Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) (2026) – Chapter 4 – Credit Risk Standardized Approach

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 1 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Guideline Subject: Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR)
Chapter 4 – Credit Risk – Standardized Approach
Effective Date: November 2025 / January 2026
For institutions with a fiscal year ending October 31 or December 31, respectively. The Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) for banks (including federal credit unions), bank holding companies, federally regulated trust companies, and federally regulated loan companies are set out in nine chapters, each of which has been issued as a separate document. This chapter should be read in conjunction with the other CAR chapters. The complete list of CAR chapters is as follows:
Chapter 1 Overview of Risk-based Capital Requirements
Chapter 2 Definition of Capital
Chapter 3 Operational Risk
Chapter 4 Credit Risk – Standardized Approach
Chapter 5 Credit Risk – Internal Ratings-Based Approach
Chapter 6 Securitization
Chapter 7 Settlement and Counterparty Risk
Chapter 8 Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) Risk
Chapter 9 Market Risk
Please refer to OSFI’s Corporate Governance Guideline for OSFI’s expectations of institution Boards of Directors in regard to the management of capital and liquidity.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 2 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
Table of Contents
4.1 Individual exposures..................................................................................................4
4.1.1 Exposures to sovereigns and central banks...........................................6
4.1.2 Exposures to non-central government public sector entities (PSEs) ...7
4.1.3 Exposures to multilateral development banks.......................................8
4.1.4 Exposures to banks.................................................................................9
4.1.5 Exposures to covered bonds.................................................................13
4.1.6 Exposures to securities firms and other financial institutions...........16
4.1.7 Exposures to corporates.......................................................................16
4.1.8 Subordinated debt, equity and other capital instruments ...................20
4.1.9 Retail exposures....................................................................................23
4.1.10 Real estate exposures............................................................................25
4.1.11 Exposures secured by residential real estate .......................................28
4.1.12 Exposures secured by commercial real estate .....................................31
4.1.13 Land acquisition, development and construction exposures..............32
4.1.14 Reverse mortgages................................................................................33
4.1.15 Mortgage-backed securities..................................................................36
4.1.16 Risk weight multiplier to certain exposures with currency mismatch38
4.1.17 Commitments........................................................................................38
4.1.18 Off-balance sheet items........................................................................38
4.1.19 Exposures that give rise to counterparty credit risk............................41
4.1.20 Credit derivatives ..................................................................................41
4.1.21 Defaulted exposures .............................................................................42
4.1.22 Equity Investments in Funds ...............................................................43
4.1.23 Other assets...........................................................................................49
4.1.24 Treatment of purchased receivables ....................................................50
4.2 External credit assessments and the mapping process.........................................51
4.2.1 The recognition process........................................................................51
4.2.2 Eligibility criteria..................................................................................52
4.2.3 Implementation considerations............................................................54

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 3 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.3 Credit Risk Mitigation – Standardized Approach................................................59
4.3.1 Overarching Issues...............................................................................59
4.3.2 Overview of Credit Risk Mitigation Techniques .................................61
4.3.3 Collateralized transactions...................................................................63
4.3.4 On-balance sheet netting......................................................................76
4.3.5 Guarantees and credit derivatives........................................................76
Appendix I – Summary of the simplified treatment under the standardized approach84
Appendix II –Use of the Simplified Treatment for Credit Risk for Category I and II
SMSBs .............................................................................................................................85
Appendix III – List of risk weight tables..........................................................................87

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 4 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
Chapter 4 - Credit Risk – Standardized Approach

1. This chapter is drawn from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (BCBS)
   Basel framework published on the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) website. 1 For reference, the Basel paragraph numbers that are associated with the text appearing in this chapter are indicated in square brackets at the end of each paragraph.2

2. Small and medium-sized deposit-taking institutions (SMSBs3
   ) which fall into
   Categories I or II, as defined in OSFI’s SMSB Capital and Liquidity Requirements Guideline,4 are eligible to apply a simplified treatment to the following asset class groupings, provided the total exposure to the asset class grouping to which the simplified treatment is being applied does not exceed $500 million:5,6

• Banks, securities firms and other financials treated as banks as defined in section
  4.1.4.
• Covered bonds as defined in section 4.1.5.
• Corporates, Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) treated as Corporates,
  securities firms and other financials treated as Corporates, and specialized lending (Project Finance, Object Finance, Commodity Finance) as defined in section 4.1.7.
• Qualifying revolving retail (including credit cards, charge cards, overdraft facilities
  and lines of credit) that meet the criteria set out in paragraph 83.
• Other qualifying retail (all exposures within the retail asset class as defined in
  section 4.1.9 excluding qualifying revolving retail exposures set out above) that
  meet the criteria set out in paragraph 83.
• Residential real estate (including Home Equity Lines of Credit) as defined in
  section 4.1.11.
• Commercial real estate as defined in section 4.1.12.
  The simplified treatments for the asset class grouping are described under the corresponding asset class. A summary of the asset classes for which the simplified treatment is available is provided in Appendix I and further detail regarding the application of the simplified treatment is provided in Appendix II.
  4.1 Individual exposures
  1
  The Basel Framework 2
  Following the format: [Basel Framework XXX yy.zz]. 3 SMSBs are banks (including federal credit unions), bank holding companies, federally regulated trust companies, and federally regulated loan companies that have not been designated by OSFI as domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs). This includes subsidiaries of SMSBs or D-SIBs that are banks (including federal credit unions), federally regulated trust companies or federally regulated loan companies. 4 SMSB Capital and Liquidity Guideline. 5 As stated in footnote 6 in Chapter 1 of this guideline, all dollar values in this guideline are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise noted. 6 Total exposure includes both on and off balance sheet, net of Stage 3 allowances but before taking into account credit risk mitigation.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 5 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
3. All exposures subject to the standardized approach should be risk-weighted net of
specific allowances. Under IFRS 9, Stage 3 allowances and partial write-offs are considered to be specific allowances, while Stage 1 and Stage 2 allowances are considered to be general allowances.
4. The risk weight categories apply to on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet credit
equivalent amounts with the exception of items that are deducted from capital as regulatory adjustments pursuant to section 2.3 of Chapter 2. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.5]
5. For certain asset classes (i.e. exposures to sovereigns and central banks, non-central
government public sector entities, multilateral development banks, banks, securities firms and other financial institutions treated as banks, covered bonds, and corporates) risk weights under the standardized approach are assigned based on eligible credit ratings provided by external credit assessment institutions (ECAI) recognized by OSFI (see section 4.2 of this chapter). These mappings are reflected in tables 1 through 9 (with the exception of tables 2 and 6). A complete list of risk weight tables can be found in Appendix III.
6. Consistent with the BCBS guidance on the assessment of credit risk7
and paragraphs
20.12 to 20.14 of the Supervisory Review Process standard, institutions must perform due
diligence to ensure that they have an adequate understanding, at origination and thereafter on a regular basis, of the risk profile and characteristics of their counterparties. In cases where ratings are used, due diligence is necessary to assess the risk of the exposure for risk management purposes and whether the risk weight applied is appropriate and prudent. The due diligence requirements do not apply to the exposures set out in paragraphs 10 to 19 of this chapter. The sophistication of the due diligence should be appropriate to the size and complexity of institutions’ activities. Institutions must take reasonable and adequate steps to assess the operating and financial performance levels and trends through internal credit analysis and/or other analytics outsourced to a third party, as appropriate for each counterparty. Institutions must be able to access information about their counterparties on a regular basis to complete due diligence analyses. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.4]
7. Due diligence analyses may include such elements as reviews of the entity’s historical
and projected financial information (e.g. as gained from annual reports, audited financial statements, and quarterly financial statements), industry and/or economic data, peer comparisons, and the entity’s business plan projecting the activities and financial condition for the next 12 months. In addition, the due diligence analysis may rely on qualitative factors, such as the rated entity’s governance framework, financial strategy, and the experience, credibility and competence of its management. A rating may be used while a due diligence review of the associated exposure is being conducted. New ratings (either due to an updated external rating from an External Credit Assessment Institution (ECAI), or the results of an institution’s due diligence review) must be employed for capital purposes immediately upon the new rating being identified. Due diligence analyses should be completed at least annually.
8. For exposures to entities belonging to consolidated groups, due diligence should, to the
extent possible, be performed at the solo entity level to which there is a credit exposure. In 7 OSFI Guideline IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and Disclosures, June 2016.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 6 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe evaluating the repayment capacity of the solo entity, institutions are expected to take into account the support of the group and the potential for it to be adversely impacted by problems in the group. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.5]
9. Institutions should have in place effective internal policies, processes, systems and
controls to ensure that the appropriate risk weights are assigned to counterparties. Institutions must be able to demonstrate to OSFI that their due diligence analyses are appropriate. As part of their supervisory review, OSFI will assess whether institutions have appropriately performed their due diligence analyses, and will take supervisory measures where these have not been done. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.6]
4.1.1 Exposures to sovereigns and central banks
10. Exposures to sovereigns and their central banks are risk weighted according to Table 1:
Table 1: Risk weights for sovereign and central bank exposures
External rating of sovereign8
AAA to
AA￾A+ to
A￾BBB+ to
BBB￾BB+ to
B￾Below
B￾Unrated
Risk Weight 0% 20% 50% 100% 150% 100%
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.7]
11. Under the BCBS framework, national regulatory authorities have national discretion to
allow a lower risk weight to be applied to institutions’ exposures to their sovereign (or central bank) of incorporation9 denominated in domestic currency and funded10 in that currency.11 Institutions operating in Canada that have exposures to sovereigns meeting the above criteria may use the lower risk weight assigned to those sovereigns by their national regulatory authority. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.8]
12. For capital adequacy purposes, exposures to the Canadian sovereign and central bank
are to be risk-weighted at 0%. Institutions should treat current tax assets12 as sovereign exposures.
13. For exposures to sovereigns, institutions may use country risk scores assigned by Export
Credit Agencies (ECAs). To qualify, an ECA must publish its risk scores and subscribe to the methodology agreed by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 8 This notation refers to the methodology used by Standard and Poor’s. Refer to section 4.2.3 to determine the applicable risk weight using the rating methodology of other recognized ECAIs. 9 In order to qualify for the lower risk weight, the institution needs to have a local presence (subsidiary or branch) in the country of the sovereign exposure. 10 The institution would also have corresponding liabilities denominated in the domestic currency. 11 This lower risk weight may be extended to the risk weighting of collateral and guarantees under the credit risk mitigation (CRM) framework. See section 4.3.2 of this chapter. 12 Current tax assets are defined as an over installment of tax, or current year tax losses carried back to prior years that result in the recognition for accounting purposes of a claim or receivable from the government or local tax authority.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 7 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Institutions may choose to use the consensus risk scores of ECAs participating in the “Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits”.13 The OECD-agreed methodology establishes eight risk score categories associated with minimum export insurance premiums. These ECA risk scores correspond to risk weights as follows:
Table 2: Risk weights for sovereign and central bank exposures
ECA risk scores
0-1 2 3 4 to 6 7
Risk weight 0% 20% 50% 100% 150%
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.9]
14. Exposures to the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund,
the European Central Bank, the European Union, the European Stability Mechanism and the European Financial Stability Facility receive a 0% risk weight. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.10].
4.1.2 Exposures to non-central government public sector entities (PSEs)
15. PSEs are defined as:

