Reserve Bank of New Zealand Consultation on Dual Registration Policy for Small Foreign Banks

Consultation paper: Dual Registration Policy for Small Foreign Banks The Reserve Bank invites submissions on this consultation paper by 5pm on 24 August 2016 Submissions and enquiries about the consultation should be addressed to:
Bronwyn Kenna
Prudential Supervision Department
PO Box 2498
Wellington 6140
Email: Bronwyn.Kenna@rbnz.govt.nz
Please note that a summary of submissions may be published. If you think any part of your submission should properly be withheld on the grounds of commercial sensitivity, or for any other reason, you should indicate this clearly. June 2016 Ref #6532751 v1.20

1. Introduction
1. This paper discusses the Reserve Bank of New Zealand’s (‘Reserve Bank’)
approach to the registration of foreign-owned banks that have a small, non-systemic presence in New Zealand. It proposes a framework for assessing the circumstances under which these banks may be permitted to simultaneously operate a New Zealand branch and subsidiary, henceforth referred to as ‘dual registration’.
2. The proposed framework will be used to assist the Reserve Bank:
i. Identify benefits from allowing a foreign-owned bank with small, non-systemic
local operations to dual-register in New Zealand, over and above what could be achieved through a standalone subsidiary structure.
ii. Identify risks to the Reserve Bank’s prudential objectives of promoting the
maintenance of a sound and efficient financial system, and avoiding significant damage to the financial system that could result from a registered bank’s failure, that may stem from permitting the bank’s dual registration.
iii. Consider whether there are restrictions that might be placed on the dual￾registered bank to mitigate the risk it would otherwise pose to the Reserve
Bank’s prudential objectives. iv.Assess whether the benefits outweigh the mitigated costs of permitting the dual registration of the applicant bank.
3. The Reserve Bank requests that all submissions be filled using the template in
Appendix 1 and sent in electronic form. A word version of Appendix 1 is available.
The consultation closes on 24 August at 5pm.
2. Scope
4. This is a limited scope consultation dealing only with circumstances where a foreign￾owned bank that has chosen to, or been required to, locally incorporate proposes to
open a branch alongside its subsidiary. It does not address the Reserve Bank’s process for assessing standalone branch applications.
5. The proposed dual registration framework covers only foreign-owned banks with
small local operations that are not critical to New Zealand financial stability or to the functioning of the New Zealand economy, henceforth referred to as ‘small foreign banks’. While we acknowledge some of our systemically important foreign-owned banks currently have limited-scope branches operating alongside their locally incorporated subsidiaries, we do not address those arrangements here.
3. Current Reserve Bank Practice
6. Section 73 of the RBNZ Act (‘the Act’) sets out the matters the Reserve Bank must
have regard to when considering banking applications1 . The Reserve Bank’s policy and approach to implementing these requirements for foreign-owned banks is found in Section C(II)(a) of the Bank Registration and Supervision Handbook (‘BS1’). The 1 The matters the Bank must have regard to when considering any banking applicant are set out in s73(2); s73A and 73B of the RBNZ Act detail further matters to which the Bank must have regard to if the applicant is an overseas person, or subsidiary of an overseas person, respectively.

