Broker Entity Rating Methodology

VIS Broker Entity Rating
MARCH 2025
Credit Rating Company Limited
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VIS
Credit Rating Company Limited
BROKER ENTITY RATING vis.com.pk VIS Credit Rating Company Limited

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VIS
Credit Rating Company Limited
Broker Entity Rating
JUNE 2026
Table of Contents
SCOPE OF RATINGS............................................................................................................................3
SUMMARY OF CRITERIA CHANGES......................................................................................................3
OVERVIEW OF RATINGS FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................3
INDUSTRY DYNAMICS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .....................................................................4
FRANCHISE VALUE & BUSINESS RISK..................................................................................................4
MANAGEMENT...............................................................................................................................4
RISK ADMINISTRATION & CONTROLS ..............................................................................................5
PERFORMANCE & COST EFFICIENCY ...............................................................................................5
FINANCIAL RISK PROFILE ...................................................................................................................5
MARKET RISK .................................................................................................................................6
CREDIT RISK...................................................................................................................................6
CAPITALIZATION AND LIQUIDITY ...................................................................................................6
RATING SCALE & DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................................6

VIS
Credit Rating Company Limited
Broker Entity Rating
JUNE 2026
SCOPE OF RATINGS
This methodology applies to the credit rating of securities brokers and futures brokers operating under the Securities Brokers (Licensing and Operations) Regulations, 2016 (Updated as of April 8, 2024) and the Futures Brokers (Licensing and Operations) Regulations, 2018, as issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). It also encompasses Agri-Only futures brokers and companies offering Shariah-compliant brokerage services. To operate as a brokerage firm, entities must obtain a securities license from SECP, along with a Trading Rights Entitlement Certificate (TREC) from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Additionally, they must be participants of the Central Depository Company (CDC) and members of the National Clearing Company of Pakistan Limited (NCCPL). The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) classifies securities brokers into the following categories:

• Trading Only – These brokers are authorized to execute proprietary trades and trades on behalf of their customers but
  are not permitted to settle executed trades or hold custody of securities or funds belonging to themselves or their customers. This category includes a subcategory:
  o Online-Only Broker – A securities broker that exclusively executes trades on behalf of customers through online or electronic platforms, without offering brokerage services through any physical office.
• Trading & Self-Clearing – These brokers can execute and settle their proprietary trades as well as trades conducted on
  behalf of customers. They are permitted to hold custody of securities and funds belonging to themselves and their customers, subject to conditions set by the Commission.
• Trading & Clearing – These brokers have the authority to execute and settle their proprietary trades and customer
  trades, as well as hold custody of securities and cash belonging to themselves and their customers. Additionally, they are permitted to settle trades for other securities brokers and their clients, maintaining custody of the securities and cash of those brokers and their customers, as per the conditions imposed by the Commission. SUMMARY OF CRITERIA CHANGES Broker Entity Rating methodology dated March 2025 has been reviewed and the fundamental criteria as outlined in the aforesaid methodology remain the same. OVERVIEW OF RATINGS FRAMEWORK VIS Credit Rating Co. Ltd.’s (VIS) rating objective for a securities firm is to assess likelihood of the company being able to make timely payment against its obligations. A rating being prospective in nature, VIS integrates analysis of an entity’s recent financial and operating performance with an assessment of the firm’s strategic plan. In undertaking its rating assessment, VIS is reliant on acceptable quality work being done by other independent third parties. In addition to financial audit, securities firms are required to undergo systems audit, and audit by the Central Depository Company Limited (CDC); the results of these various external evaluations provide basis for the veracity of reported financial numbers and the robustness of the internal structure set in place. The strengthening of the reporting requirements at regulatory level for the securities firms has supported the risk profile of securities firms. Level of