• entities directly and wholly-owned by a government,
• school boards, hospitals, universities and social service programs that receive
  regular government financial support, and
• municipalities.

16. Exposures to PSEs receive a risk weight that is one category higher than the sovereign
    risk weight:
    Table 3: Risk weights for PSE exposures
    External rating of sovereign
    AAA to
    AA￾A+ to A- BBB+ to
    BBB￾BB+ to B- Below B- Unrated
    Sovereign risk weight
    0% 20% 50% 100% 150% 100%
    PSE risk weight
    20% 50% 100% 100% 150% 100%
    [Basel Framework, CRE 20.11]
17. Exposures to all provincial and territorial governments and agents of the federal,
    provincial or territorial government whose debts are, by virtue of their enabling legislation, obligations of the parent government will receive the same risk weight as the Government of Canada. 13 The consensus country risk classifications of the Participants to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits are available on the OECD’s website.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 8 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
18. The PSE risk weight is meant for the financing of the PSE’s own municipal and public
services. Where PSEs other than Canadian provincial or territorial governments provide guarantees or other support arrangements other than in respect of the financing of their own municipal or public services, the PSE risk weight in Table 3 must not be used. Instead, the exposure to the PSE must be treated as a corporate exposure based on the external risk rating of the PSE.
19. PSEs in foreign jurisdictions should be given the same capital treatment as that applied
by the regulatory authorities in that jurisdiction. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.12]
4.1.3 Exposures to multilateral development banks
20. For the purposes of calculating capital requirements, a Multilateral Development Bank
(MDB) is an institution created by a group of countries that provides financing and professional advice for economic and social development projects. MDBs have large sovereign memberships and may include both developed countries and/or developing countries. Each MDB has its own independent legal and operational status, but with a similar mandate and a considerable number of joint owners. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.13]
21. A 0% risk weight will be applied to exposures to MDBs that fulfil to the BCBS’s
satisfaction the eligibility criteria provided below.14 The BCBS will continue to evaluate eligibility on a case-by-case basis. The eligibility criteria for MDBs risk-weighted at 0% are:

• Very high quality long-term issuer ratings, i.e. a majority of an MDB’s external
  assessments must be AAA,15
• Either the shareholder structure is comprised of a significant proportion of sovereigns
  with long-term issuer credit assessments of AA- or better, or the majority of the MDB’s fund-raising is in the form of paid-in equity/capital and there is little or no leverage,
• Strong shareholder support demonstrated by the amount of paid-in capital contributed
  by the shareholders; the amount of further capital the MDBs have the right to call, if required, to repay their liabilities; and continued capital contributions and new pledges from sovereign shareholders, 14 MDBs currently eligible for a 0% risk weight are: the World Bank Group comprising the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Development Association (IDA), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the African Development Bank (AfDB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Investment Fund (EIF), the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEDB), the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). 15 MDBs that request to be added to the list of MDBs eligible for a 0% risk weight must comply with the AAA rating criterion at the time of the application. Once included in the list of eligible MDBs, the rating may be downgraded, but in no case lower than AA–. Otherwise, exposures to such MDBs will be subject to the treatment set out in paragraph 22.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 9 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Adequate level of capital and liquidity (a case-by-case approach is necessary in order
  to assess whether each MDB’s capital and liquidity are adequate), and
• Strict statutory lending requirements and conservative financial policies, which would
  include among other conditions a structured approval process, internal creditworthiness and risk concentration limits (per country, sector, and individual exposure and credit category), large exposures approval by the board or a committee of the board, fixed repayment schedules, effective monitoring of use of proceeds, status review process, and rigorous assessment of risk and provisioning to loan loss reserve. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.14]