Reserve Bank’s approach to hosting foreign-owned banks seeks to limit the risks of their participation in the local financial system, whilst recognising the important role they play in providing financial services to the New Zealand economy.
7. Our banking sector is relatively open and accessible to foreign participants, and
there is a correspondingly high degree of foreign ownership: foreign-owned banks account for around 93% of assets in the New Zealand bank system. Foreign-owned banks can generally operate as branches or subsidiaries in New Zealand. However, the Reserve Bank’s local-incorporation policy requires that banks with specific characteristics must incorporate in New Zealand if they wish to operate here.
8. In summary, if a bank is systemically important to New Zealand; is based in a
jurisdiction that does not have comparable oversight, governance, accounting or transparency standards to ours; or where we have concerns about the treatment of local creditors in resolution or insolvency, it will be required to locally incorporate. Specifically2 , any bank that falls within the following categories, or is expected to within 5 years of authorisation, will be required to establish a locally incorporated entity rather than operate via a branch:
a. Systemically important banks, that is, banks whose New Zealand liabilities, net of amounts due to related parties, exceed NZ$15bn. b. Retail deposit takers3 incorporated in a jurisdiction that has legislation which gives deposits made, or credit conferred, in that jurisdiction a preferential claim in a winding up.
c. Retail deposit takers which do not provide adequate disclosure in the home
jurisdiction. d. Other applicants incorporated in a jurisdiction that has non-comparable supervisory arrangements (including disclosure arrangements) and governance standards.
9. Foreign-owned banks are permitted to have dual registration provided both entities
comply with all relevant matters set out in Section 73 of the Act, and are approved by the Reserve Bank. In addition, a dual registered branch must fall outside of the categories requiring local-incorporation, set out above (which apply to all branch operations, be they standalone or dual-registered); and is not permitted to take retail deposits4 . Where dual registration is approved by the Reserve Bank, the branch and subsidiary become separately registered entities, subject to separate Conditions of Registration.
10. The Reserve Bank’s local-incorporation policy was implemented in April 2001, and
our approach to dual-registration introduced in the July 2004 version of BS1. Ten foreign-owned banks have been registered in New Zealand since 2001 (see
Appendix 2), a demonstration of the ongoing ease of accessibility. There are
currently 16 foreign-owned banks operating in New Zealand, of which four are dual￾registered (see Appendix 3). 2 See BS1, paragraph 25. 3 Defined as a ‘financial institution that has more than $200mn in New Zealand retail deposits on its books’. Retail deposits are ‘deposit liabilities held by natural persons, excluding liabilities with an outstanding balance of more than $250,000’. BS1(s31). 4 See BS1, paragraph 39.

4. Problem Definition
11. Over recent years, a number of foreign-owned banks with small local operations in
New Zealand have sought permission to open branches alongside their existing subsidiaries.
12. These banks have suggested that a standalone subsidiary structure prevents them
from growing their local lending activities as planned, due to high operating costs arising from local capital and other regulatory requirements. Permitting banks to operate branches alongside their existing subsidiaries could potentially open up more diversified funding channels in New Zealand and encourage greater competition for the incumbent banks. There is ample evidence of the beneficial effects of openness and competitiveness in the financial system: banks, for example, compete actively to offer customers new products and new ways of obtaining service.
13. The Reserve Bank acknowledges that while banks’ preferred structure is driven by a
variety of factors, in general those with a wholesale focus may prefer to operate cross-border through a branch structure, due to the flexibility of managing capital and liquidity on a consolidated basis. Funding can be raised in jurisdictions where it is least expensive, and deployed where it receives the highest returns or is most needed with speed and ease, giving these banks an ability to respond rapidly to changing funding costs or return relativities. It should be noted in this context, however, that there is nothing in the Reserve Bank’s current framework that limits the transfer of funds across borders under a subsidiary structure: locally incorporated banks can access credit facilities from either their parent or cross￾border affiliates.
14. On the other hand, local incorporation gives the Reserve Bank greater powers of
oversight and discipline over foreign-owned banks, allowing us to set a variety of prudential requirements on their local operations – including capital and liquidity adequacy, governance, and disclosure requirements. These powers may in turn improve the quality and robustness of self and market discipline exerted on the local bank. Host authorities also have greater control over crisis management arrangements and operational continuity provisions at locally incorporated subsidiaries.
15. In contrast, host authorities have limited supervisory and regulatory powers over
local branch operations, which are legally inseparable extensions of their foreign parent. Instead, the Reserve Bank must rely on other channels of discipline exerted on the consolidated banking group – by its own directors and senior managers, its foreign home state authorities, and the global capital markets in which it raises funding - to ensure the bank and the local branch are being run in a prudent manner that is aligned with promoting the maintenance of a sound and efficient New Zealand financial system. It is for this reason that the Reserve Bank has tended to require foreign banks based in jurisdictions with non-equivalent oversight, governance, accounting or transparency arrangements to establish a local subsidiary.
16. The Reserve Bank does not currently have a clear and transparent process for
making decisions on whether a branch may be permitted to simultaneously operate alongside a local subsidiary, and recent engagement has highlighted that some industry participants find the Reserve Bank’s current approach towards dual registration difficult to understand.