VIS
Credit Rating Company Limited
Broker Entity Rating
JUNE 2026 adoption of international guidelines on conflict of interest and code of ethics will also be evaluated to gauge a firm’s adherence to best practices. The methodology for assessing securities firms focuses on industry dynamics and the regulatory framework, along with business risk evaluation characterized by franchise value, client retention, service diversification, and management effectiveness in strategic execution, governance, procedures, systems and level of controls and regulatory compliance. In addition, the methodology encompasses the assessment of financial risk profile based on capitalization, liquidity management, marketrisk exposure, and creditrisk controls. INDUSTRY DYNAMICS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Securities firms operate in a highly competitive industry where trading activity is significantly influenced by interest rates and economic cycles. Additionally, the sector is vulnerable to event risk, particularly arising from regulatory and political developments, leading to higher volatility in earnings and profitability compared to otherindustries. These firms primarily engage in distributing and trading financial instruments, arranging financing for customer positions, and offering advisory and underwriting services. The economic importance of these functions, the size of the customer base, and the availability of substitute products or alternative service providers play a crucial role in determining credit ratings. VIS assesses the regulatory landscape governing securities firms and periodically evaluates changes to determine the level of protection afforded to market participants and the potential risks assumed by these firms. This includes reviewing policies and regulations that influence the development of money and capital markets, such as the regulation of stock-trading commissions, transaction costs, and taxes. To ensure creditor protection, VIS examines regulations that establish minimum capital requirements, exposure limits, and margin requirements. Additionally, firms' efforts in risk management and internal controls in line with their business models are closely analyzed. Given the dynamic nature of the legislative and regulatory environment, it is essential to understand the primary regulators and the historical precedents shaping securities firm regulations. FRANCHISE VALUE & BUSINESS RISK A securities firm's franchise value is largely determined by its competitive positioning, niche market strength, and ability to scale operations while adapting to changing industry trends. A firm's ability to sustain operations within its niche and expand its client base reflects its business viability and growth potential. Additionally, adaptability to evolving customer needs—such as offering digital trading platforms, research reports, and value-added services—enhances client retention and market relevance. Market share and client growth trends are crucial indicators of a firm's strength, as a growing client base and
increased trading volumes demonstrate its competitive standing. Evaluating operational scale involves assessing the size of the marketing force, customer profile, client retention, and trading turnover, all of which contribute to long-term business sustainability. A strong franchise ultimately translates into pricing power, sustained margins, and a competitive advantage, positioning the firm favorably against industry fluctuations and ensuring long-term stability. MANAGEMENT The effectiveness of a securities firm's management team in developing and executing strategies is crucial for long -term success. Leadership stability and depth play a key role, as continuity in management and corporate structure ensures

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Credit Rating Company Limited
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JUNE 2026 consistent strategic direction. A firm’s ability to adapt to regulatory changes and competitive pressures demonstrates its strategic flexibility and responsiveness to market dynamics. Additionally, a strong focus on core competencies and risk awareness reflects management’s commitment to innovation, compliance, and sustainable growth. Training and development of employees to assimilate them with the ongoing changes in market place and regulatory changes is also considered. Per employee revenues and costs would help determine management efficiency and economic utilization of resources. Governance and legal structure further influence a firm's financial risk and operational framework, with ownership structures—whether private or public—affecting decision-making and accountability standards. Ultimately, effective management should be evident in financial performance, operational efficiency, and the firm's ability to manage risk, positioning it for long-term stability and competitive strength. RISK ADMINISTRATION & CONTROLS A securities firm’s internal controls and governance structure are assessed to ensure risk mitigation. This includes adherence to internal risk management policies, exposure limits on clients, and margin requirements to reduce counterparty credit risk. Firms with strong underwriting guidelines and controlled exposure to equity underwriting are generally viewed more favorably. The expertise and experience of the management team in handling underwriting transactions, risk modeling, and financial analysis also play a role in evaluating the firm's overall risk profile. PERFORMANCE & COST EFFICIENCY Assessing a securities firm's performance involves evaluating its revenue stability, cost efficiency, and overall financial flexibility. A key factor is the firm's revenue mix and stability, where sustainable income from brokerage and advisory services is preferable to volatile proprietary trading gains, which can fluctuate with market conditions. Firms with a well￾diversified revenue stream are better positioned to withstand market downturns and sustain long-term profitability. Tracking revenue trends, pre-tax profitability, and market share provides insights into a firm's competitive standing and growth trajectory. Cost efficiency plays a significant role in determining a firm’s resilience during periods of economic downturn. Firms that demonstrate effective cost rationalization by optimizing expenses without compromising operational efficiency tend to outperform their peers. Scalability is also a critical factor, as firms with flexible cost structures can adjust to fluctuating market conditions while maintaining profitability. Moreover, investment in technology adoption, such as digital trading platforms, automation, and advanced risk management systems, can enhance operational efficiency and provide a competitive edge. By leveraging technological advancements, firms can reduce operational costs, improve client experience, and
increase transaction volumes. Larger firms generally benefit from economies of scale, allowing them to spread fixed costs over a broader client base and enhance pricing power. This advantage enables them to maintain stable revenue streams, reduce per-unit costs, and mitigate the impact of cyclicality in financial markets. In contrast, smaller firms may struggle with higher operational cost s and revenue volatility, making them more vulnerable to market downturns. Therefore, firms that effectively manage performance and cost efficiency are better positioned forlong-term sustainability and competitive success. FINANCIAL RISK PROFILE Asecurities firm's financialrisk profile is primarily evaluated based on its sponsors' strength, capitalization, and liquidity. The financial backing and franchise value of a firm’s sponsors play a crucial role in determining its operational resilience