22. For exposures to all other MDBs, institutions will assign to their MDB exposures the
    corresponding “base” risk weights determined by the external ratings according to Table 4, and the following risk weights apply:
    Table 4: Risk weights for MDB exposures
    External rating of MDB
    AAA to
    AA￾A+ to A- BBB+ to
    BBB￾BB+ to B- Below B- Unrated
    Risk weight 20% 30% 50% 100% 150% 50%
    [Basel Framework, CRE 20.15]
    4.1.4 Exposures to banks
23. For the purposes of calculating capital requirements, an exposure to a deposit-taking
    institution or bank is defined as an exposure (including loans and senior debt instruments, unless considered as subordinated debt for the purposes of paragraph 78) to any federally and provincially regulated financial institution that is licensed to take deposits and lend money in the regular course of business and is subject to the appropriate prudential standards and level of supervision.16 These include banks, trust or loan companies and co-operative credit societies. The treatment associated with subordinated bank debt and equities is addressed in paragraphs 70 to 78. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.16]
24. The term bank refers to those institutions that are regarded as banks in the countries in
    which they are incorporated and are supervised by the appropriate banking supervisory or monetary authority. In general, banks will engage in the business of banking and have the power to accept deposits in the regular course of business.
25. For banks incorporated in countries other than Canada, the definition of bank will be
    that used in the capital adequacy regulations of the host jurisdiction.
    16 For internationally active banks, appropriate prudential standards (e.g. capital and liquidity requirements) and level of supervision should be in accordance with the Basel framework. For domestic banks, appropriate prudential standards are determined by the national supervisors but should include at least a minimum regulatory capital requirement.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 10 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
26. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a “base” risk weight of 40% (and a risk weight of
20% for short-term exposures with an original maturity of three months or less) to exposures to banks (as defined in paragraphs 23 to 25), and securities firms and other financial institutions treated as banks (see paragraph 56), provided that these exposures do not cumulatively exceed $500 million.
27. For institutions that do not qualify for the simplified treatment in paragraph 26, bank
exposures will be risk-weighted based on the following hierarchy:
(1) External Credit Risk Assessment Approach (ECRA): This approach applies to all exposures to banks that are rated. Institutions will apply section 4.2 to determine which rating can be used and for which exposures. (2) Standardized Credit Risk Assessment Approach (SCRA): This approach is for all exposures to banks that are unrated. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.17] External Credit Risk Assessment Approach
28. Institutions will assign to all their bank exposures the “base” risk weights of the
corresponding external ratings according to Table 5.
Table 5: Risk weights for bank exposures under the ECRA
External rating of counterparty
AAA to AA￾A+ to A- BBB+ to
BBB￾BB+ to
B￾Below B-
“Base” risk weight 20% 30% 50% 100% 150%
Risk weight for short￾term exposures
20% 20% 20% 50% 150%
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.18]
29. Exposures to banks with an original maturity of three months or less, as well as
exposures to banks that arise from the movement of goods across national borders with an original maturity of six months or less17 can be assigned a risk weight that corresponds to the risk weights for short term exposures in Table 5. For the purposes of identifying exposures to banks as short-term, the original maturity should be based on the drawn amount. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.19]
30. Institutions must perform due diligence to ensure that the external ratings appropriately
and conservatively reflect the creditworthiness of the bank counterparties. If the due diligence analysis reflects higher risk characteristics than that implied by the external rating bucket of the exposure (ie AAA to AA–; A+ to A– etc), the institution must assign a risk weight at least one bucket higher than the “base” risk weight determined by the external rating. Due diligence 17 This may include on-balance sheet exposures such as loans and off-balance sheet exposures such as self liquidating trade-related contingent items.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 11 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe analysis must never result in the application of a lower risk weight than that determined by the external rating. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.20] Standardized Credit Risk Assessment Approach
31. Under the SCRA, institutions may choose to apply a 100% risk weight to all their
unrated bank exposures, with prior notification to OSFI. If an institution chooses to adopt this option, it must use the 100% risk weight for all of its unrated bank exposures. Alternatively, under the SCRA institutions may classify their unrated bank exposures into one of three risk-weight buckets (i.e. Grades A, B and C) and assign the corresponding risk weights in
Table 6 below. For the purposes of the SCRA only, “published minimum regulatory
requirements” in paragraphs 33 to 42 excludes liquidity standards. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.21]
Table 6: Risk weights for bank exposures
32. Under the Standardized Credit Risk Assessment Approach, exposures to banks without
an external credit rating may receive a risk weight of 30%, provided that the counterparty bank has a Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio which meets or exceeds 14% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio which meets or exceeds 5%. The counterparty bank must also satisfy all the requirements for Grade A classification in paragraphs 33 to 36. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.21] SCRA: Grade A
33. Grade A refers to exposures to banks, where the counterparty bank has adequate
capacity to meet its financial commitments (including repayments of principal and interest) in a timely manner, for the projected life of the assets or exposures and irrespective of the economic cycle and business conditions. For the purposes of this paragraph, an assessment of a counterparty bank’s capacity to meet its financial commitments should be conducted at least annually. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.22]
34. A counterparty bank classified into Grade A must meet or exceed the published
minimum regulatory requirements and buffers established by its national regulatory authority as implemented in the jurisdiction where it is incorporated, except for bank-specific minimum regulatory requirements or buffers that may be imposed through supervisory actions (e.g. via Pillar 2) and not made public. If such minimum regulatory requirements and buffers (other than bank-specific minimum requirements or buffers) are not publicly disclosed or otherwise made available by the counterparty bank then the counterparty bank must be assessed as Grade B or lower. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.23] Credit risk assessment of counterparty Grade A Grade B Grade C “Base” risk weight 40% 75% 150% Bank risk weight for short-term exposures 20% 50% 150%

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 12 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
35. For exposures to counterparty banks incorporated in Canada, a counterparty bank
classified into Grade A must meet or exceed the published minimum regulatory requirements and buffers established in this guideline and in the Leverage Requirements Guideline.18 Minimum regulatory capital requirements as a percentage of risk weighted assets in Canada, as set out in Chapter 1 of this guideline, are: 4.5% CET1 capital, 6.0% Tier 1 capital, 8.0% Total capital. In addition, banks are required to hold a Capital Conservation Buffer of 2.5% and a Countercyclical Buffer as set out in section 1.7.2 of this guideline. Banks designated by OSFI as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIB) are also required to hold a 1% D-SIB surcharge. Banks are required to have a minimum Leverage Ratio of 3%. Banks designated by OSFI as D-SIB are expected to maintain a leverage ratio that meets or exceeds 3.5% at all times.
36. If, as part of its due diligence, an institution assesses that a counterparty bank does not
meet the definition of Grade A in paragraphs 33 and 34, exposures to the counterparty bank must be classified as Grade B or Grade C. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.24] SCRA: Grade B
37. Grade B refers to exposures to banks where the counterparty bank is subject to
substantial credit risk, such as repayment capacities that are dependent on stable or favourable economic or business conditions. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.25]
38. A counterparty bank classified into Grade B must meet or exceed the published
minimum regulatory requirements (excluding buffers) established by its national supervisor as implemented in the jurisdiction where it is incorporated, except for bank-specific minimum regulatory requirements that may be imposed through supervisory actions (e.g. via Pillar 2) and not made public. If such minimum regulatory requirements are not publicly disclosed or otherwise made available by the counterparty bank, then the counterparty bank must be assessed as Grade C. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.26]
39. For exposures to counterparty banks incorporated in Canada, a counterparty bank
classified into Grade B must meet or exceed the published minimum regulatory requirements and buffers established in this guideline and in the Leverage Requirements Guideline.
40. Institutions will classify all exposures that do not meet the requirements outlined in
paragraphs 33 and 34 into Grade B, unless the exposure falls within Grade C under paragraphs 41 and 42. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.27] SCRA: Grade C
41. Grade C refers to higher credit risk exposures to banks, where the counterparty bank has
material default risks and limited margins of safety. For these counterparties, adverse business, financial, or economic conditions are very likely to lead, or have led, to an inability to meet their financial commitments. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.28] 18 OSFI, Leverage Requirements Guideline,

