2020–2025

Imports by Country

(Value in thousands of dollars)

Supplier	2025*	2024	2022	2021	2020
Industrial countries	1,334,920	867,811	2,537,519	1,954,500	2,556,714
Austria	2,484.51	467.60	10,343.61	4,640.76	4,466.39
Ukraine	4,623.34	3,781.39	262,611.74	94,908.38	12,223.35
Italy	11,048.07	5,093.22	109,346.79	38,911.81	54,314.87
Canada	66,985.40	75,211.86	65,745.99	77,239.80	100,122.74
Switzerland	8,395.25	5,937.92	21,777.45	11,771.06	18,074.36
Denmark	8,430.99	1,615.72	8,533.90	17,933.64	14,912.26
Germany	31,430.20	30,176.45	170,442.07	123,060.60	225,095.99
Spain	6,680.91	3,209.85	30,555.41	29,213.62	38,929.06
Finland	218.78	1,075.70	4,715.24	5,489.09	7,720.47
France	14,070.96	15,667.68	67,142.52	48,242.80	70,401.82
United Kingdom	18,135.67	16,748.42	44,064.91	94,174.12	86,844.06
Greece	17,775.38	861.65	4,401.43	6,596.51	6,665.11
Ireland	2,572.15	4,942.18	30,479.11	19,439.85	18,410.81
Italy	27,199.93	22,372.50	117,221.47	81,787.00	88,349.26
Japan	202,409.12	135,003.70	222,800.17	153,081.20	192,070.25
Norway	27,184.32	25,626.96	61,586.05	53,824.06	55,858.32

251

Table (17) (b)

Supplier	2025*	2024	2022	2021	2020
Portugal	222.41	96.09	1,077.08	69.82	756.15
Bulgaria	82.40	845.17	10,011.70	5,178.88	5,239.80
New Zealand	24,346.79	13,645.59	50,179.87	28,388.15	49,325.96
Sweden	5,603.58	3,775.44	17,611.05	21,664.43	44,019.86
United States	31,870.96	19,664.54	153,787.87	187,379.39	64,968.30
Belgium	49.80	2,424.13	731.44	7,019.40	44,472.91
Cyprus	33,893.28	105.85	2,714.12	2,534.27	1,429.06
Argentina	335.34	232.89	7,034.78	2,452.71	4,831.23
Poland	1,332.18	384.14	8,829.17	4,840.97	7,060.54
Russia	484,696.91	241,764.43	496,069.99	366,495.17	732,997.01
Turkey	241,638.68	208,569.00	284,280.55	301,454.43	362,288.26
Ukraine	20,325.16	17,063.32	48,731.76	51,777.14	108,328.49
Malta	14,805.24	15.67	27,400.95	43,584.83	33,201.08
Other	26,072.53	11,431.94	197,290.84	71,345.66	103,335.85

252

Table (17) (b)

Supplier	2025*	2024	2022	2021	2020
African countries	1,163,985	829,918	2,009,152	2,092,378	823,502
Djibouti	489.26	68.69	581.64	0.48	416.53
Ethiopia	29,276.83	30,159.16	66,711.57	68,911.78	70,465.99
Kenya	20,626.55	25,474.86	71,757.16	70,081.17	57,632.09
Uganda	49,458.70	21,460.20	68,670.60	61,126.01	70,268.29
Zimbabwe	4,993.95	0.00	26,954.80	16,695.39	27,176.05
Egypt	997,009.92	728,033.46	760,662.97	796,014.88	535,237.65
Zambia	203.49	0.00	0.00	97.90	88.51
Burundi	27.76	0.00	1,345.81	1,651.31	775.18
Libya	3,786.00	297.82	717.94	202.77	49.52
Malawi	106.94	0.00	1,632.99	4,382.03	3,699.77
Swaziland (Eswatini)	1,514.16	194.00	25,730.68	32,881.52	24,980.56
Nigeria	990.72	6,141.79	12,678.41	12,935.10	8,004.19
Morocco	822.73	3,273.26	3,617.88	3,306.74	2,498.42
Tunisia	719.76	1,077.55	4,610.62	3,530.30	5,224.19
Algeria	16,115.38	49.78	0.01	25,169.23	1.75
Other African countries	37,843	13,687	963,479	995,391.77	16,982.84

253

Table (17) (b)

Supplier	2025*	2024	2022	2021	2020
Asian countries	2,899,715	1,690,885	3,297,114	3,326,805	3,991,819
Bangladesh	47,029.31	41,725.26	24,565.52	60,155.78	29,514.68
China	1,586,474.45	911,891.51	1,725,858.39	2,028,608.05	2,317,392.40
South Korea	22,728.84	32.13	1,113.94	424.78	535.37
Indonesia	31,208.35	25,268.06	102,566.33	110,703.70	155,617.56
India	953,753.63	610,429.33	1,124,169.75	805,121.60	985,931.91
Iran	25,291.97	3,406.35	2,985.11	2,295.37	9,981.05
European Union	80,346.44	31,736.28	111,308.69	128,524.08	138,249.65
Malaysia	25,542.21	10,440.45	56,646.59	69,931.94	92,058.50
Pakistan	38,124.88	20,101.63	40,868.62	44,309.96	39,176.30
Singapore	232.45	1,473.10	5,257.48	5,604.32	7,354.93
Thailand	74,628.37	28,904.74	66,145.91	41,704.65	182,031.29
Taiwan	1,768.51	357.28	5,951.11	11,859.52	9,822.97
Lebanon	543.51	0.00	5,838.01	1,652.67	185.67
Vietnam	11,826.89	5,060.23	22,883.54	9,962.54	22,047.56
Other	215.40	58.33	954.92	5,945.78	1,918.70

254

Table (17) (b)

Supplier	2025*	2024	2022	2021	2020
Arab countries	1,639,647	1,298,817	3,006,903	2,284,423	2,156,495
UAE	340,903.67	955,679.50	2,295,493.18	1,639,246.39	1,061,648.20
Bahrain	59,752.41	1,720.76	18,746.17	276.07	8,241.51
Iraq	2,623.09	1,253.44	0.00
Jordan	25,574.35	18,594.90	109,259.06	100,844.18	63,821.80
Kuwait	30,729.87	70.95	5,046.87	3,968.36	2,658.12
Lebanon	2,618.70	1,413.14	5,471.00	6,682.76	10,356.48
Oman	153,772.05	18,661.98	65,134.14	38,688.10	21,211.64
Qatar	2,882.12	2,159.89	2,129.55	6,522.01	71,139.33
Saudi Arabia	1,016,618.73	296,405.12	496,476.73	480,579.01	910,795.94
Syria	3,835.08	2,843.56	8,816.05	7,092.19	6,038.07
Yemen	336.70	13.53	330.63	524.12	584.35
Other countries	284,790.36	223,735.46	244,160.48	235,940.51	309,147.31
Total	7,323,057.85	4,911,165.53	11,094,848.94	9,894,046.37	9,837,676.44

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudanese Armed Forces, and Gezira Scheme.

