FinCEN Alert on Nationwide Surge in Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud Schemes Targeting the U.S. Mail

In light of a nationwide surge in check fraud schemes targeting the U.S. Mail1 (hereinafter “mail theft-related check fraud”), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is issuing this alert to financial institutions2 to be vigilant in identifying and reporting such activity. Mail theft-related check fraud generally pertains to the fraudulent negotiation of checks stolen from the U.S. Mail. Fraud, including check fraud, is the largest source of illicit proceeds in the United States and represents one of the most significant money laundering threats to the United States, as highlighted in the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s most recent National Money Laundering Risk Assessment and National Strategy for Combatting Terrorist and other Illicit Financing.3 Fraud is also one of the anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) National Priorities.4 FinCEN is issuing this alert in close collaboration with the United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)5 to ensure that SARs filed by financial institutions appropriately identify and report suspected check fraud schemes that may be linked to mail theft in the United States. This alert provides an overview of a recent surge in mail theft-related check fraud, highlights select red flags to assist financial institutions in identifying and reporting suspicious activity, and reminds financial institutions of their reporting requirements under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). The information contained in this alert is derived from FinCEN’s analysis of BSA data, open-source reporting, and information provided by law enforcement partners.

1. “U.S. Mail” is a registered trademark of the United States Postal Service (USPS) and includes all mail distributed and
   delivered through and by the Postal Service. This includes First-Class Mail such as mailed letters, cards, or other correspondence, which may contain checks, money orders, personal identifiable information, and credit cards/debit cards.
2. See 31 U.S.C. § 5312(a)(2); 31 CFR § 1010.100(t).
3. See U.S. Department of the Treasury, “National Money Laundering Risk Assessment” (Feb. 2022), at pp. 6-7; U.S.
   Department of the Treasury, “National Strategy for Combatting Terrorist and Other Illicit Financing” (May 2022), at p. 27.
4. See FinCEN, “Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism National Priorities” (June 30, 2021).
5. The USPIS is the law enforcement, crime prevention, and security arm of the USPS. Postal Inspectors are federal law
   enforcement agents who have broad authority to investigate violations of federal law that have a nexus to the U.S. Mail and USPS, including mail theft and associated financial crimes. USPIS is one of several federal agencies with authority to investigate the laundering of illicit proceeds. For more information, visit United States Postal Inspection Service (uspis.gov). See also USPIS, “Annual Report 2021” (July 12, 2022). FIN-2023-Alert003 February 27, 2023 FinCEN Alert on Nationwide Surge in Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud Schemes Targeting the U.S. Mail Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) Filing Request:
   FinCEN requests that financial institutions reference this alert in SAR field 2 (Filing Institution Note to FinCEN) and the narrative by including the key term “FIN-2023-MAILTHEFT” and marking the check box for check fraud (SAR Field 34(d)).