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 13 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
42. At a minimum, if any of the following triggers is breached, an institution must classify
the exposure into Grade C:
(a) The counterparty bank does not meet the criteria for being classified as Grade B with respect to its published minimum regulatory requirements, as set out in paragraphs 37 and 38; or (b) Where audited financial statements are required, the external auditor has issued an adverse audit opinion or has expressed substantial doubt about the counterparty bank’s ability to continue as a going concern in its financial statements or audited reports within the previous 12 months. Even if these triggers are not breached, an institution may assess that the counterparty bank meets the definition in paragraph 41. In that case, the exposure to such counterparty bank must be classified into Grade C. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.29-20.30]
43. Exposures to banks with an original maturity of three months or less, as well as
exposures to banks that arise from the movement of goods across national borders with an original maturity of six months or less,19 can be assigned a risk weight that corresponds to the risk weights for short term exposures in Table 6. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.31]
44. To reflect transfer and convertibility risk under the SCRA, a risk-weight floor based on
the risk weight applicable to exposures to the sovereign of the country where the bank counterparty is incorporated will be applied to the risk weight assigned to bank exposures. The sovereign floor applies when (i) the exposure is not in the local currency of the jurisdiction of incorporation of the debtor bank and (ii) for a borrowing booked in a branch of the debtor bank in a foreign jurisdiction, when the exposure is not in the local currency of the jurisdiction in which the branch operates. The sovereign floor will not apply to short-term (i.e. with a maturity below one year) self-liquidating, trade-related contingent items that arise from the movement of goods. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.32]
45. Exposures to parents of banks that are non-financial institutions are treated as corporate
exposures.
4.1.5 Exposures to covered bonds
46. Covered bonds are bonds issued by a bank or mortgage institution that are subject by
law to special public supervision designed to protect bond holders.20 Proceeds deriving from the issue of these bonds must be invested in conformity with the law in assets which, during the whole period of the validity of the bonds, are capable of covering claims attached to the bonds and which, in the event of the failure of the issuer, would be used on a priority basis for the 19 This may include on-balance sheet exposures such as loans and off-balance sheet exposures such as self￾liquidating trade-related contingent items. 20 In Canada, CMHC’s Covered Registered Bond Programs Guide establishes the legal framework for covered bond programs in Canada.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 14 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe reimbursement of the principal and payment of the accrued interest. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.33]
47. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a risk weight of 20% to exposures to covered
bonds provided that these exposures meet the criteria set out in paragraphs 48 to 51 and do not cumulatively exceed $500 million. Eligible assets
48. In order to be eligible for the risk weights set out in paragraph 52, the underlying assets
(the cover pool) of covered bonds as defined in paragraph 46 shall meet the requirements set out in paragraph 51 and shall include any of the following:

• Exposures to, or exposures guaranteed by, sovereigns, their central banks, public sector
  entities or multilateral development banks;
• Exposures secured by residential real estate that meet the criteria set out in paragraph 90
  and with a loan-to-value ratio of 80% or lower;
• Exposures secured by commercial real estate that meets the criteria set out in paragraph
  90 and with a loan-to-value ratio of 60% or lower; or
• Exposures to, or exposures guaranteed by banks that qualify for a 30% or lower risk
  weight. However, such assets cannot exceed 15% of the cover pool.
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.34]

49. The nominal value of the pool of assets assigned to the covered bond instrument(s) by
    its issuer should exceed its nominal outstanding value by at least 5%. The value of the pool of assets for this purpose does not need to be that required by the legislative framework. However, if the legislative framework does not stipulate a requirement of at least 5%, the issuing institution needs to publicly disclose on a regular basis that their cover pool meets the 5% requirement in practice. In addition to the primary assets listed in this paragraph, additional collateral may include substitution assets (cash or short term liquid and secure assets held in substitution of the primary assets to top up the cover pool for management purposes) and derivatives entered into for the purposes of hedging the risks arising in the covered bond program. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.35]
50. The conditions set out in paragraphs 48 and 49 must be satisfied at the inception of the
    covered bond and throughout its remaining maturity. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.36] Disclosure requirements
51. Exposures in the form of covered bonds are eligible for the treatment set out in
    paragraph 52, provided that the institution investing in the covered bonds can demonstrate to OSFI upon request that:
    (a) it receives portfolio information at least on: (i) the value of the cover pool and outstanding covered bonds; (ii) the geographical distribution and type of cover assets,

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 15 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe loan size, interest rate and currency risks; (iii) the maturity structure of cover assets and covered bonds; and (iv) the percentage of loans more than 90 days past due; and (b) the issuer makes the information referred to in point (a) available to the institution at least semi-annually. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.37]
52. Covered bonds that meet the criteria set out in paragraphs 48 to 51 shall be risk￾weighted based on the issue-specific rating or the issuer’s risk weight according to the rules
outlined in Section 4.2. For covered bonds with issue-specific ratings,21 the risk weight shall be determined according to Table 7:
Table 7: Risk weights for rated covered bond exposures
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.38]
53. For unrated covered bonds, the risk weight would be inferred from the issuer’s ECRA
or SCRA risk weight according to Table 8:
Table 8: Risk weights for unrated covered bond exposures
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.38]
54. Institutions must perform due diligence to ensure that the external ratings appropriately
and conservatively reflect the creditworthiness of the covered bond and the issuing institution. If the due diligence analysis reflects higher risk characteristics than that implied by the external rating bucket of the exposure (i.e. AAA to AA–; A+ to A–; etc), the institution must assign a risk weight at least one bucket higher than the “base” risk weight determined by the external rating. 21 An exposure is rated from the perspective of an institution if the exposure is rated by a recognized ECAI which has been nominated by the institution (i.e. the institution has informed OSFI of its intention to use the ratings of such ECAI for regulatory purposes in a consistent manner (see paragraph 177). In other words, if an external rating exists but the credit rating agency is not a recognized ECAI by OSFI, or the rating has been issued by an ECAI which has not been nominated by the institution, the exposure would be considered as being unrated from the perspective of the institution. Issue-specific rating of the covered bond AAA to AA￾A+ to A￾BBB+ to BBB￾BB+ to B￾Below B- “Base” risk Weight 20% 30% 50% 100% 150% Risk weights Risk weight of issuing institution 20% 30% 40% 50% 75% 100% 150% “Base” covered bond risk weight 20% 30% 40% 50% 75% 100% 150%

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 16 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Due diligence analysis must never result in the application of a lower risk weight than that determined by the external rating. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.39]
55. Covered bonds that do not meet the criteria set out in paragraphs 48 and 51 should be
risk-weighted based on the external rating of the issuing institution.
4.1.6 Exposures to securities firms and other financial institutions
56. Exposures to securities firms and other financial institutions will be treated as exposures
to banks provided these firms are subject to prudential standards and a level of supervision equivalent to those applied to banks under the Basel III framework (including, in particular, capital and liquidity requirements).22 For the purposes of this guideline, exposures to insurance companies regulated by OSFI should be treated as exposures to banks. Exposures to all other securities firms and financial institutions will be treated as exposures to corporates. [Basel Framework CRE 20.40]
4.1.7 Exposures to corporates
57. For the purposes of calculating capital requirements, exposures to corporates include
exposures (loans, bonds, receivables, etc) to incorporated entities, associations, partnerships, proprietorships, trusts, funds and other entities with similar characteristics, except those which qualify for one of the other exposure classes. The treatment associated with subordinated debt and equities of these counterparties is addressed in section 4.1.8. The corporate exposure class includes exposures to insurance companies and other financial corporates that do not meet the definitions of exposures to banks, or securities firms and other financial institutions, as determined in paragraphs 23 and 56, respectively. The corporate asset class also includes exposures to US Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs). The corporate exposure class does not include exposures to individuals. [Basel Framework CRE 20.41]
58. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a risk weight of 100% to exposures to corporates,
corporate SMEs (defined as corporate exposures where the reported annual sales for the consolidated group of which the corporate counterparty is a part is less than or equal to $75 million for the most recent financial year), securities firms and other financial institutions treated as corporates (see paragraph 56), and specialized lending (see paragraphs 65 to 69), provided these exposures do not cumulatively exceed $500 million.
59. For institutions that do not qualify for the simplified treatment in paragraph 58, the
corporate exposure class differentiates between the following subcategories:
(i) General corporate exposures:

• U.S. GSEs must be risk-weighted at 20%.
• Rated general corporate exposures must be risk-weighted according to either
  paragraph 60 or paragraph 61.
  22 That is, capital requirements that are comparable to those applied to banks in this guideline. Implicit in the meaning of the word “comparable” is that the securities firm (but not necessarily its parent) is subject to consolidated regulation and supervision with respect to any downstream affiliates.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 17 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Unrated general corporate exposures can be risk-weighted at 100% (together with
  all other corporate exposures as allowed in paragraph 60), or according to paragraph 62.
• Unrated exposures to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) must be treated
  according to paragraph 64.
  (ii) Specialized lending exposures (as defined in paragraph 65).
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.41]
  General corporate exposures