• Preliminary data.

255

Table (18) (a)

Sudan's Foreign Trade

Exports by Commodity and Country during 2024

(Value in thousands of dollars)

	Live animals	Meat	Wool	Hides	Gum arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Cotton	Cotton fabrics	Agricultural products	Other	Live animals	Minerals	Gold and products	Manufactured goods	Other	Industrial countries
Austria	0.00
Ukraine	37.64	0.00	9.45	0.00	26.93	0.00	1.26	0.00
Italy	60.03	0.00	2.48	0.00	6.79	0.00	50.76	0.00
Canada	17.57	0.17	3.66	0.00	12.56	0.00	0.50	0.68	0.00
Denmark	0.00
Finland	0.00
France	35,097.06	1.55	9.28	0.00	18.89	0.00	35,067.34	0.00
Germany	6,874.87	0.00	273.43	0.00	6,601.44	0.00
Greece	4,200.37	0.00	48.76	0.00	4,151.61	0.00	0.00
Ireland	0.00
Italy	13,351.87	3,515.71	2,240.33	0.00	7,595.83	0.00
Japan	1,661.63	0.00	356.33	0.00	1,237.44	0.00	67.86	0.00	0.00
Norway	147.46	0.00	19.64	0.00	124.25	0.00	3.57	0.00	0.00
Portugal	0.00
Bulgaria	0.00
Spain	0.00
Sweden	0.00
Switzerland	404.76	0.00	404.76	0.00
United Kingdom	4,907.56	0.08	6.75	0.00	35.45	1.11	0.00	0.00	4,863.67	0.00	0.50	0.00	0.00
United States	8,703.62	0.00	584.15	0.00	0.21	0.00	8,119.26	0.00
Total	75,464.44	3,517.51	2,856.10	0.00	750.23	1.11	0.00	0.00	63,710.51	405.44	4,223.54	0.00	0.00

256

Table (18) (a)

	Live animals	Meat	Wool	Hides	Gum arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Cotton	Cotton fabrics	Agricultural products	Other	Live animals	Minerals	Gold and products	Manufactured goods	Other
Other (European)
Bulgaria	0.00
Cyprus	0.00
Czechoslovakia	17.64	0.00	17.64	0.00
Montenegro	0.00
Malta	0.00
Poland	0.00
Romania	0.00
Russia	0.00
Turkey	34,124.53	1,207.30	0.00	334.56	0.00	0.00	328.10	0.00	2,941.15	6,398.57	480.07	1,055.63	20,151.00	0.00	1,228.15
Ukraine	142.48	0.00	142.48	0.00
Yugoslavia	0.00
Other	0.00
Total	34,284.65	1,207.30	0.00	334.56	0.00	0.00	328.10	0.00	2,941.15	6,398.57	640.19	1,055.63	20,151.00	0.00	1,228.15

257

Table (18) (a)

	Live animals	Meat	Wool	Hides	Gum arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Cotton	Cotton fabrics	Agricultural products	Other	Live animals	Minerals	Gold and products	Manufactured goods	Other
Asian countries	289,456.04	602.43	484.07	0.00	18.80	0.00	0.00	90.93	17,953.05	0.79	2,480.26	17,822.46	2,231.61	34,323.67	73,358.36	123,802.06	16,287.55
Burundi	0.00
Comoros	0.00
Djibouti	0.00
Egypt	276,976.82	538.39	480.01	0.00	18.80	0.00	0.00	90.93	13,402.62	0.00	2,479.59	17,494.92	795.74	34,250.81	67,335.40	123,802.06	16,287.55
Eritrea	0.00
Ethiopia	5,704.26	63.75	0.00	4,301.15	0.00	1,339.36	0.00
Kenya	0.00
Libya	209.14	0.00	201.52	0.00	7.62	0.00
Madagascar	0.00
Malawi	0.00
Mauritius	0.00
Rwanda	24.24	0.00	4.06	0.00	8.14	0.79	0.67	0.00	0.10	8.10	2.38	0.00	0.00
Seychelles	388.44	0.00	388.44	0.00	0.00
Swaziland (Eswatini)	0.00
Uganda	327.83	0.29	0.00	327.54	0.00
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)	0.00
Zambia	0.00
Zimbabwe	0.00
Tunisia	5,825.31	0.00	39.62	0.00	88.79	64.76	5,632.14	0.00	0.00
Other African countries	51,218.88	556.57	0	220.58	2,037.75	1,929.59	0	0	6,199.90	0	4,173.57	0	1,818.87	132.15	33,550.10	600.00	0.00
Algeria	2,189.98	0.00	63.24	87.43	2,039.31	0.00	0.00
Morocco	86.86	0.00	51.43	0.00	11.43	0.00	24.00	0.00	0.00
Nigeria	1,852.09	0.04	0.00	1,852.05	0.00
South Sudan	47,012.41	556.53	0.00	220.58	2,037.75	0.00	6,148.47	0.00	4,173.57	0.00	1,744.00	44.72	31,486.79	600.00	0.00
Angola	0.00
Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)	0.00
Namibia	0.00
Other	77.54	0.00	77.54	0.00
Total	340,674.92	1,159.00	484.07	220.58	2,056.55	1,929.59	0.00	90.93	24,152.95	0.79	6,653.83	17,822.46	4,050.28	34,455.82	106,908.46	124,402.06	16,287.55

258

Table (18) (a)