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Credit Rating Company Limited
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JUNE 2026 and credit risk. Brokerage houses owned or controlled by financially robust institutions or corporations typically exhibit lower operational and credit risks, enhancing stability during market fluctuations. MARKET RISK A firm’s approach to market risk, trading discipline, and internal controls significantly impacts its financial risk profile. Effective risk management extends beyond technology-driven solutions to include a strong risk culture, dedicated compliance personnel, and well-defined governance mechanisms. Securities firms are assessed on their ability to manage trading risks, limit exposure to illiquid instruments, and maintain independent risk oversight. Firms that enforce strict trading accountability, implement robust compliance measures, and conduct rigorous internal audits tend to exhibit lower risk exposure. However, the quantum of investment in proprietary portfolio is assessed in comparison to net worth of the company and accordingly treated where a lower proportion to net worth is considered sound from rating perspective. CREDIT RISK Credit risk is another critical area of evaluation. Securities firms face exposure from margin loans to customers, unsecured credit to corporate clients, and counterparty transactions. Assessing a firm’s credit risk appetite, client exposure concentration, collateral adequacy, and credit loss history provides insights into its financial resilience. The firm’s underwriting standards, counterparty credit limits, and risk monitoring systems are examined to ensure adequate safeguards against credit risk. CAPITALIZATION AND LIQUIDITY Capital requirements vary depending on a firm’s business model, market activities, and risk appetite. A firm’s capital strength is assessed relative to its operational scale and competitive landscape. Firms with higher capital reserves and diversified business operations generally demonstrate stronger financial resilience. Liquidity management is equally vital, as securities firms rely on multiple funding sources, including market-based funding, secured financing, and credit lines. The composition, maturity, and diversification of funding sources are key indicators of liquidity strength. Effective liquidity management entails the ability to liquidate assets quickly and maintain adequate collateral for borrowings. Firms that maintain a liquidity buffer exceeding short-term obligations are better positioned to withstand market stress. RATING SCALE & DEFINITIONS Rating scale and Definitions may be accessed at (https://docs.vis.com.pk/docs/VISRatingScales.pdf)

VIS
Credit Rating Company Limited
Broker Entity Rating
JUNE 2026
Islamic International Rating Agency – Bahrain – iira.com Credit Rating Information & Services Ltd. – Bangladesh – crislbd.com Japan Credit Rating Agency, Ltd. - Japan China Chengxin International Credit Rating Company Limited - China VIS Credit Rating Company Ltd. 128/C, 25th Lane off Khayaban-e-Ittehad, Phase VII, DHA, Karachi Tel: (92-21) 35311861-64 431, Block-Q, Commercial Area, Phase-II, D.H.A. Lahore - Cantt. Tel: (92-42) 35723411-13 www.vis.com.pk info@vis.com.pk

DISCLAIMER
Information herein was obtained from sources believed to be accurate and reliable; however, VIS does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Rating is an opinion on credit quality only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any securities. Copyright VIS Credit Rating Company Limited. All rights reserved. Contents may be used by news media with credit to VIS.