60. Institutions may apply a 100% risk weight to all corporate exposures, with prior
    notification to OSFI. However, if an institution chooses to adopt this option, it must use the 100% risk weight for all of its corporate exposures.
61. Alternatively, institutions will assign “base” risk weights to their corporate exposures
    according to Table 9 and according to the rules for external ratings outlined in section 4.2. Institutions must perform due diligence to ensure that the external ratings appropriately and conservatively reflect the creditworthiness of the counterparties. If the due diligence analysis reflects higher risk characteristics than that implied by the external rating bucket of the exposure (i.e. AAA to AA–; A+ to A–; etc), the institution must assign a risk weight at least one bucket higher than the “base” risk weight determined by the external rating. Due diligence analysis must never result in the application of a lower risk weight than that determined by the external rating.
    Table 9: Risk weights for rated corporate exposures
    External rating of corporate
    AAA to
    AA- A+ to A- BBB+ to
    BBB- BB+ to
    BB￾Below
    BB￾Risk weight 20% 50% 75% 100% 150%
    [Basel Framework, CRE 20.42-20.43]
62. Institutions may assign a 65% risk weight to unrated corporate exposures identified as
    “investment grade” in paragraph 63. Unrated corporate exposures that are not identified as “investment grade” pursuant to paragraph 63 will be assigned a risk weight of 150%. If an institution chooses not to identify all of its unrated corporate exposures as “investment grade” and “non-investment grade” according to paragraph 63, the risk weight for all of its unrated corporate exposures will be 100%.23 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.44]
63. Institutions may assign a 65% risk weight to unrated exposures to corporates, excluding
    SMEs as defined in paragraph 64, that qualify for an “investment grade.” An “investment grade” 23 Paragraph 62 allows institutions to choose to identify whether their unrated corporate exposures meet the “investment grade” definition. Institutions may not choose to identify only a portion of their unrated corporate exposures. An institution that chooses to identify their “investment grade” unrated exposures must do so consistently for both pre-floor RWA and for the purposes of the output floor.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 18 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe corporate is a corporate entity that has been determined to have adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments in a timely manner and its ability to do so is assessed to be robust against adverse changes in the economic cycle and business conditions. The entity must be assessed as “investment grade” according to an institution’s own internal credit grading system. When making this determination, the institution should assess the corporate entity against the investment grade definition taking into account the complexity of its business model, performance against industry and peers, and risks posed by the entity’s operating environment. Moreover, the corporate entity (or its parent company) must either have: (1) securities outstanding on a recognized securities exchange; or (2) reported annual sales for the consolidated group of which the corporate counterparty is a part of more than $75 million for the most recent financial year, and information on the corporate entity that institutions are able to access on a regular basis to complete due diligence analyses as described in paragraph 5 (e.g. annual reports, audited financial statements, quarterly financial statements, and business plans projecting the activities and financial condition for the next 12 months). [Basel Framework, CRE 20.46]
64. For unrated exposures to corporate SMEs (defined as corporate exposures
where the reported annual sales for the consolidated group of which the corporate counterparty is a part is less than or equal to $75 million for the most recent financial year), an 85% risk weight will be applied. This treatment is to be applied independently of the option used for non￾SMEs. Unrated exposures to SMEs that meet the criteria in paragraph 83 will be treated as regulatory retail SBE exposures and risk weighted at 75%. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.47] Specialized lending
65. A corporate exposure will be treated as a specialized lending exposure if such lending
possesses all of the following characteristics, either in legal form or economic substance:

1. The exposure is not related to real estate and is within the definitions of object finance,
   project finance or commodities finance under paragraph 66. If the activity is related to real estate, the treatment would be determined in accordance with paragraphs 89 to 120;
2. The exposure is to an entity (often a special purpose vehicle (SPV)) that was created
   specifically to finance and/or operate physical assets;
3. The borrowing entity has few or no other material assets or activities, and therefore little
   or no independent capacity to repay the obligation, apart from the income that it receives from the asset(s) being financed. The primary source of repayment of the obligation is the income generated by the asset(s), rather than the independent capacity of the borrowing entity; and
4. The terms of the obligation give the lender a substantial degree of control over the
   asset(s) and the income that it generates.
   [Basel Framework, CRE 20.48]

66. The exposures described in paragraph 65 will be classified in one of the following three
    subcategories of specialized lending:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 19 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
i. Project finance refers to the method of funding in which the lender looks primarily to the
revenues generated by a single project, both as the source of repayment and as security for the loan. This type of financing is usually for large, complex and expensive installations such as power plants, chemical processing plants, mines, transportation infrastructure, environment, media, and telecoms. Project finance may take the form of financing the construction of a new capital installation, or refinancing of an existing installation, with or without improvements.
ii. Object finance refers to the method of funding the acquisition of equipment (e.g. ships,
aircraft, satellites, railcars, and fleets) where the repayment of the loan is dependent on the cash flows generated by the specific assets that have been financed and pledged or assigned to the lender.
iii. Commodities finance refers to short-term lending to finance reserves, inventories, or
receivables of exchange-traded commodities (e.g. crude oil, metals, or crops), where the loan will be repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the commodity and the borrower has no independent capacity to repay the loan. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.49]
67. Institutions will assign to their specialized lending exposures the risk weights determined
by the issue-specific external ratings, if these are available, as provided in Table 9. Issuer ratings must not be used (i.e. paragraph 181 does not apply in the case of specialized lending exposures). [Basel Framework, CRE 20.50]
68. For specialized lending exposures for which an issue-specific external rating is not
available, the following risk weights will apply:

• Object and commodities finance exposures will be risk-weighted at 100%;
• Project finance exposures will be risk-weighted at 130% during the pre-operational phase
  and 100% during the operational phase. Project finance exposures in the operational phase which are deemed to be high quality, as described in paragraph 69, will be risk weighted at 80%. For this purpose, operational phase is defined as the phase in which the entity that was specifically created to finance the project has (i) a positive net cash flow that is sufficient to cover any remaining contractual obligation, and (ii) declining long term debt. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.51]

69. A high quality project finance exposure refers to an exposure to a project finance entity
    that is able to meet its financial commitments in a timely manner and its ability to do so is assessed to be robust against adverse changes in the economic cycle and business conditions. The following conditions must also be met:

• The project finance entity is restricted from acting to the detriment of the creditors (e.g.
  by not being able to issue additional debt without the consent of existing creditors);
• The project finance entity has sufficient reserve funds or other financial arrangements to
  cover the contingency funding and working capital requirements of the project;

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 20 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• The revenues are availability-based24 or subject to a rate-of-return regulation or take-or￾pay contract;
• The project finance entity’s revenue depends on one main counterparty and this main
  counterparty shall be a central government, PSE or a corporate entity with a risk weight of 80% or lower;
• The contractual provisions governing the exposure to the project finance entity provide
  for a high degree of protection for creditors in case of a default of the project finance entity;
• The main counterparty or other counterparties which similarly comply with the eligibility
  criteria for the main counterparty will protect the creditors from the losses resulting from a termination of the project;
• All assets and contracts necessary to operate the project have been pledged to the
  creditors to the extent permitted by applicable law; and
• Creditors may assume control of the project finance entity in case of its default.
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.52]
  4.1.8 Subordinated debt, equity and other capital instruments