	Live animals	Meat	Wool	Hides	Gum arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Cotton	Cotton fabrics	Agricultural products	Other	Live animals	Minerals	Gold and products	Manufactured goods	Other
Asian countries
Bangladesh	2,026.43	0.00	2,026.43	0.00
China	287,162.07	26.11	43.67	0.00	742.86	0.00	0.00	1,964.92	3,629.17	1,776.00	4,813.81	10,062.09	2,987.78	197,529.78	63,585.88	0.00	0.00
Hong Kong	5,617.48	11.43	43.81	0.00	180.57	0.00	0.00	8.72	1,062.50	0.00	802.35	3,238.10	270.00
India	140,321.98	71.43	28.57	0.00	1,480.38	26.67	0.00	0.00	36,856.81	11,414.31	38,790.73	1,139.20	6,129.21	26,611.64	17,773.03	0.00	0.00
Indonesia	713.26	0.00	29.14	0.00	0.00	20.31	0.00	663.81	0.00
Malaysia	0.00
Pakistan	41,183.60	0.00	107.14	0.00	37,028.84	0.00	4,047.62	0.00
South Korea	145.14	0.00	145.14	0.00
Singapore	0.84	0.84	0.00
Taiwan	152.38	0.00	152.38	0.00
Thailand	1,470.09	0.00	1,470.09	0.00
Other	53.43	0.00	53.43	0.00
Total	478,846.70	109.81	116.05	0.00	2,403.81	55.81	0.00	1,973.64	41,568.79	13,297.45	43,657.97	50,256.56	11,686.95	232,090.95	81,628.91	0.00	0.00

Arab countries

	Live animals	Meat	Wool	Hides	Gum arabic	Sesame	Groundnuts	Cotton	Cotton fabrics	Agricultural products	Other	Live animals	Minerals	Gold and products	Manufactured goods	Other
Bahrain	337.33	0.00	332.57	4.76	0.00
Iraq	32.38	0.00	32.38	0.00
Jordan	23,120.05	0.00	2.86	0.00	141.43	0.00	182.37	0.00	56.57	950.88	21,785.94	0.00	0.00
Kuwait	228.31	0.00	2.73	31.62	0.00	30.86	0.00	163.10	0.00	0.00
Lebanon	16,800.47	0.00	114.69	0.00	474.81	0.00	16,210.97	0.00	0.00
Oman	32,730.99	0.87	16.14	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00	2,290.28	231.54	0.37	151.36	0.00	4.14	95.30	5,294.31	0.00	24,646.65
Qatar	11,977.08	0.33	159.94	0.00	96.53	3,223.71	529.32	5.14	0.00	0.00	41.81	4.43	0.00	53.39	7,862.48
Saudi Arabia	437,419.13	178.69	1,555.80	0.00	2,209.05	3,182.65	11,481.56	141.88	1,399.19	63.30	414.21	250.95	38,805.87	377,735.98	0.00
Syria	15,098.53	0.00	49.43	587.73	14,461.37	0.00	0.00
UAE	1,664,757.70	385.40	609.68	0.00	4,114.26	56.00	0.00	21,555.25	14,818.80	2,144.38	20,621.29	7,841.35	1,398.83	23,054.28	19,834.45	28,137.99	1,520,185.74
Yemen	1,964.73	0.00	27.24	0.00	1,406.87	0.00	530.62	0.00	0.00
Total	2,204,466.70	565.29	2,459.11	0.00	4,114.29	56.00	2,305.58	30,587.19	27,266.27	2,291.77	24,266.75	7,904.65	1,964.99	24,975.95	117,086.63	405,927.36	1,552,694.87

259
(Annex 18 (a)
Exports by commodity and country
Livestock
Meat
Gum arabic
Cotton
Cottonseed
Oilseeds
Other agricultural products
Gold and minerals
Other raw materials
Manufactured goods
Other
Semi-finished
56.19 0.00 56.19 0.00
Algeria
0.00
Mexico
0.00
Other
56.19 0.00 56.19 0.00
Total
98.06 1.27 0.00 32.37 0.00 0.00 45.87 0.00 66.86 0.00 98.06 0.00 277.38 171.43 0.00
Other countries
82,207.17 6,560.18 5,915.33 220.58 8,574.65 2,408.33 2,305.58 32,651.76 94,112.21 15,591.12 77,586.56 82,382.24 82,207.17 292,983.79 330,275.92 530,500.85 1,570,210.57 Total Source: Central Bank of Sudan.

260
(Annex 18 (b)
Sudan's foreign trade* Exports by commodity and country during the year 2025 (Value in thousands of dollars) Livestock Meat Gum arabic Cotton Cottonseed Oilseeds Other agricultural products Gold and minerals Other raw materials Manufactured goods Other Semi-finished Industrial countries
16.31 0.00 3.71 0.00 11.78 0.00 0.82 0.00
Germany
26.06 0.32 11.05 0.00 13.04 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00
Italy
188.69 0.91 37.30 0.00 9.95 0.21 0.00 0.00 140.32 0.00
Japan
23.02 0.05 6.73 0.00 15.05 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00
Canada
1.14 1.14 0.00
Denmark
87.62 0.00 87.62 0.00
Finland
42,238.76 0.38 5.13 0.00 126.68 0.00 42,099.43 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00 France 5,488.76 1.07 18.00 0.00 307.54 0.00 5,161.61 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 Germany 6,561.01 0.00 28.97 0.00 69.13 0.00 6,462.91 0.00 0.00 Netherlands 0.00 Ireland 12,193.56 6,432.19 3,933.33 0.00 0.00 46.39 0.00 1,781.65 0.00 Italy 2,285.40 0.00 660.43 0.00 1,624.97 0.00 Japan
446.09 0.00 446.09 0.00
Poland
3,393.22 0.15 3.37 0.00 61.41 0.00 0.15 0.00 3,328.14 0.00 United Kingdom 6,706.02 0.00 1.12 0.00 50.58 0.00 6,654.32 0.00 United States
184.50 0.00 167.14 0.00 17.36 0.00
Other
79,840.16 6,436.21 4,019.74 0.00 0.00 46.39 0.00 0.00 1,285.43 0.64 167.29 0.00 61,413.57 0.00 6,470.89 0.00 0.00 Total

261
(Annex 18 (b)
Livestock
Meat
Gum arabic
Cotton
Cottonseed
Oilseeds
Other agricultural products
Gold and minerals
Other raw materials
Manufactured goods
Other
Semi-finished
Other (Europe)
0.00
Bulgaria
0.00
Czech Republic
544.66 0.00 544.66 0.00
Yugoslavia
0.00
Germany
0.00
Malta
12.69 0.00 12.69 0.00
Poland
69.93 0.00 69.93 0.00
Romania
0.00
Russia
37,920.95 74.29 0.00 574.30 0.00 1,482.15 3,216.98 1,760.73 0.00 30,812.50 0.00 0.00 Turkey 0.00 Ukraine 0.00 Yugoslavia 1,305.87 0.00 85.71 0.00 288.29 49.48 0.00 235.96 0.00 189.29 457.14 0.00 Other 39,854.10 74.29 155.64 0.00 0.00 574.30 0.00 288.29 62.17 0.00 1,482.15 3,216.98 2,541.35 0.00 31,001.79 457.14 0.00 Total