Emerging Trends in Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud Schemes Despite the declining use of checks in the United States,6 criminals have been increasingly targeting the U.S. Mail since the COVID-19 pandemic to commit check fraud.7 The United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers nearly 130 billion pieces of U.S. Mail every year to over 160 million residential and business addresses across the United States.8 From March 2020 through February 2021, the USPIS received 299,020 mail theft complaints, which was an increase of 161 percent compared with the same period a year earlier.9 BSA reporting for check fraud has also increased in the past three years. In 2021, financial institutions filed more than 350,000 SARs to FinCEN to report potential check fraud, a 23 percent increase over the number of check fraud-related SARs filed in 2020. This upward trend continued into 2022, when the number of SARs related to check fraud reached over 680,000, nearly double the previous year’s amount of filings.10 Mail Theft Risks and Vulnerabilities Criminals committing mail theft-related check fraud generally target the U.S. Mail in order to steal personal checks, business checks, tax refund checks, and checks related to government assistance programs, such as Social Security payments and unemployment benefits. Criminals will generally steal all types of checks in the U.S. Mail as part of a mail theft scheme, but business checks may be more valuable because business accounts are often well-funded and it may take longer for the victim to notice the fraud. There have been cases of Postal Service employees stealing checks at USPS sorting and distribution facilities.11 However, according to USPIS, mail theft-related check fraud is increasingly committed by non-USPS employees, ranging from individual fraudsters to organized criminal groups comprised of the organizers of the criminal scheme, recruiters, check washers, and money mules.
6. According to analysts at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, “[f]rom 2015 to 2018, the proportion of consumers
who state checks are their preferred payment method declined by 23 percent for bills and 8 percent for purchases.” See Claire Greene, Marcin Hitczenko, Brian Prescott, and Oz Shy, Research Data Reports, “U.S. Consumers’ Use of Personal Checks: Evidence from a Diary Survey” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (Feb. 2020), at p. 1. Concurrently, estimates from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve illustrate that, on average, the dollar amount per commercial check is increasing annually. See Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Commercial Checks Collected Through the Federal Reserve—Quarterly Data.
7. FinCEN previously issued an advisory to alert financial institutions to check fraud and other financial crimes
involving Economic Impact Payments authorized by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021. See FinCEN, “Advisory on Financial Crimes Targeting COVID-19 Economic Impact Payments” (Feb. 24, 2021).
8. See USPIS, “Annual Report 2021,” supra footnote 5, at p. 19.
9. See USPS Office of Inspector General, Audit Report, “U.S. Postal Inspection Service Pandemic Response to Mail Fraud
and Mail Theft” (May 20, 2021), at p. 5.
10. See FinCEN SAR Stats. This statistic includes all SARs with box 34(d), check fraud, marked and is not indicative of
specifically mail theft-related check fraud.
11. See U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Press Release, “Multiple U.S. Postal Service Employees and Others Arrested for
$1.3 Million Fraud and Identity Theft Scheme” (Sept. 29, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Queens Postal Workers Charged with Bribery Scheme and Theft of Mail Linked to COVID-19 Benefits Fraud” (Aug. 12, 2022).

Check Washers: Check washing involves the use of chemicals to remove the original ink on a check to replace the payee and often the dollar amount. Fraudsters may also copy and print multiple washed checks for future use or to sell to third-party criminals.12
12. See USPIS, Scam Article, Check Washing (Sept. 22, 2022).
13. See USPIS, Scam Article, Money Mule (June 1, 2022); DOJ, Money Mule Initiative; Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) Internet Crime Complaint Center, Public Service Announcement, “Money Mules: A Financial Crisis” (Dec. 3, 2021); FBI, Money Mules; see also United States Secret Service, Press Release, “Georgia Man Sentenced in Bank Fraud Scheme that Exploited Homeless Rhode Islanders” (Feb. 16, 2022).
14. Fishing devices are makeshift items, usually with an adhesive substance applied, which have the purpose of adhering
to U.S. Mail to facilitate the surreptitious removal of the U.S. Mail from a blue collection box.
15. See DOJ, Press Release, “Tampa Man Found Guilty of Armed Robbery of a Postal Carrier” (Jan. 27, 2023); DOJ,
Press Release, “Three Philadelphia-Area Men Charged in Connection with USPS Arrow Key, Mail Theft from Blue Collection Boxes” (Oct. 4, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Four Defendants Facing Federal Charges for Mail Theft and Possession of United States Postal Service Keys,” (July 29, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Three Philadelphia-Area Men Charged in Connection with Scheme to Wash and Alter Checks Stolen from USPS Collection Boxes” (July 25, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Nicaraguan Man Sentenced to More Than 11 Years in Prison for 2-Week Robbery Spree of U.S. Postal Service Mail Carriers” (July 14, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Sacramento County Man Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison for Armed Robbery of a U.S. Mail Carrier and Bank Fraud” (Mar. 1, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Passaic County Man Charged with Attempted Robbery of Two U.S. Postal Service Employees” (Feb. 9, 2022).
16. See DOJ, Press Release, “Postal Worker Pleads Guilty to Aiding and Abetting Mail Theft in Liverpool” (Feb. 26, 2021).
Money Mules: A money mule is a person
(whether witting or unwitting) who transfers or moves illicit funds at the direction of or on behalf of another.13 These criminals, located throughout the country, target USPS blue collection boxes, unsecured residential mailboxes, and privately owned cluster box units at apartment complexes, planned neighborhoods, and high-density commercial buildings. Mail theft can occur through forced entry or the use of makeshift fishing devices,14 and increasingly involves the use of authentic or counterfeit USPS master keys, known as Arrow Keys. Arrow Keys open USPS blue collection boxes and cluster box units within a geographic area, and a number of recent cases involve organized criminals violently targeting USPS mail carriers with the intent of stealing Arrow Keys.15 There have also been cases of corrupt Postal Service employees who unlawfully provide Arrow Keys to criminal actors to facilitate mail theft.16 Illicit actors may also copy and sell stolen Arrow Keys to third-party fraudsters on the dark web and through encrypted social media platforms in exchange for convertible virtual currency. Typologies of Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud and Associated Money Laundering After stealing checks from the U.S. Mail, fraudsters and organized criminal groups may alter or “wash” the checks, replacing the payee information with their own or fraudulent identities or with business accounts that the criminals control. During check washing, these illicit actors also often increase the dollar amount on the check, sometimes by hundreds or thousands of dollars. Washed checks may also be copied, printed, and sold to third-party fraudsters on the dark web and encrypted social media platforms in exchange for convertible virtual currency. In some cases,