5. Policy Objectives
17. The RBNZ Act establishes the Reserve Bank as a prudential regulator for the
purposes of promoting a sound and efficient financial system, and avoiding significant damage to the financial system that could result from a registered bank’s failure5 . Under this remit, the Reserve Bank is responsible for determining whether granting a bank dual registration in New Zealand is consistent with our statutory objectives for regulating the financial system.
18. The Reserve Bank must weigh up the benefits and costs to New Zealand stemming
from a bank’s dual registration to determine whether or not it is appropriate. The Reserve Bank will seek to minimise the risks to financial stability whilst maximising the efficiency gains, and there may be circumstances where the benefits from allowing a small bank from a non-equivalent jurisdiction to operate a dual-registered branch in New Zealand outweighs the risks, especially if restrictions can be placed on the branch that mitigate the risks it would otherwise pose to the soundness of the New Zealand financial system.
19. Adopting a systematic and transparent framework for assessing dual registration
applications from small foreign banks will allow the Reserve Bank to make clear and consistent decisions. Clearly setting out our expectations and requirements for applicant banks, and their relevant home state authorities, should also enhance the smoothness and efficiency of the assessment process for all stakeholders.
6. Policy Proposal
20. The proposed assessment framework will help the Reserve Bank determine whether
permitting a foreign bank to open a branch alongside a small local subsidiary falls within our risk appetite. The assessment process involves: identifying the benefits of granting dual registration; identifying the risks of dual registration; identifying possible mitigants to these risks; and assessing whether the benefits to New Zealand from granting dual registration outweigh the mitigated risks.
21. In the event that dual registration is permitted, mitigants would be incorporated into
the dual-registered branch’s Conditions of Registration. The Reserve Bank may also require public disclosure of the mitigants imposed on the dual-registered branch, in the interests of maintaining an open and transparent process. Public disclosure may also enhance market discipline. 5 Section 68, RBNZ Act (1989). Question 3: Do you think that the Reserve Bank should provide more clarity and transparency around the process it uses for assessing the dual registration applications of small, non-systemic foreign-owned banks? Question 1: What, if any, benefits do you see to New Zealand from allowing foreign banks with small, locally incorporated subsidiaries to simultaneously operate a branch beside this? Are these benefits additional to what could be obtained through a standalone local subsidiary? If so, explain why identified benefits can only be achieved through a local branch. Question 2: What, if any, risks do you see to New Zealand from allowing foreign banks with small, locally incorporated subsidiaries to simultaneously operate a branch beside this?

22. The Reserve Bank will expect and require a high degree of cooperation and
coordination from the foreign bank and its relevant home state authorities wherever necessary throughout the assessment process.
23. The proposal is a more flexible approach to the registration of small foreign banks in
New Zealand, and may in some cases relax existing restrictions around local structure. Where necessary, changes to the Reserve Bank’s approach to foreign bank registration stemming from this consultation will be incorporated into Section C(11)(a) of the Banking Supervision Handbook (BS1). Identifying the benefits
24. The Reserve Bank’s starting assumption is that any foreign banking applicant is free
to make their own decisions around their operating and legal structure, and may apply to enter New Zealand as a branch or subsidiary.
25. Where a small foreign bank that has been required to locally incorporate for reasons
set out in paragraph 8 now applies to operate a parallel branch, the Reserve Bank will consider the case for dual registration. It would be unhelpful to have a blank canvas for such an assessment. Our starting position is that banking groups should normally be willing and able to fund their operations in foreign jurisdictions by injecting capital.
26. There must also be benefits to New Zealand from allowing a branch to operate
alongside a subsidiary, and these benefits must not be equally achievable through a subsidiary structure. Such benefits are necessary to offset the additional risks to our soundness objective posed by local branch operations.
27. The Reserve Bank will work with the applicant bank to identify and understand any
benefits to New Zealand stemming from its dual registration. As part of the application process, applicants we have previously required to locally incorporate might be asked to submit a business case for why it is appropriate and preferable to provide planned activities out of a branch, rather than the local subsidiary or directly from the parent.
28. The Reserve Bank will also need to be satisfied the dual-registered branch will
accord with our local-incorporation policy, such that its activities will not become critical to the New Zealand financial system or economy within the business plan horizon.
29. The track record of regulatory compliance and risk management in the dual￾registration applicant’s existing group operations in New Zealand will be taken into
consideration.
30. If branching benefits can be demonstrated, the Reserve Bank will proceed to an
assessment of whether the dual-registered branch provides a net benefit to the New Zealand financial system. Question 4: Do you think that this process will effectively identify the benefits to New Zealand from permitting dual registration?