262
(Annex 18 (b)
Livestock
Meat
Gum arabic
Cotton
Cottonseed
Oilseeds
Other agricultural products
Gold and minerals
Other raw materials
Manufactured goods
Other
Semi-finished
African countries
759,408.41 1,945.11 231.94 0.00 0.00 122.67 0.00 21.00 8,770.91 198.82 6,460.86 15,917.33 2,637.99 828.95 108,148.62 66,762.39 547,361.82 Burundi
76.19 0.00 76.19 0.00
Comoros
0.00
Djibouti
117.72 0.00 117.72 0.00
Egypt
718,874.60 1,098.41 231.94 0.00 0.00 4.95 0.00 21.00 8,111.69 198.82 6,450.34 15,647.33 2,306.05 828.95 100,371.59 66,762.39 516,841.14 Eritrea 0.00 Ethiopia 31,960.02 846.55 0.00 436.09 0.00 156.70 0.00 30,520.68 Kenya 0.00 Liberia
223.13 0.00 223.13 0.00
Swaziland (Eswatini)
0.00
Uganda
1,077.14 0.00 270.00 807.14 0.00 0.00
South Sudan
7,079.46 0.00 10.52 0.00 99.05 0.00 6,969.89 0.00 0.00 Other African countries 43,217.20 10.13 122.12 0.00 0.00 3,788.06 0.00 71.43 434.31 0.01 7,880.56 1,943.44 88.59 0.00 26,101.72 2,776.83 0.00 Algeria 7,625.79 0.00 66.86 0.00 88.59 0.00 7,470.34 0.00 0.00 Morocco
20.00 20.00
Nigeria
3,842.89 0.00 3,788.06 0.00 0.00 54.83 0.00
Somalia
0.00
South Sudan
30,616.28 10.00 122.00 0.00 71.43 173.47 0.00 7,244.05 1,943.44 0.00 0.00 18,275.06 2,776.83 0.00 Angola 0.00 Yemen
334.29 0.00 334.29 0.00
Other
777.95 0.13 0.12 0.00 186.01 0.01 235.36 0.00 356.32 0.00 0.00
Total
802,625.61 1,955.24 354.06 0.00 0.00 3,910.73 0.00 92.43 9,205.22 198.83 14,341.42 17,860.77 2,726.58 828.95 134,250.34 69,539.22 547,361.82

263
(Annex 18 (b)
Livestock
Meat
Gum arabic
Cotton
Cottonseed
Oilseeds
Other agricultural products
Gold and minerals
Other raw materials
Manufactured goods
Other
Semi-finished
Asia
454.15 0.64 0.00 453.51 0.00
Bangladesh
53,723.70 49.23 0.00 0.00 88.76 259.05 0.00 850.34 65.71 0.00 0.00 9,170.98 668.02 1,121.19 41,450.42 0.00 0.00 China 0.00 Taiwan 70,316.83 160.78 0.00 0.00 10,217.70 0.00 14,374.17 0.00 16,040.84 2,431.47 6,079.31 0.00 21,012.56 0.00 0.00 India
235.66 0.00 143.47 0.00 92.19 0.00
Indonesia
128.29 0.00 3.95 0.00 3.16 0.00 46.43 70.21 4.54 0.00
Malaysia
30,638.18 0.00 30,638.18 0.00
Pakistan
85.31 0.00 85.31 0.00
South Korea
65.53 0.00 65.53 0.00 0.00
Thailand
641.45 0.00 633.59 0.00 0.00 7.86 0.00
Other
79.17 3.69 0.00 55.71 0.00 19.77 0.00
Total
156,368 214 4 0 10,306 259 0 850 14,443 0 16,286 42,764 7,583 1,121 62,529 8 0 Arab countries
216.31 0.00 205.84 10.47 0.00
Bahrain
32.70 0.00 32.70 0.00
Iraq
23,934.60 0.00 7.54 0.00 755.04 0.00 209.53 78.83 16,431.75 0.00 6,451.91 Jordan
689.91 15.17 0.00 3.20 62.95 0.00 16.14 0.00 0.19 0.00 588.02 4.24 0.00
Kuwait
21,572.74 0.00 0.08 0.00 1,022.39 0.00 89.01 0.00 20,461.26 0.00 0.00 Lebanon 81,879.32 1.42 1.87 0.00 1,611.69 64.48 0.00 317.04 0.00 0.31 0.00 2,949.10 0.00 76,933.41 Oman 76,205.20 409.08 156.04 0.00 15.71 3,561.39 574.38 0.43 41.41 0.00 135.12 5.65 732.12 29,996.79 40,577.08 Qatar 409,674.11 149.16 1,762.24 0.00 5,536.00 1,852.03 11.19 5,125.08 0.00 613.45 4.05 28,370.16 366,250.75 0.00 Saudi Arabia 17,178.97 0.00 3,462.43 0.00 13,716.54 0.00 0.00 Syria 926,232.36 391.06 535.43 0.00 1,315.26 0.00 0.00 23,051.37 3,655.20 0.41 14,997.48 258.67 2,165.10 1.05 14,924.51 7.62 864,929.20 United Arab Emirates 2,015.81 0.00 1,004.58 0.00 56.58 0.00 954.65 0.00 0.00 Yemen 1,559,632.03 965.89 2,455.66 0.00 1,315.26 0.00 15.71 33,969.49 6,227.05 12.03 26,774.29 258.67 3,269.29 89.58 99,128.11 396,259.40 988,891.60 Total

264
(Annex 18 (b)
Livestock
Meat
Gum arabic
Cotton
Cottonseed
Oilseeds
Other agricultural products
Gold and minerals
Other raw materials
Manufactured goods
Other
Semi-finished
Semi-finished
64.76 0.00 64.76 0.00
Algeria
0.00
Mexico
623.63 0.00 572.16 0.00 51.47 0.00 0.00
Other
688.39 0.00 636.92 0.00 51.47 0.00 0.00
Total
436.05 0.00 22.85 0.00 0.00 135.11 0.00 278.09 0.00 0.00
Other countries
2,639,444.61 9,645.97 6,989.05 0.00 11,621.72 4,790.47 15.71 35,223.40 31,222.91 211.50 59,186.71 64,100.77 78,170.44 2,039.72 333,709.20 466,263.62 1,536,253.42 Grand Total Source: Central Bank of Sudan. *Preliminary data.