victim checks are also counterfeited using routing and account information from the original, stolen check.17 Illicit actors may cash or deposit checks in person at financial institutions, through automated teller machines (ATMs), or via remote deposit into accounts they control, and which they often open specifically for the check fraud schemes. Criminals may also rely on money mules and their pre-existing accounts to deposit fraudulent checks.18 Regardless, once the checks are deposited, the illicit actors often rapidly withdraw the funds through ATMs or wire them to other accounts that they control to further obfuscate their ill-gotten gains. The criminals may further exploit the victims by using personal identifiable information found in the stolen mail for future fraud schemes such as credit card fraud or credit account fraud.19 Financial Red Flags Relating to Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud FinCEN, in coordination with USPIS, has identified red flags to help financial institutions detect, prevent, and report suspicious activity connected to mail theft-related check fraud, many of which overlap with red flags for check fraud in general. As no single red flag is determinative of illicit or suspicious activity, financial institutions should consider the surrounding facts and circumstances, such as a customer’s historical financial activity, whether the transactions are in line with prevailing business practices, and whether the customer exhibits multiple red flags, before determining if a behavior or transaction is suspicious or otherwise indicative of mail theft￾related check fraud. In line with their risk-based approach to compliance with the BSA, financial institutions are also encouraged to perform additional due diligence where appropriate. Non-characteristic large withdrawals on a customer’s account via check to a new payee. Customer complains of a check or checks stolen from the mail and then deposited into an unknown account. Customer complains that a check they mailed was never received by the intended recipient. Checks used to withdraw funds from a customer’s account appear to be of a noticeably different check stock than check stock used by the issuing bank and check stock used for known, legitimate transactions. Existing customer with no history of check deposits has new sudden check deposits and withdrawal or transfer of funds. Non-characteristic, sudden, abnormal deposit of checks, often electronically, followed by rapid withdrawal or transfer of funds.
17. See USPIS, Scam Article, Check Fraud (May 1, 2019).
18. In the case of mail theft-related check fraud, money mules are generally younger in age and are witting accomplices
in the scheme. In certain cases, criminal organizations prey upon homeless individuals and addicts by soliciting them as money mules and giving them a small portion of the cashed checks.
19. See generally DOJ, Press Release, “Repeat Offender on Supervised Release Admits to Stealing Mail and Pleads Guilty
to Wire Fraud” (June 7, 2022).