Identifying the risks
31. The Reserve Bank will use our three prudential pillars of self, market and regulatory
discipline as the framework for analysing the potential costs to the New Zealand financial system from allowing a small foreign bank to open a branch alongside its existing local subsidiary. We will consider the oversight, governance, accounting or transparency arrangements the dual registered branch will operate under, focusing on whether such arrangements can achieve outcomes broadly equivalent to our three-pillar approach for domestic banks and consistent with our financial stability objectives.
32. In addition, the Reserve Bank will consider the risks to financial stability stemming
from the crisis management arrangements at the wider banking group. This will include how a recovery and resolution of the banking group would work from a New Zealand perspective.
33. These risks will have already been identified and assessed during the process of
registration of the local subsidiary bank, so that this part of the process will likely only focus on if the proposed branch operations would change any of the previously identified risks. Identifying risk mitigants
34. The Reserve Bank will explore whether restrictions can be placed on the dual
registration applicant that will mitigate the risks it would otherwise pose to our financial stability objectives, to the extent required for its dual registration to fall within our risk appetite.
35. A variety of branch activity, governance, and funding arrangements designed to
promote financial stability by mitigating branch risk in certain key areas is presented below. This process will be applied consistency but will take firm specific aspects of the applicants into account through investigation and assessment by supervisors in collaboration with the foreign bank applicant and its home state regulators, from whom we would expect a high degree of cooperation and coordination. a) Insufficient regulatory and market discipline:
36. Creditors to the local branch may be unable to accurately price and respond to risks
if there are barriers to the smooth and free functioning of the home-state’s financial system. This could be mitigated by restricting the dual-registered branch’s local activities. In addition to existing branch size and activity caps6 , and a ban on retail deposit taking that applies to all dual-registered branches7 , this might involve:

• Option A: Ring-fencing retail activities: Retail customers are highly
  susceptible to inadequate governance, less able than wholesale investors to see through information gaps to understand the risks they are exposed to. They are also more likely to regard adverse outcomes as ‘unfair’, undermining their confidence in the financial system more broadly. To prevent this, all local retail activities (including retail lending) could be ring￾6 BS1, section C(II)(a). 7 BS1, paragraph 39. Question 5: Do you think that this process will effectively identify the risks to New Zealand from permitting dual registration?

fenced from the dual-registered branch; dual registered subsidiaries may still be permitted to carry out retail activities. Although this is wider than the existing ban on retail deposit taking at dual-registered branches, the impact should be limited given global banking groups’ natural and revealed preference to undertake wholesale activities out of their branch operations.

• Option B: Disallowing external unsecured funding: Retail investors
  may still be exposed to the branch and its foreign parent under a ban on retail activities. Debt issued through the branch may be purchased directly by retail investors, or by wholesale players such as pension funds acting as agents for retail end-users. And while wholesale investors are generally considered better equipped to assess and act on the risks they face a further restriction may be to require fundraising activities undertaken out of the dual-registered branch to be fully secured. The only unsecured external liabilities permissible would be the branch’s operating liabilities.
• Option C: Disallowing all external funding: Restricting dual-registered
  branches from raising any funds externally, and requiring all funding to be sourced directly from the parent, would be the cleanest way of protecting all New Zealand creditors from ‘unfair’ outcomes that may undermine confidence in the system. The dual-registered branch would still be able to undertake local lending activities, subject to any other restrictions that may apply.