265
(Annex 19 (a)
Sudan's foreign trade
Imports by commodity and country during the year 2024 (Value in thousands of dollars) Wheat and flour Foodstuffs Other Tobacco and cigarettes Leather and products Raw materials Other Chemical manufactures Machinery and equipment Other Transport means Industrial countries
467.60 0.00 32.22 151.36 284.02 0.00
Germany
820.80 0.00 0.00 1,902.08 0.00
Italy 3.35
3,781.38 0.00 0.00 29.25 702.55 323.35
5,093.22 0.00 0.00 516.85 647.37 1,836.44 953.45 444.67 3.25 166.72 524.47 0.00 Japan 75,211.87 0.00 7.78 2.35 0.00 26.83 2,263.33 118.42 0.00 44.01 51,107.39 21,641.76 Canada 5,937.93 46.02 611.98 1,216.86 1,958.71 437.44 148.77 1.05 0.24 0.00 1,516.86 0.00 Switzerland 1,615.72 0.00 26.95 8.63 68.44 474.73 1,035.79 0.00 1.18 0.00 Denmark 30,176.43 0.00 0.85 870.06 9,710.53 5,983.97 2,488.56 718.29 9,878.13 174.35 329.20 22.49 Germany 3,209.85 0.00 0.00 49.75 499.82 639.88 1,310.82 536.49 0.72 69.99 102.38 0.00 Spain 1,075.70 0.00 615.78 0.00 35.34 424.58 0.00 Finland 15,667.68 0.00 0.00 51.83 653.76 81.27 5,695.72 69.33 0.00 196.45 8,919.32 0.00 France 16,748.41 0.00 0.06 336.57 6,628.09 676.94 6,379.17 63.97 111.25 205.78 2,117.08 229.50 United Kingdom
861.65 0.00 513.97 0.00 347.68 0.00
Netherlands
4,942.17 0.00 0.00 2.37 12.95 132.72 168.93 0.00 4,052.11 0.00 573.09 0.00 Ireland 22,372.51 0.00 0.07 1,425.57 6,829.51 5,390.40 1,039.27 0.00 0.00 46.13 7,641.56 0.00 Italy 135,003.71 4.25 6,378.91 100,098.17 6,648.15 4,196.76 7,353.54 300.71 3,610.49 1,488.41 4,451.90 472.42 Japan 25,626.96 0.00 59.50 8.00 297.93 2,630.11 2,744.32 6,627.75 0.00 0.00 3,335.72 9,923.63 Poland
96.09 0.00 53.21 0.05 0.00 42.83 0.00
Luxembourg
845.18 0.00 0.87 0.00 644.40 0.00 199.91 0.00
Portugal
13,645.59 0.00 13,645.59 0.00
New Zealand
3,775.45 0.00 432.26 2,106.12 1,237.07 0.00
Sweden
19,664.54 0.00 0.00 638.77 1,458.88 1,652.93 1,213.42 1,434.16 149.30 38.23 13,078.85 0.00 United States 385,819.64 50.27 7,086.97 105,255.03 38,408.53 26,741.30 34,902.46 11,603.05 17,805.49 2,430.07 109,246.67 32,289.80 Total

266
(Annex 19 (a)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
Other (Europe)
2,424.13 0.00 2,424.13 0.00
Bulgaria
1,224.49 0.00 183.42 0.00 22.61 2.09 1,016.37 0.00 Czech Republic
64.97 0.00 24.24 0.00 40.73 0.00
Yugoslavia
105.85 0.00 6.10 99.75 0.00
Czech Republic
232.90 0.00 170.36 0.00 62.54 0.00
Germany
384.14 0.00 108.86 75.08 0.00 200.20 0.00
Poland
8,128.55 0.00 65.79 27.17 0.00 8,035.59
Romania
241,764.43 0.00 0.00 440.64 1,927.12 15,216.74 105.57 0.00 4,214.18 0.00 278.93 219,581.25 Russia 208,569.02 1,906.22 8,682.62 10,823.72 16,859.10 20,503.98 10,414.94 332.74 268.16 3,153.70 82,318.61 53,305.23 Turkey 17,063.31 47.94 160.03 12.97 775.18 54.76 33.29 0.00 13,078.26 2,900.88 Ukraine 0.00 Croatia
15.67 0.00 15.67 0.00 0.00
Malta
2,013.95 0.00 0.00 61.64 896.94 329.27 389.13 81.36 58.35 28.79 168.47 0.00 Other 481,991.41 1,954.16 9,026.07 11,338.97 20,850.20 36,215.19 14,586.45 414.10 4,540.69 3,198.16 96,044.47 283,822.95 Total

267
(Annex 19 (a)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
African countries:
809,069.25 3,710.57 38,064.90 2,393.20 21,007.38 150,317.08 111,399.71 3,151.78 1,596.09 7,955.96 218,029.95 251,442.63 Burundi
68.69 0.00 68.69 0.00
Djibouti
30,159.16 98.84 0.80 0.00 0.00 3,832.11 64.76 8.00 0.00 0.10 26,154.55 0.00 Ethiopia 25,474.86 0.00 30.96 0.00 291.13 516.00 1,324.40 0.00 0.00 92.49 23,219.88 0.00 Kenya 21,460.19 0.00 82.51 232.04 0.00 66.99 0.81 174.71 20,903.13 0.00 Uganda 728,033.45 3,611.73 38,032.59 2,393.12 20,451.24 145,372.24 109,063.04 3,076.76 1,564.75 7,684.89 145,400.65 251,382.44 Egypt 0.00 Rwanda
297.82 0.00 0.40 0.08 35.53 115.60 18.18 0.00 30.53 1.26 36.05 60.19
Liberia
56.05 0.00 56.05 0.00
Comoros
985.09 0.00 985.09 0.00
Madagascar
194.00 0.00 77.56 116.44 0.00
Swaziland (Eswatini)
208.52 0.00 166.75 41.77 0.00
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,077.55 0.00 0.15 0.00 146.97 4.78 771.12 0.00 0.00 2.51 152.02 0.00 South Sudan 20,848.38 0.00 170.86 88.22 321.68 351.63 3,727.66 68.16 2,439.34 2,298.35 11,382.48 0.00 Other African countries 6,141.79 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.45 474.93 0.00 5,665.15 0.00 Nigeria 3,273.28 0.00 13.33 0.00 90.60 3.32 747.00 0.00 2,419.03 0.00 Morocco
58.63 0.00 0.00 13.72 21.34 8.90 0.00 14.67 0.00
Yemen
49.78 0.00 29.07 0.00 20.71 0.00
Algeria
517.14 0.00 517.14 0.00
Senegal
68.12 0.00 68.12 0.00
Somalia
316.42 0.00 316.42 0.00
Congo (Brazzaville)
5,771.99 0.00 91.65 74.30 190.42 197.70 1,386.02 0.00 0.00 2,285.42 1,546.48 0.00 South Africa 4,651.23 0.00 65.62 0.20 19.32 111.19 286.15 0.04 2,439.34 12.93 1,716.44 0.00 Other 829,917.63 3,710.57 38,235.76 2,481.42 21,329.06 150,668.71 115,127.37 3,219.94 4,035.43 10,254.31 229,412.43 251,442.63 Total