70. The treatment described in paragraphs 71 to 78 applies to subordinated debt, equity and
    other regulatory capital instruments issued by either corporates or other institutions, provided that such instruments are not deducted from regulatory capital or risk-weighted at 250% according to section 2.3.1 of Chapter 2 of this guideline25. It also excludes equity investments in funds treated under paragraphs 146 to 164. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.53]
71. Equity exposures are defined on the basis of the economic substance of the instrument.
    They include both direct and indirect ownership interests,26 whether voting or non-voting, in the assets and income of a commercial enterprise or of a financial institution that is not consolidated or deducted. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.54]
72. An instrument is considered to be an equity exposure if it meets all of the following
    requirements:
    24 Availability-based revenues mean that once construction is completed, the project finance entity is entitled to payments from its contractual counterparties (e.g. the government), as long as contract conditions are fulfilled. Availability payments are sized to cover operating and maintenance costs, debt service costs and equity returns as the project finance entity operates the project. Availability payments are not subject to swings in demand, such as traffic levels, and are adjusted typically only for lack of performance or lack of availability of the asset to the public. 25 For investments in the capital and/or Other TLAC Instruments of banking, financial, or insurance entities, institutions should also refer to section 2.3 of Chapter 2 of this guideline and apply the applicable regulatory adjustment. 26 Indirect equity interests include holdings of derivative instruments tied to equity interests, and holdings in corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies or other types of enterprises that issue ownership interests and are engaged principally in the business of investing in equity instruments.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 21 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (1) It is irredeemable in the sense that the return of invested funds can be achieved only by the sale of the investment or sale of the rights to the investment or by the liquidation of the issuer; (2) It does not embody an obligation on the part of the issuer; and (3) It conveys a residual claim on the assets or income of the issuer. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.54]
73. Additionally, any of the following instruments must be categorized as an equity
exposure:

• An instrument with the same structure as those permitted as Tier 1 capital for banking
  organizations.
• An instrument that embodies an obligation on the part of the issuer and meets any of the
  following conditions:
  (a) The issuer may defer indefinitely the settlement of the obligation; (b) The obligation requires (or permits at the issuer’s discretion) settlement by issuance of a fixed number of the issuer’s equity shares; (c) The obligation requires (or permits at the issuer’s discretion) settlement by issuance of a variable number of the issuer’s equity shares and (ceteris paribus) any change in the value of the obligation is attributable to, comparable to, and in the same direction as, the change in the value of a fixed number of the issuer’s equity shares;27 or (d) The holder has the option to require that the obligation be settled in equity shares, unless either (i) in the case of a traded instrument, OSFI is content that the institution has demonstrated that the instrument trades more like the debt of the issuer than like its equity, or (ii) in the case of non-traded instruments, OSFI is content that the institution has demonstrated that the instrument should be treated as a debt position. In cases (i) and (ii), the institution may decompose the risks for regulatory purposes, with OSFI’s consent. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.55]