Examination of suspect checks reveals faded handwriting underneath darker handwriting, giving the appearance that the original handwriting has been overwritten. Suspect accounts may have indicators of other suspicious activity, such as pandemic-related fraud.20 New customer opens an account that is seemingly used only for the deposit of checks followed by frequent withdrawals and transfer of funds. A non-customer that is attempting to cash a large check or multiple large checks in-person and, when questioned by the financial institution, provides an explanation that is suspicious or potentially indicative of money mule activity. Mail Theft-Related Check Fraud Reporting Hotline for Victims In addition to filing a SAR, as applicable, financial institutions should refer their customers who may be victims of mail theft-related check fraud to the USPIS at 1-877-876-2455 or https://www. uspis.gov/report to report the incident. USPIS Tips to Prevent Mail Theft FinCEN recommends as a best practice that financial institutions refer their customers to www.uspis.gov/tips-prevention/mail-theft for tips from the USPIS on how to protect against mail theft. If customers appear to be a victim of a theft involving USPS money orders, refer them to https://www.usps.com/shop/money-orders.htm for guidance on how to replace a lost or stolen money order.
20. See FinCEN, “Advisory on Financial Crimes Targeting COVID-19 Economic Impact Payments” (Feb. 24, 2021); DOJ,
Press Release, “Queens Postal Workers Charged with Bribery Scheme and Theft of Mail Linked to COVID-19 Benefits Fraud” (Aug. 12, 2022); DOJ, Press Release, “Defendant Sentenced for Mail Theft and Possession of Stolen Mail, including Stimulus Checks” (June 28, 2021).

Reminder of Relevant BSA Obligations and Tools for U.S. Financial Institutions Suspicious Activity Reporting Other Relevant BSA Reporting USA PATRIOT ACT Section 314(b) Information Sharing Authority
21. See 31 CFR §§ 1020.320, 1021.320, 1022.320, 1023.320, 1024.320, 1025.320, 1026.320, 1029.320, and 1030.320.
22. See 31 U.S.C. § 5318(g)(3). Financial institutions may report suspicious transactions regardless of amount involved
and still take advantage of the safe harbor.
23. See 31 CFR §§ 1020.320(d), 1021.320(d), 1022.320(c), 1023.320(d), 1024.320(c), 1025.320(d), 1026.320(d), 1029.320(d),
1030.320(d).
24. Id. See also FinCEN, “Suspicious Activity Report Supporting Documentation” (June 13, 2007).
Suspicious Activity Reporting
A financial institution is required to file a SAR if it knows, suspects, or has reason to suspect a transaction conducted or attempted by, at, or through the financial institution involves funds derived from illegal activity; is intended or conducted to disguise funds derived from illegal activity; is designed to evade regulations promulgated under the BSA; lacks a business or apparent lawful purpose; or involves the use of the financial institution to facilitate criminal activity.21 All statutorily defined financial institutions may voluntarily report suspicious transactions under the existing suspicious activity reporting safe harbor.22 When a financial institution files a SAR, it is required to maintain a copy of the SAR and the original or business record equivalent of any supporting documentation for a period of five years from the date of filing the SAR.23 Financial institutions must provide any requested documentation supporting the filing of a SAR upon request by FinCEN or an appropriate law enforcement or supervisory agency.24 When requested to provide supporting documentation, financial institutions should take special care to verify that a requestor of information is, in fact, a representative of FinCEN or an appropriate law enforcement or supervisory agency. A financial institution should incorporate procedures for such verification into its BSA compliance or AML program. These procedures may include, for example, independent employment verification with the requestor’s field office or face-to-face review of the requestor’s credentials. SAR Filing Instructions FinCEN requests that financial institutions indicate a connection between the suspicious activity being reported and the activities highlighted in this alert by including the key term “FIN-2023- MAILTHEFT” in SAR field 2 (“Filing Institution Note to FinCEN”), as well as in the narrative, and by selecting SAR Field 34(d) (check fraud). Financial institutions may highlight additional advisory or alert keywords in the narrative, if applicable.