268
(Annex 19 (a)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
Asia
41,725.27 0.00 14,864.00 9.99 0.00 0.15 4,550.92 46.92 0.00 22,253.29 0.00 0.00 Bangladesh 911,891.52 2,784.08 90,032.90 131,914.04 278,945.04 227,666.56 63,766.41 2,629.94 72,745.23 1,836.96 38,027.93 1,542.43 China
32.13 0.00 31.88 0.25 0.00
Taiwan
25,268.06 0.00 515.15 101.66 4,937.27 2,165.88 12,519.78 1,618.40 0.00 44.06 3,365.86 0.00 India 610,429.34 3.13 25,339.98 18,769.81 17,404.46 17,909.55 152,380.12 628.99 899.60 1,205.66 373,909.03 1,979.01 Indonesia 3,406.36 25.43 0.00 0.00 2,373.44 40.39 53.04 0.00 914.06 0.00 Iran 31,736.28 73.44 110.34 21,117.00 8,361.56 484.78 771.09 596.17 211.00 1.73 9.17 0.00 South Korea 10,440.46 0.00 0.00 348.20 1,922.07 790.30 3,681.23 0.00 0.09 7.18 3,691.39 0.00 Malaysia 20,101.63 0.00 4,104.12 204.68 210.39 242.53 12,645.39 0.00 0.00 2,012.27 682.25 0.00 Pakistan 1,473.10 0.00 411.09 968.95 0.00 93.06 0.00 Singapore 28,904.73 0.00 1,384.62 25,289.78 678.76 294.50 825.48 1.61 0.10 20.41 409.47 0.00 Thailand
357.29 0.00 0.27 23.46 46.93 46.40 240.23 0.00
Taiwan
5,060.24 0.00 126.03 196.28 3,373.60 207.84 180.66 15.15 0.00 0.00 960.68 0.00 Vietnam
58.33 0.00 58.26 0.00 0.07 0.00
Philippines
1,690,884.74 2,886.08 136,535.67 197,974.90 318,285.40 250,260.22 252,583.30 5,537.18 73,856.02 27,381.56 422,062.97 3,521.44 Total Middle East 955,679.50 725.14 2,969.98 1,865.90 20,666.04 7,436.71 14,741.13 962.53 749,123.60 10,794.25 143,094.01 3,300.21 United Arab Emirates 1,720.76 0.00 0.00 65.46 15.72 4.09 0.00 0.00 1,137.04 0.00 498.45 0.00 Bahrain 1,253.44 0.00 1,253.44 0.00 Iraq 18,594.91 0.00 148.71 3.90 1,658.99 116.62 15,336.03 139.76 0.00 10.73 1,180.17 0.00 Jordan
70.95 0.00 39.34 0.00 31.61 0.00
Kuwait
1,413.15 0.00 0.00 2.49 840.66 114.67 135.61 14.23 0.00 0.00 305.49 0.00 Lebanon 18,661.98 0.00 17.45 283.70 2,856.95 3,193.48 2,261.79 829.04 1,124.90 0.00 7,763.70 330.97 Oman 2,159.90 0.00 489.77 0.00 2.57 637.10 1,030.46 0.00 Qatar 296,405.13 519.66 12,274.31 4,168.01 12,934.57 20,571.02 22,761.70 22,495.04 38,363.41 4,656.14 157,652.52 8.75 Saudi Arabia 2,843.57 0.00 0.00 67.28 0.00 46.88 1,587.01 284.11 0.00 0.00 858.29 0.00 Syria
13.53 0.00 11.64 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.86 0.00
Yemen
1,298,816.82 1,244.80 15,900.22 6,456.74 38,975.50 32,132.21 57,893.07 24,724.71 789,748.98 15,461.12 312,639.54 3,639.93 Total

269
(Annex 19 (a)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
Semi-finished
823.36 0.00 53.62 0.00 769.74 0.00
Argentina
15,268.92 0.00 0.00 102.80 1,786.22 0.96 74.01 0.00 13,304.93 0.00 Algeria 4,792.44 0.00 9.18 2.76 121.40 3,136.14 1,518.10 0.00 4.86 0.00 El Salvador 2,430.38 0.00 358.13 225.41 0.00 1,846.84 0.00 Mexico 0.00 Panama
330.57 0.00 5.70 179.72 45.23 21.68 5.41 0.00 1.73 0.76 70.34 0.00
Jamaica
341.70 0.00 14.85 62.41 0.00 2.09 262.35 0.00
Other
23,987.37 0.00 14.88 285.28 2,364.60 3,384.19 2,382.11 62.41 1.73 2.85 15,489.32 0.00 Total 199,747.92 0.00 1,360.45 5,293.92 7,609.65 167,121.40 12,096.42 1,284.15 813.41 35.36 4,133.16 0.00 Other countries 4,911,165.53 9,845.88 208,160.02 329,086.26 447,822.94 666,523.22 489,571.18 46,845.54 890,801.75 58,763.43 1,189,028.56 574,716.75 Grand Total Source: Central Bank of Sudan.