37. Options are presented in increasing order of restriction; option A could be applied in
    isolation or in conjunction with the funding restrictions presented in options B and C. At the extreme, option A and C could be used where there is weakness in the home state’s legal framework, a lack of clarity around the home state’s operational approach to the consolidated supervision of the banking group, and market signals are severely distorted by state influence. b) Insufficient governance:
38. Pronounced weakness in the banking group’s internal governance arrangements
    may result in the local bank being unduly influenced to pursue the interests of the foreign parent even where these are at odds with commercial incentives or local interests. To mitigate this risk, we could seek to bolster local governance at dual￾registered banks by:

• Option A: Enhanced branch Chief Executive requirements: The branch
  Chief Executive should play a key role in ensuring the local branch’s affairs are being conducted prudently and in compliance with its Conditions of Registration. The local Chief Executive will have a specific focus on local interests, in contrast to the branch’s overseas directors whose attention will tend to be on the banking group as a whole. But this requires the Chief Question 6: Do you agree that each of these options could adequately mitigate risks to the New Zealand financial system stemming from permitting dual registration where regulatory and market discipline may otherwise be insufficient? Question 7: Is there anything else the Reserve Bank should consider to mitigate the risks of permitting dual registration where regulatory and market discipline may otherwise be insufficient?

Executive to have sufficient powers within the banking group to discharge these responsibilities and exert influence over the group’s strategies and operations at the local branch. Under this option, the Reserve Bank will require the banking applicant to show it has an organisational structure with clear lines of delegated responsibility from the parent to the branch Chief Executive.

• Option B: Relative size constraints: The Reserve Bank needs assurance
  that allowing a branch to operate alongside an existing local subsidiary will not compromise governance arrangements at the subsidiary. The subsidiary’s management committee must maintain a high degree of autonomy and decision making responsibility over the bank’s local operations, ensuring they exercise independent judgement and control in the interests of local stakeholders. The subsidiary’s independence is most at risk of being compromised where branch operations are large relative to the subsidiary: if the branch is the main local entity within the dual￾registered bank, it is likely to exert dominance over the local bank’s strategy and operations. Under this option, the Reserve Bank will require a dual-registered branch to be no greater than its parallel subsidiary, with relative size assessed on total assets. Relative size restrictions will apply in addition to absolute branch size limits set out in the local incorporation policy8 .

39. Options A and B could be applied alone or in conjunction. The Reserve Bank
    expects that both of these options will become mandatory for any bank granted dual registration under this framework, i.e. irrespective of the risk it may otherwise pose to the Reserve Bank’s objectives. c) Limited assurance over resolution:
40. If the banking group’s resolution strategy does not pay sufficient regard to local
    interests, or treat New Zealand creditors in a fair and predictable way, this can be mitigated by restricting the dual-registered branch’s local activities:

• Option A: Restricting branch funding: The branch’s access to local
  funding could be limited where we have concerns about the likely treatment of local creditors in the event of resolution or insolvency. This would be particularly pertinent where we had reason to believe the actual treatment of creditors might deviate from the ex ante insolvency hierarchy, for example due to short notice or de facto local creditor preference. At the extreme, the branch could be limited to direct parental funding sourced from international credit markets, ensuring any losses at the branch were fully upstreamed to the parent with no impact on local creditors. Note that this option is essentially seeking to mitigate conduct risk which may undermine confidence in the broader financial system, and mirrors options 8 BS1, section C(II)(a). Question 8: Do you agree that each of these options could adequately mitigate risks to the New Zealand financial system stemming from permitting dual registration where self discipline may otherwise be insufficient? Question 9: Is there anything else the Reserve Bank should consider to mitigate the risks of permitting dual registration where self governance may otherwise be insufficient?

B and C of paragraph 36 to mitigate shortcomings in regulatory and market discipline, above.

• Option B: Restricting critical functions: Where the Reserve Bank has
  insufficient assurance over operational continuity at the branch, we could restrict activities where operational continuity is important. At a minimum, this would capture all transactional accounts - any instant access account that is regularly used to accept or make payments. Beyond this, we would look to restrict the branch from providing any critical functions and services whose disruption may adversely affect NZ financial stability and the wider economy. We might choose to limit the size or rate of growth in these activities, rather than banning them entirely, in the intent of enabling a more competitive market. It is likely that, unless we have a very high level of assurance over resolution, the branch will be restricted to simple wholesale lending activities only. In all cases, the onus will remain on the firm to justify a dual-registered branch undertaking any permitted activity.