Financial institutions wanting to expedite their report of suspicious transactions that may relate to the activity noted in this alert should call the Financial Institutions Toll-Free Hotline at (866) 556-3974 (7 days a week, 24 hours a day). Financial institutions should include any and all available information relating to the account and locations involved in the reported activity, identifying information and descriptions of any legal entities or arrangements involved and associated beneficial owners, and any information about related persons or entities involved in the activity. Financial institutions also should provide any and all available information regarding other domestic and foreign financial institutions involved in the activity; where appropriate, financial institutions should consider filing a SAR jointly on shared suspicious activity.26 Other Relevant BSA Reporting Requirements Financial institutions and other entities or persons also may have other relevant BSA reporting requirements to provide information in connection with the subject of this alert. These include obligations related to the Currency Transaction Report (CTR),27 Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business (Form 8300),28 Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR),29 Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments (CMIR),30 Registration of Money Services Business (RMSB),31 and Designation of Exempt Person (DOEP).32 These standard reporting requirements may not have an obvious connection to illicit finance, but may ultimately prove highly useful to law enforcement.
25. The purpose of the hotline is to expedite the delivery of this information to law enforcement. Financial institutions
should immediately report any imminent threat to local area law enforcement officials.
26. See 31 CFR §§ 1020.320(e)(1)(ii)(A)(2))(i), 1021.320(e)(1)(ii)(A)(2)), 1022.320(d)(1)(ii)(A)(2), 1023.320(e)(1)(ii)(A)(2)(i),
1024.320(d)(1)(ii)(A)(2), 1025.320(e)(1)(ii)(A)(2), 1026.320(e)(1)(ii)(A)(2)(i), 1029.320(d)(1)(ii)(A)(2), 1030.320(d)(1)(ii)(A) (2).
27. A report of each deposit, withdrawal, exchange of currency, or other payment or transfer, by, through, or to a
financial institution that involves a transaction in currency of more than $10,000. Multiple transactions may be aggregated when determining whether the reporting threshold has been met. See 31 CFR §§ 1010.310-313, 1020.310- 313, 1021.310-313, 1022.310-313, 1023.310-313, 1024.310-313, and 1026.310-313.
28. A report filed by a trade or business that receives currency in excess of $10,000 in one transaction or two or more
related transactions. The transactions are required to be reported on a joint FinCEN/Internal Revenue Service form when not otherwise required to be reported on a CTR. See 31 CFR § 1010.330; 31 CFR § 1010.331. A Form 8300 also may be filed voluntarily for any suspicious transaction, even if the total amount does not exceed $10,000.
29. A report filed by a U.S. person that has a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, foreign financial
accounts with an aggregate value exceeding $10,000 at any time during the calendar year. See 31 CFR § 1010.350; FinCEN Form 114.
30. A form filed to report the transportation of more than $10,000 in currency or other monetary instruments into or out
of the United States. See 31 CFR § 1010.340.
31. A form filed to register a money services business (MSB) with FinCEN, or to renew such a registration. See 31 CFR §
1022.380.
32. A report filed by banks to exempt certain customers from currency transaction reporting requirements. See 31 CFR §
1010.311.

Form 8300 Filing Instructions
When filing a Form 8300 involving a suspicious transaction relevant to this alert, FinCEN requests that the filer select Box 1b (“suspicious transaction”) and include the key term “FIN-2023-MAILTHEFT” in the “Comments” section of the report. Information Sharing Information sharing among financial institutions is critical to identifying, reporting, and preventing mail theft-related check fraud or other illicit financial activity. Financial institutions and associations of financial institutions sharing information under the safe harbor authorized by section 314(b) of the USA PATRIOT Act are reminded that they may share information with one another regarding individuals, entities, organizations, and countries suspected of possible terrorist financing or money laundering.33 FinCEN strongly encourages such voluntary information sharing.
33. See FinCEN, “Section 314(b) Fact Sheet” (Dec. 2020).
For Further Information
Questions regarding the contents of this alert should be addressed to the FinCEN Regulatory Support Section at frc@fincen.gov.