270
(Annex 19 (b)
Sudan's foreign trade
Imports by commodity and country during the year 2025* (Value in thousands of dollars) Wheat and flour Foodstuffs Other Tobacco and cigarettes Leather and products Raw materials Other Chemical manufactures Machinery and equipment Other Transport means Industrial countries 2,484.51 0.00 0.00 206.58 56.92 294.36 517.15 0.00 1,409.50 0.00 Germany 4,623.34 0.00 0.00 19.46 355.98 490.11 485.14 637.24 0.00 16.03 2,619.38 0.00 Italy 11,048.07 0.00 17.25 945.96 1,907.88 527.56 6,918.16 410.74 0.00 18.31 302.21 0.00 Japan 66,985.40 0.00 110.10 0.65 131.27 581.77 165.61 0.00 52,948.22 13,047.78 Canada 8,395.25 0.31 244.06 720.47 4,745.39 1,627.70 456.77 71.19 0.00 1.00 528.36 0.00 Switzerland 8,431.00 1.19 0.75 0.00 689.79 211.59 7,525.45 0.00 0.00 1.11 1.12 0.00 Denmark 31,430.19 341.60 3.90 3,812.34 6,735.27 7,415.70 10,007.68 1,346.69 0.00 272.59 1,494.42 0.00 Germany 6,680.92 0.00 73.55 148.88 1,811.35 273.96 2,470.43 1,598.24 0.00 0.00 304.51 0.00 Spain
218.77 0.00 28.31 0.00 7.14 181.81 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.00
Finland
14,070.96 0.00 12.31 804.44 1,003.11 834.57 3,152.16 15.55 0.00 1,543.48 6,705.34 0.00 France 18,135.68 0.00 0.00 2,329.07 6,077.95 1,453.46 2,546.08 218.99 0.00 232.39 5,277.74 0.00 United Kingdom 17,775.40 0.00 0.00 28.06 0.49 38.56 147.30 18.64 17,542.35 0.00 Netherlands 2,572.14 0.00 0.00 58.08 476.85 2.46 1,239.07 0.00 0.00 795.67 0.01 0.00 Ireland 27,199.93 0.00 0.99 514.08 15,371.62 1,739.73 6,607.91 93.49 0.00 26.65 2,845.46 0.00 Italy 202,409.11 1,342.45 1,830.30 169,424.70 18,906.04 674.58 3,075.15 12.49 0.00 12.21 7,131.19 0.00 Japan 27,184.33 0.00 53.23 65.04 263.17 842.91 16,715.20 5,365.19 0.00 0.03 3,879.56 0.00 Poland
222.41 0.00 9.93 81.00 87.81 0.00 28.61 15.06 0.00
Luxembourg
82.41 0.00 65.23 0.00 9.21 0.00 3.33 0.00 0.00 4.64 0.00 0.00
Portugal
24,346.78 0.00 22.56 151.49 25.04 293.98 0.00 0.94 23,852.77 0.00 New Zealand 5,603.58 0.00 0.00 220.99 775.20 3,664.28 943.11 0.00 Sweden 31,870.95 13.47 0.23 94.07 1,164.29 1,257.86 1,749.66 1,158.59 0.00 97.24 26,335.54 0.00 United States 511,771.13 1,699.02 2,421.83 179,473.87 60,620.46 22,082.65 64,786.15 11,437.89 17,542.35 3,022.29 135,636.84 13,047.78 Total

271
(Annex 19 (b)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
Other (Europe)
49.80 0.00 49.80 0.00
Bulgaria
2,398.24 0.00 1,119.84 49.64 1,228.76 0.00
Czech Republic
58.38 0.00 58.38 0.00
Yugoslavia
33,893.29 0.00 913.31 0.00 32,979.98 0.00
Czech Republic
335.33 0.00 0.00 22.50 2.30 0.00 310.53 0.00
Germany
1,332.18 0.00 792.52 0.00 301.27 0.00 0.00 11.48 226.91 0.00 Poland 17,226.08 0.00 35.28 0.00 17,190.80 Romania 484,696.92 0.00 0.00 1.02 3,866.32 13,380.96 6,334.78 0.00 76,472.44 0.00 804.96 383,836.44 Russia 241,638.68 5,107.09 8,471.01 16,282.14 25,061.21 14,171.59 13,188.90 2,854.71 69,530.69 1,065.71 80,558.24 5,347.39 Turkey 20,325.17 0.00 3.15 25.50 111.49 17,888.02 0.00 2,297.01 0.00 Ukraine 0.00 Croatia 14,805.24 0.00 14,767.38 37.86 0.00 0.00 Malta 6,389.84 0.30 87.46 144.33 2,780.76 661.82 1,549.32 242.95 0.00 410.40 512.50 0.00 Other 823,149.15 5,107.39 8,561.62 16,475.49 33,828.10 46,201.83 23,826.87 3,097.66 193,750.49 1,525.45 84,399.62 406,374.63 Total

272
(Annex 19 (b)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
African countries
1,110,031.21 5,926.31 47,350.48 3,100.44 47,738.59 238,108.57 180,681.68 11,672.26 44,856.45 8,138.69 300,334.22 222,123.52 Burundi
49.80 0.00 49.80 0.00
Djibouti
2,398.24 0.00 1,119.84 49.64 1,228.76 0.00
Ethiopia
58.38 0.00 58.38 0.00
Kenya
33,893.29 0.00 913.31 0.00 32,979.98 0.00
Uganda
335.33 0.00 0.00 22.50 2.30 0.00 310.53 0.00
Zimbabwe
1,332.18 0.00 792.52 0.00 301.27 0.00 0.00 11.48 226.91 0.00 Egypt 17,226.08 0.00 35.28 0.00 17,190.80 Zambia 484,696.92 0.00 0.00 1.02 3,866.32 13,380.96 6,334.78 0.00 76,472.44 0.00 804.96 383,836.44 Rwanda 241,638.68 5,107.09 8,471.01 16,282.14 25,061.21 14,171.59 13,188.90 2,854.71 69,530.69 1,065.71 80,558.24 5,347.39 Burundi 0.00 Liberia
8.80 0.41 0.00 3.67 0.00 4.72 0.00
Malawi
106.94 0.00 106.94 0.00
Mauritius
0.00
Liberia
3,786.00 0.00 0.00 28.06 2.67 9.40 0.73 0.00 3,744.56 0.00 0.58 0.00 Madagascar 0.00 Swaziland (Eswatini)
719.76 0.00 0.00 0.26 117.52 10.20 289.70 19.65 0.00 0.00 282.43 0.00
South Sudan
53,954.08 380.98 51.89 1,491.84 1,009.66 28,775.06 1,937.62 135.42 16,115.38 40.43 3,786.30 229.50 Other African countries
990.72 0.00 0.20 8.08 0.00 0.00 437.20 8.16 0.00 0.00 537.08 0.00
Nigeria
822.73 0.00 4.13 0.00 818.60 0.00
Morocco
376.67 0.00 0.26 44.15 155.50 56.25 37.28 83.23 0.00
Yemen
16,115.38 0.00 16,115.38 0.00
Algeria
291.65 0.00 291.65 0.00
Senegal
90.05 0.00 90.05 0.00
Somalia
32.68 0.00 32.68 0.00
Tunisia
19.84 0.00 0.36 19.48 0.00
Angola
398.57 112.20 0.00 286.37 0.00
South Africa
3,034.51 0.00 0.02 55.21 362.96 701.86 77.01 0.00 0.00 38.69 1,798.76 0.00 Other 31,781.28 268.78 51.41 1,384.40 487.07 28,016.95 185.83 11.35 0.00 1.38 1,144.61 229.50 Total 1,163,985.29 6,307.29 47,402.37 4,592.28 48,748.25 266,883.63 182,619.30 11,807.68 60,972 8,179.12 304,120.52 222,353.02