74. Debt obligations and other securities, partnerships, derivatives or other vehicles
    structured with the intent of conveying the economic substance of equity ownership are 27 For certain obligations that require or permit settlement by issuance of a variable number of the issuer’s equity shares, the change in the monetary value of the obligation is equal to the change in the fair value of a fixed number of equity shares multiplied by a specified factor. Those obligations meet the conditions of item (c) if both the factor and the referenced number of shares are fixed. For example, an issuer may be required to settle an obligation by issuing shares with a value equal to three times the appreciation in the fair value of 1,000 equity shares. That obligation is considered to be the same as an obligation that requires settlement by issuance of shares equal to the appreciation in the fair value of 3,000 equity shares.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 22 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe considered an equity holding. 28 This includes liabilities from which the return is linked to that of equities. 29 Conversely, equity investments that are structured with the intent of conveying the economic substance of debt holdings or securitization exposures would not be considered an equity holding.30 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.56]
75. Institutions will assign a risk weight of 400% to speculative unlisted equity exposures
described in paragraph 76 and a risk weight of 250% to all other equity holdings, with the exception of those equity holdings referred to in paragraph 77. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.57]
76. Speculative unlisted equity exposures are defined as equity investments in unlisted
companies that are invested for short-term resale purposes, or are considered venture capital or similar investments which are subject to price volatility and are acquired in anticipation of significant future capital gains, or are held with trading intent.31 Investments in unlisted equities of corporate clients with which the institution has or intends to establish a long-term business relationship and debt-equity swaps for corporate restructuring purposes would be excluded. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.58]
77. Institutions may assign a risk weight of 100% to equity holdings made pursuant to
national legislated programmes that provide significant subsidies for the investment to the institution and involve government oversight and restrictions on the equity investments. Such treatment can only be accorded to equity holdings up to an aggregate of 10% of the institution’s Total capital. Examples of relevant government restrictions are limitations on the size and types of businesses in which the institution is investing, allowable amounts of ownership interests, geographical location and other pertinent factors that limit the potential risk of the investment to the institution. Equity investments made pursuant to the Specialized Financing (Banks) Regulations of the Bank Act qualify for this exclusion and are risk weighted at 100%.32 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.59] 28 Equities that are recorded as a loan but arise from a debt/equity swap made as part of the orderly realization or restructuring of the debt are included in the definition of equity holdings. However, these instruments may not attract a lower capital charge than would apply if the holdings remained in the debt portfolio. 29 Supervisors may decide not to require that such liabilities be included where they are directly hedged by an equity holding, such that the net position does not involve material risk. 30 OSFI may re-characterize debt holdings as equites for regulatory purposes to ensure the proper treatment of holdings under the supervisory review process. 31 As in section 9.2 of this guideline, positions held with trading intent are those held intentionally for short-term resale and/or with the intent of benefiting from actual or expected short-term price movements or to lock in arbitrage profits. Investments in unlisted equities of corporate clients with which the institution has or intends to establish a long-term business relationship and debt-equity swaps for corporate restructuring purposes would be excluded. 32 This treatment is extended to a Canadian institution’s foreign operations' holdings of equities made under nationally legislated programs of the countries in which they operate.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 23 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
78. Institutions will assign a risk weight of 150% to subordinated debt and capital
instruments other than equities. Any liabilities that meet the definition of “other TLAC liabilities” according to section 2.3.1 of Chapter 2 of this guideline and that are not deducted from regulatory capital are considered to be subordinated debt for the purposes of this paragraph. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.60]
79. Significant investments33 in commercial entities that, in aggregate, exceed 10% of
CET1 capital should be fully deducted in the calculation of CET1 capital. Amounts less than this threshold are subject to a 250% risk-weight. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.62]
4.1.9 Retail exposures
80. The retail exposure class excludes exposures within the real estate exposure class. The
retail exposure class includes the following types of exposures:
(1) exposures to an individual person or persons, and (2) exposures to SBEs (that meet the definition in paragraph 64 and the criteria set out in paragraph 83). [Basel Framework, CRE 20.63]
81. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a risk weight of 75% to all revolving retail
exposures (which include credit cards, charge cards, overdraft facilities and lines of credit) provided that these exposures meet the criteria set out in paragraph 83 and do not cumulatively exceed $500 million. Category I and II SMSBs may also separately apply a risk weight of 75% to non-revolving retail exposures (i.e. retail exposures excluding revolving retail exposures), provided that these exposures meet the criteria set out in paragraph 83 and do not cumulatively exceed $500 million.
82. Exposures within the retail asset class will be treated according to paragraphs 83 to 88
below. For the purpose of determining risk-weighted assets, the retail exposure asset class consists of the following three sets of exposures:
(1) Regulatory retail exposures to transactors.
(2) Regulatory retail exposures that do not arise from exposures to transactors. (3) Non-regulatory retail exposures. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.64]
83. Regulatory retail exposures are defined as retail exposures that meet all of the criteria
listed below:
(a) Orientation criterion ─ the exposure is to an individual person or persons or to a small business. (b) Product criterion ─ the exposure takes the form of any of the following: revolving credits and lines of credit (including credit cards, charge cards and overdrafts), personal term 33 Refer to section 2.3.1 of Chapter 2 for the definition of significant investment.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 24 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe loans and leases (e.g. instalment loans, auto loans and leases, student and educational loans, personal finance) and small business facilities and commitments. Mortgage loans, derivatives and other securities (such as bonds and equities) whether listed or not, are specifically excluded from this category. (c) Low value of individual exposures ─ the maximum aggregated retail exposure to one counterparty cannot exceed an absolute threshold of $1.50 million. Small business loans extended through or guaranteed by an individual are subject to the same exposure threshold. (d) Granularity criterion ─ no aggregated exposure to one counterparty34 can exceed 0.2%35 of the overall regulatory retail portfolio, unless an alternative measure of granularity has been specifically approved by OSFI to ensure sufficient diversification of the retail portfolio. Defaulted retail exposures are to be excluded from the overall regulatory retail portfolio when assessing the granularity criterion. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.65]
84. Transactors are a sub-set of exposures under the qualifying revolving retail (QRR) asset
class. QRR exposures are exposures to individuals that are revolving, unsecured, and uncommitted (both contractually and in practice). In this context, revolving exposures are defined as those where customers’ outstanding balances are permitted to fluctuate based on their decisions to borrow and repay, up to a limit established by the institution. In addition, the maximum exposure to a single individual cannot exceed $150,000.
85. Obligors are considered transactors in relation to facilities with an interest-free grace
period, such as credit cards and charge cards, where the total accrued interest over the previous 12 months is less than $50. Obligors are considered transactors in relation to overdraft facilities or lines of credit if the facility has not been drawn down at any point in time over the preceding 12 months. 36 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.66]
86. In cases where institutions are unable to ensure compliance with the retail thresholds
(for both QRR and total aggregate exposures), they must be able to, on at least an annual basis, verify and document that the amount of exposures that breach these thresholds are less than 2% of retail exposures, and upon request, provide this documentation to OSFI. If the amount of 34 Aggregated exposure means gross amount (i.e. not taking any credit risk mitigation into account) of all forms of retail exposures, excluding residential real estate exposures. In case of off-balance sheet claims, the gross amount would be calculated after applying credit conversion factors. In addition, “to one counterparty” means one or several entities that may be considered as a single beneficiary (e.g. in the case of a small business that is affiliated to another small business, the limit would apply to the institution’s aggregated exposure on both businesses). 35 To apply the 0.2% threshold of the granularity criterion, banks must: first, identify the full set of exposures in the retail exposure class (as defined by paragraph 80); second, identify the subset of exposure that meet product criterion and do not exceed the threshold for the value of aggregated exposures to one counterparty (as defined by criteria (a) and (b) in paragraph 83); and third, exclude any exposures that have a value greater than 0.2% of the subset before exclusions. 36 New accounts will not be deemed transactors until the account has been open for at least 12 months and the definition of a transactor is satisfied.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 25 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe exposures that breach the exposure threshold is above 2% of retail exposures, the institution must notify OSFI immediately and develop a plan to either reduce the materiality of these exposures or move these exposures to the Corporate asset class.
87. Non-regulatory retail exposures are defined as exposures to an individual person or
persons that do not meet all of the criteria in paragraph 83. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.67]
88. The risk weights that apply to exposures in the retail asset class are as follows:
(1) Regulatory retail exposures that arise from exposures to transactors (as defined in paragraph 84) will be risk-weighted at 15%. (2) Regulatory retail exposures that do not arise from exposures to transactors (as defined in paragraph 84) will be risk-weighted at 75%. (3) Non-regulatory retail exposures will be risk weighted at 100%. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.68]
4.1.10 Real estate exposures
89. Real estate is immovable property that is land, including agricultural land and forest, or
anything treated as attached to land, in particular buildings, in contrast to being treated as movable/personal property. The risk weights for real estate exposures are described in section
4.1.11 (residential real estate) and section 4.1.12 (commercial real estate).
90. To apply the risk weights for real estate exposures set out in sections 4.1.11 and 4.1.12,
the loan must meet the following six requirements:
(i) Finished property: the property securing the exposure must be fully completed. This requirement does not apply to forest and agricultural land. Loans to individuals that are secured by residential property under construction or land upon which residential property would be constructed, may apply the risk-weight treatments described in paragraph 98 provided that: (i) the property is a one-to-four family residential housing unit that will be the primary residence of the borrower37 and the lending to the individual is not, in effect, indirectly financing land acquisition, development and construction exposures described in paragraph 111; or (ii) they meet the four qualifying criteria for regulatory retail exposures set out in paragraph 83. (ii) Legal enforceability: any claim on the property taken must be legally enforceable in all relevant jurisdictions. The collateral agreement and the legal process underpinning it must be such that they provide for the institution to realize the value of the property within a reasonable time frame. (iii) Claims over the property: the loan is a claim over the property where the lender institution holds the senior lien over the property, or a single institution holds the senior lien and any sequentially lower ranking lien(s) (i.e. no other party holds a senior or intervening lien on the property to which the collateral mortgage applies) over the same property. However, where junior liens provide the holder with a claim for collateral that 37 The primary residence of a borrower is the residence ordinarily inhabited by the borrower.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 26 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe is legally enforceable and constitute an effective credit risk mitigant, junior liens held by a different institution than the one holding the senior lien may also be recognized,38 provided that: (i) each institution holding a lien on a property can initiate the sale of the property independently from other entities holding a lien on the property; (ii) where the sale of the property is not carried out by means of a public auction, entities holding a senior lien take reasonable steps to obtain a fair market value or the best price that may be obtained in the circumstances when exercising any power of sale on their own (i.e. it is not possible for the entity holding the senior lien to sell the property on its own at a discounted value in detriment of the junior lien);39 and (iii) the loans are not more than 90 days past due and do not, collectively, exceed a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio of 80%. (iv) Ability of the borrower to repay: the borrower must meet the underwriting requirements set according to paragraph 91. (v) Prudent value of property: the property must be valued according to the criteria in paragraph 93 for determining the value in the LTV ratio. Moreover, the value of the property must not depend materially on the performance of the borrower. (vi) Required documentation: all the information required at loan origination and for monitoring purposes must be properly documented, including information on the ability of the borrower to repay and on the valuation of the property. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.71]
91. Institutions should have in place underwriting policies with respect to the granting of
mortgage loans that include the assessment of the ability of the borrower to repay. Underwriting policies must define a metric(s) (such as the loan’s debt service coverage ratio) and specify its (their) corresponding relevant level(s) to conduct such an assessment.40 Underwriting policies must also be appropriate when the repayment of the mortgage loan depends materially on the cash flows generated by the property, including relevant metrics (such as an occupancy rate of the property). [Basel Framework, CRE 20.73] 38 Likewise, this would apply to junior liens held by the same institution that holds the senior lien in case there is an intermediate lien from another institution (ie the senior and junior liens held by the institution are not in sequential ranking order). 39 Loans to individuals for the purchase of residential property that are provided as loans guaranteed by a highly rated monoline guarantor that is required to repay the institution in full if the borrower defaults, and where the institution has legal right to take a mortgage on the property in the event that the guarantor fails, may be treated as residential real estate exposures (rather than guaranteed loans) if the following additional conditions are met:
(i) the borrower shall be contractually committed not to grant any mortgage lien without the consent of the institution that granted the loan; (ii) the guarantor shall be either a bank or a financial institution subject to capital requirements comparable to those applied to banks or an insurance undertaking; (iii) the guarantor shall establish a fully-funded mutual guarantee fund or equivalent protection for insurance undertakings to absorb credit risk losses, whose calibration shall be periodically reviewed by its supervisors and subject to periodic stress testing; and (iv) the institution shall be contractually and legally allowed to take a mortgage on the property in the event that the guarantor fails. 40 Metrics and levels for measuring the ability to repay should mirror the FSB Principles for sound residential mortgage underwriting practices (April 2012).