7. Policy Summary
8. The proposed assessment framework has the potential to enhance the transparency
   of the bank registration process, and produce more consistent and robust decisions around the dual registration applications of small foreign banks. Assuming there are net benefits to New Zealand from these banks’ dual registration, it will help realise them.
9. This is not a blueprint for dual registration applications from large, systemically
   important banks, and the Reserve Bank does not intend to change its practice in relation to these banks.
10. Further Considerations
11. In relation to our approach for small, non-systemic banks, this proposal raises
    several potential issues. The Reserve Bank recognises that the framework could require subjective decision making and ongoing monitoring, and that our approach to classifying systemically important banks would need to be reviewed. Each of these issues is considered below. Question 10: Do you agree that each of these options could adequately mitigate risks to the New Zealand financial system stemming from dual-registered branch operations where assurance over resolution may otherwise be insufficient? Question 11: Is there anything else the Reserve Bank should consider to mitigate the risks of permitting dual registration where self discipline may otherwise be insufficient? Question 12: Are there additional branch functions that should be permitted alongside wholesale lending activities in Option B? Question 13: Do you think this approach will adequately address the risks to financial stability stemming from the dual-registration of small, non-systemic banks? Can the risk of permitting banks from non-equivalent jurisdictions to operate dual-registered branches in New Zealand be sufficiently mitigated?

Subjective decision making
44. Determining if dual registration is appropriate will require a case-by-case
assessment of the small foreign bank, its home state, and the likely effectiveness of any identified risk mitigants. While this will draw on the applicant bank’s submissions, its willingness to cooperate throughout the assessment process, the strength of its track record of regulatory compliance, as well as supervisors’ knowledge of the bank and its market, a degree of subjective judgement will also be required. The proposed assessment framework must be sufficiently rigorous and systematic to allow consistent decisions to be made, irrespective of the individual decision maker. Ongoing monitoring requirements and costs
45. Any small foreign bank permitted to open a dual-registered branch under this
framework must be subject to monitoring to ensure the ongoing appropriateness of its legal and operational structure, its absolute and relative size, and any mitigants in place. This will require the ongoing cooperation of the banking group, as well as a degree of home/host coordination and collaboration. The requirement for ongoing monitoring may give rise to increased costs to the Reserve Bank. The Reserve Bank’s approach to assessing systemic importance
46. More broadly, the Reserve Bank has identified a need to revisit our approach to
assessing systemic importance. The current metric for systemic importance, based on net external liabilities9 , will be reviewed in due course. However, this is outside the scope of this consultation.
9. Timeline and next steps
47. The consultation period for this review will run until close of business on 24 August
2016. Following that, the Reserve Bank expects to release a summary of
submissions alongside a policy decision.
48. The Reserve Bank requests that all submissions be filled in using the template in
Appendix 1 and sent in electronic form. A word version of Appendix 1 is available.
9 BS1, section C(II)(a).
Question 14: Do you have comments on these or any other potential implications arising from the proposed framework for assessing dual registration applications from small, non￾systemic banks?

Appendix One - Submission table
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q13
Q14