273
(Annex 19 (b)
Wheat and flour
Foodstuffs
Other
Tobacco and cigarettes
Leather and products
Raw materials
Other
Chemical manufactures
Machinery and equipment
Other
Transport means
Asia
16,722.7 0.00 0.00
Bangladesh
3
47,029.31 0.00 26,668.25 6.12 66.62 373.40 3,192.19 0.00 0.00 367,981.6 88,703.11 7,171.31 0.00 1,878.87 66,278.36 1,287.12 China 5 571,207.7 9 306,230.8 2 170,119.9 0 5,615.5 1 1,586,474.4 22,728.84 4 0.00 35.00 22,689.60 0.72 3.52 0.00 Taiwan 31,208.36 0.00 576.42 140.55 8,225.23 1,498.52 13,191.95 4,237.77 0.00 0.00 3,337.92 0.00 India 272,828.4 462.67 Indonesia 2 236,985.8 2,954.78 299,604.63 3,872.51 5 3,899.3 49,216.07 34,473.78 27,800.93 21,654.66 4 953,753.64 25,291.96 0.00 0.00 2,166.22 456.51 85.34 20,908.28 100.96 0.00 392.48 1,182.17 0.00 Iran 80,346.43 282.62 16.32 33,006.92 19,112.75 577.80 27,306.15 28.55 0.00 15.32 0.00 0.00 South Korea 25,542.21 0.00 2.51 206.14 4,872.48 770.18 4,810.49 2,191.78 0.00 10.85 12,677.78 0.00 Malaysia 38,124.88 0.00 12,574.27 509.05 304.64 739.10 19,513.53 0.20 0.00 3,943.76 540.04 0.29 Pakistan
232.45 0.00 9.06 51.75 2.43 0.00 169.21 0.00
Singapore
74,628.36 38.42 949.35 30,468.07 422.39 727.88 893.36 0.00 41,128.89 0.00 Thailand 1,768.51 0.27 186.65 407.47 513.36 96.01 495.77 0.00 68.98 0.00 Taiwan
543.50 0.00 0.02 0.00 50.49 0.00 492.99 0.00
Philippines
11,826.89 0.00 393.54 541.77 9,144.94 90.63 716.77 69.08 0.00 0.00 870.16 0.00 Vietnam
215.41 0.00 0.49 49.87 0.00 165.05 0.00
Philippines
2,899,715.19 9,836.16 260,738.30 430,846.51 642,137.42 394,650.93 416,820.24 16,754.43 299,604.63 26,836.52 399,739.97 1,750.08 Total Middle East 2,527.10 United Arab Emirates 5 340,903.69 567.89 4,323.28 4,340.03 33,724.32 23,310.40 14,861.16 1,063.53 201,587.70 8,408.87 46,189.36 59,752.43 0.00 0.00 130.70 42.41 215.62 0.00 0.00 59,331.71 0.00 31.99 0.00 Bahrain 2,623.09 0.00 2,583.31 0.00 39.78 0.00 Iraq 25,574.36 0.00 74.15 385.34 583.08 50.87 23,397.94 697.79 0.00 2.17 383.02 0.00 Jordan 30,729.87 0.00 11.70 0.00 51.42 0.00 18.21 0.00 30,568.16 0.00 79.06 1.32 Kuwait 2,618.69 0.00 1,852.53 209.12 89.57 6.03 0.00 0.00 461.44 0.00 Lebanon 153,772.05 0.00 71.81 6.24 2,259.83 1,367.67 5,290.09 7,187.32 129,320.07 0.09 8,199.90 69.03 Oman 2,882.11 0.00 271.68 14.66 1,072.88 643.83 251.45 0.00 0.00 1.81 571.70 54.10 Qatar Saudi Arabia 183,358.4 0.00 1 31,508.8 593,280.40 6,507.66 7 1,270.8 32,993.58 32,733.13 60,702.48 37,359.22 36,904.19 0 1,016,618.7 3,835.08 4 0.00 9.83 0.00 26.82 66.02 2,296.98 26.01 0.00 0.00 1,409.42 0.00 Syria
336.70 0.00 1.63 28.56 0.00 306.06 0.45 0.00
Yemen
1,014,088.0 15,226.66 240,724.53 2,651.60
Total
4
1,639,646.81 1,838.69 37,756.03 37,610.10 100,315.77 65,806.06 83,111.22 40,518.11

274

(B) (19 (Item No. ² ...)

Wheat and fine wheat flour
Wheat
Foodstuffs
Other
Goods and commodities
Tobacco
Products
...
Raw materials
Other
Chemical products
Machinery
Equipment and other ...
Means of transport
Other

Half-year ...:

Country	446.99	0.00	0.00	26.08	0.00	2.12	418.79	0.00	Argentina
Brazil	4,113.93	0.00	0.00	6.95	3,166.44	110.88	108.69	21.60	0.00	85.84	613.53	0.00
Ecuador	1,092.27	0.00	13.32	55.73	44.35	331.04	613.37	0.00	0.00	0.35	34.11	0.00
Mexico	26.98	0.00	23.54	3.44	0.00
Panama	0.00
Uruguay	176.24	0.00	8.88	128.11	34.10	5.12	0.03	0.00
Other	42,967.92	0.00	192.36	987.66	2,432.33	4,605.79	883.60	30.04	0.00	0.06	33,836.08	0.00
Total	48,824.33	0.00	214.56	1,204.53	5,700.76	5,058.39	2,024.48	51.64	0.00	86.25	34,483.72	0.00
Other countries	235,965.95	138.50	188.36	6,772.94	12,911.07	148,721.60	7,160.79	1,417.19	48,862.32	103.80	9,689.38	0.00
Total ...	7,323,057.85	24,927.05	357,283.07	676,975.72	904,261.83	949,405.09	780,349.05	85,084.60	1,634,819.66	54,980.09	1,208,794.58	646,177.11

Source: Ministry of Energy and Oil, Sudan.

• Data ...