Appendix Two: List of registered banks in New Zealand – past and present
NB: Foreign banks registered subsequent to the introduction of the local incorporation policy are highlighted. Registered Bank Date of initial registration Registration amended Registration relinquished ANZ Bank New Zealand Limited 01 Apr 1987 29 Oct 2012 Bank of New Zealand 01 Apr 1987 The National Bank of New Zealand Limited 01 Apr 1987 03 Dec 1987 26 Jun 2004 Westpac Banking Corporation 01 Apr 1987 Banque Indosuez New Zealand Limited 22 Jul 1987 03 Dec 1987 31 Aug 1991 Barclays Bank New Zealand Limited 22 Jul 1987 03 Dec 1987 30 Jun 1989 CIBC New Zealand Limited 22 Jul 1987 04 Jul 1989 Citibank N.A. 22 Jul 1987 HSBC Limited 22 Jul 1987 16 Jan 2001 Macquarie Bank Limited 22 Jul 1987 08 Jan 1991 NZI Bank Limited 22 Jul 1987 03 Dec 1987 17 Feb 1992 National Australia Bank (NZ) Limited 22 Jul 1987 01 Oct 1993 Countrywide Banking Corporation Limited 03 Dec 1987 27 Nov 1998 Security Pacific Bank New Zealand Limited 23 Dec 1987 13 Dec 1988 Bankers Trust New Zealand Limited 21 Jun 1988 22 Aug 1988 21 Jun 1999 Barclays Bank PLC 07 Dec 1988 27 Mar 1998 State Bank of South Australia 07 Dec 1988 01 Jul 1994 Elderbank Limited 08 Mar 1989 01 Apr 1989 31 Aug 1990 ASB Bank Limited 11 May 1989 Primary Industry Bank of Australia Limited 11 May 1989 30 Jun 1999 National Mutual Bank New Zealand Limited 02 Jun 1989 20 Jul 1989 10 Dec 1990 TSB Bank Limited 08 Jun 1989 29 Nov 1989 Post Office Bank Limited 11 Aug 1989 01 Dec 1994 Trust Bank New Zealand Limited 21 Dec 1989 18 Nov 1996 Trust Bank Limited (Regional subsidiaries) 21 Dec 1989 01 Apr 1995 Westland Bank Limited 27 Mar 1990 01 Jul 1994 United Bank Limited 29 Jun 1990 16 May 1994 The Rural Bank Limited 13 Aug 1990 24 Dec 1990 01 Jul 1994 BNZ Finance Limited 23 Jan 1991 30 Jun 2001 Crédit Agricole Indosuez 28 Mar 1991 22 May 1997 20 Aug 1998 Rabobank Nederland 01 Apr 1996 Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (Australia) Limited 18 Sep 1996 01 Mar 2004 Deutsche Bank A G 08 Nov 1996 BNP Paribas 14 Mar 1997 13 Jun 2000 30 Mar 2001 Kookmin Bank 14 Jul 1997 ABN AMRO Bank NV 02 Mar 1998 29 May 2009 AMP Bank Limited 12 Oct 1998 27 Sep 2004 Rabobank New Zealand Limited 07 Jul 1999 15 Sep 1999 Commonwealth Bank of Australia 23 Jun 2000 Kiwibank Limited 29 Nov 2001 St George Bank New Zealand Limited (S) 03 Feb 2003 07 Feb 2003 12 Dec 2006 The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd (B) 01 Mar 2004 04 Jan 2006 Westpac New Zealand Limited (S) 31 Oct 2006 JPMorgan Chase Bank NA (B) 01 Oct 2007 Southland Building Society 07 Oct 2008 ANZ Banking Group Limited (B) 05 Jan 2009 Bank of Baroda (New Zealand) Limited (S) 01 Sep 2009 01 Sep 2009 Bank of India (New Zealand) Limited (S) 31 Mar 2011 31 Mar 2011 The Co-operative Bank Limited 26 Oct 2011 26 Oct 2011 Heartland Bank Limited 17 Dec 2012 31 Jan 2013 ICBC (New Zealand) Limited (S) 19 Nov 2013 China Construction Bank (New Zealand) Limited (S) 15 Jul 2014 Bank of China (New Zealand) Limited (S) 21 Nov 2014

Appendix Three: Foreign owned banks operating in New Zealand
Foreign-owned Bank Subsidiary Branch Home jurisdiction of parent bank

1. ANZ Bank   Australia
2. CBA (trades as ASB)   Australia
3. Rabobank   Netherlands
4. Westpac   Australia
5. Citibank   USA
6. Deutsche   Germany
7. HSBC   Hong Kong
8. JPMorgan   USA
9. Kookmin   Korea
10. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi   Japan
11. Bank of China   China
12. Bank of India   India
13. Bank of Baroda   India
14. BNZ   Australia
15. China Construction Bank   China
    16.
    Industrial and Commercial
    Bank of China   China