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 27 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
92. The LTV ratio is the amount of the loan divided by the value of the property. The value
of the property will be maintained at the value measured at origination unless OSFI elects to require institutions to revise the property value downward. The value must be adjusted if an extraordinary, idiosyncratic event occurs resulting in a permanent reduction of the property value. If the value has been adjusted downwards, a subsequent upwards adjustment can be made but not to a higher value than the value at origination. Modifications made to the property that unequivocally increase its value could also be considered in the LTV. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.74]
93. When calculating the LTV ratio, the loan amount will be reduced as the loan amortizes.
The LTV ratio should be re-calculated upon any refinancing, and whenever deemed prudent. The LTV ratio must be prudently calculated in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) Amount of the loan: includes the outstanding loan amount and any undrawn committed amount of the mortgage loan.41 The loan amount must be calculated gross of any provisions and other risk mitigants, except for pledged deposits accounts with the lending institution that meet all requirements for on-balance sheet netting and have been unconditionally and irrevocably pledged for the sole purposes of redemption of the mortgage loan.42 (2) Value of the property: the valuation must be assessed independently using prudently conservative valuation criteria. The valuation must be done independently from the institution’s mortgage acquisition, loan processing and loan decision process. To ensure that the value of the property is appraised in a prudently conservative manner, the valuation must exclude expectations on price increases and must be adjusted to take into account the potential for the current market price to be significantly above the value that would be sustainable over the life of the loan.43 In addition, institutions should assess and adjust, as appropriate, the value of the property for the purposes of calculating the LTV 41 If an institution grants different loans secured by the same property and they are sequential in ranking order (i.e. there is no intermediate lien from another institution), the different loans should be considered as a single exposure for risk-weighting purposes, and the amount of the loans should be added to calculate the LTV ratio. 42 Where a junior lien held by a different institution than that holding the senior lien is recognized (in accordance with paragraph 90), the loan amount of the junior liens must include all other loans secured with liens of equal or higher ranking than the institution’s lien securing the loan for purposes of defining the LTV bucket and risk weight for the junior lien. If there is insufficient information for ascertaining the ranking of the other liens, the institution should assume that these liens rank pari passu with the junior lien held by the institution. The institution will first determine the “base” risk weight based on Tables 10, 11, 12, or 13 as applicable and adjust the “base” risk weight by a multiplier of 1.25, for application to the loan amount of the junior lien. If the “base” risk weight corresponds to the lowest LTV bucket, the multiplier will not be applied. The resulting risk weight of multiplying the “base” risk weight by 1.25 will be capped at the risk weight applied to the exposure when the requirements in paragraph 90 are not met. 43 In line with OSFI’s Guideline B-20: Residential Mortgage Insurance Underwriting Practices and Procedures, FRFIs should have clear and transparent property valuation policies and procedures including a framework for critically reviewing and, where appropriate, effectively challenging the assumptions and methodologies underlying valuations and property appraisals. In assessing the value of a property, FRFIs should take a risk￾based
approach, and consider a combination of valuation tools and appraisal processes appropriate to the risk being undertaken. FRFIs should have robust processes in place for regularly monitoring, reviewing and updating their LTV ratio frameworks. The valuation process can include various methods such as on-site inspections, third-party appraisals and/or automated valuation tools.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 28 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe ratio by considering relevant risk factors that make the underlying property more vulnerable to a significant house price correction or that may significantly affect the marketability of the property. If a market value can be determined, the valuation should not be higher than the market value.44 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.75]
94. Mortgage insurance in Canada is considered a guarantee and institutions may recognize
the risk-mitigating effect of the guarantee where the operational requirements included in paragraphs 264 and 265 for guarantees as well as the additional operational requirements for mortgage insurance are met.45 The risk weight applied to the insured mortgage after the recognition of the guarantee will be calculated according to paragraph 273 to 275. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.76]
4.1.11 Exposures secured by residential real estate
95. A residential property is an immovable property that has the nature of a dwelling and
satisfies all applicable laws and regulations enabling the property to be occupied for housing purposes. A residential real estate exposure is an exposure secured by a residential property (such as individual condominium residences and one-to four-unit residences) made to a person(s) or guaranteed by a person(s), provided that such loans are not 90 days or more past due.46 Investments in hotel properties and time-shares are excluded from the definition of qualifying residential property. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.77]
96. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a risk weight of 35% to all residential real estate
exposures with an LTV ratio equal to or below 80% and a risk weight of 75% all residential real estate exposures with an LTV ratio above 80%, provided that these exposures meet the criteria set out in paragraph 90 and do not cumulatively exceed $500 million.
97. Guideline B-20 states: “OSFI expects that FRFIs will maintain adequate regulatory
capital levels to properly reflect the risks being undertaken through the underwriting and/or acquisition of residential mortgages.” Residential real estate exposures that do not meet OSFI’s expectations related to Guideline B-20, are subject to either the risk weights outlined in Table 11 of Chapter 4 or to a 0.22 correlation (R) factor in paragraph 79 of Chapter 5.47 48 44 In the case where the mortgage loan is financing the purchase of the property, the value of the property for LTV ratio purposes will not be higher than the effective purchase price. 45 An institution’s use of mortgage insurance should mirror the FSB Principles for sound residential mortgage underwriting (April 2012). 46 For residential property under construction described in paragraph 89, this means there should be an expectation that the property will satisfy all applicable laws and regulations enabling the property to be occupied for housing purposes. 47 This treatment applies to all exposures secured by the same residential real estate collateral where one or more of the exposures do not meet OSFI’s expectations related to Guideline B-20. 48 Exposures for which paragraph 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) is applicable and exposures that do not meet the requirements of paragraph 95 (regulatory real estate) are not eligible for this treatment.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 29 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
98. For institutions that do not qualify for the simplified treatment in paragraph 96,
residential real estate exposures are divided into two categories:
(i) General residential real estate: exposures where paragraph 101 (income-producing real estate), and paragraph 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) are not applicable. (ii) Income producing residential real estate: exposures where the criteria in paragraph 101 are met, but those in paragraph 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) are not applicable.
99. Where the requirements for real estate exposures in paragraph 90 are met and provided
that the exposure does not meet the requirements for income-producing residential real estate in paragraph 101 nor the requirements for land acquisition, development and construction in paragraph 111, the risk weight to be assigned to the total exposure amount will be determined based on the exposure’s LTV ratio in Table 10. In calculating the LTV ratio for purposes of Home equity lines of credit (HELOC), a 75% credit conversion factor should be applied to the undrawn exposure of the HELOC.
Table 10: Risk weights for general residential real estate exposures
(Repayment is not materially dependent on cash flows generated by property) LTV ≤ 50% 50% < LTV ≤ 60% 60% < LTV ≤ 70% 70% < LTV ≤ 80% 80% < LTV ≤ 90% 90% < LTV ≤ 100% LTV

100
Risk weight 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 50% 70%
[Basel Framework, CRE 20.82]

100. For exposures where any of the requirements for real estate exposures described in
     paragraph 90 are not met and paragraphs 101 (income-producing real estate), and 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) are not applicable, the risk weight applicable will be the risk weight of the counterparty. For exposures to individuals and SBEs (as defined in paragraph 80) the risk weight applied will be 75%. For exposures to SMEs, the risk weight applied will be 85%. For exposures to other counterparties, the risk weight applied is the risk weight that would be assigned to an unsecured exposure to that counterparty. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.88-20.89]
101. For an exposure to (i) a variable rate fixed-payment residential mortgage with an LTV
     above 65% for which payments are insufficient to cover the interest component of the mortgage for three or more consecutive months due to increases in interest rates; (ii) when the prospects for servicing the loan materially depend49 on the cash flows generated by the property securing the loan rather than on the underlying capacity of the borrower to service the debt from other 49 It is expected that the material dependence condition would predominantly apply to loans to corporates, SMEs or SPVs, but is not restricted to those borrower types.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 30 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe sources, and provided that paragraph 111 is not applicable, the exposure will be risk-weighted as follows:

• if the requirements for real estate exposures in paragraph 90 are met, according to the
  LTV ratio as set out in Table 11 below; and
• if any of the requirements for real estate exposures in paragraph 90 are not met, at 150%.
  Table 11: Risk weights for income-producing residential real estate exposures
  (Repayment is materially dependent on cash flows generated by property) LTV ≤ 50% 50% < LTV ≤ 60% 60% < LTV ≤ 70% 70% < LTV ≤ 80% 80% < LTV ≤ 90% 90% < LTV ≤ 100% LTV > 100 Risk weight 30% 35% 45% 50% 60% 75% 105% [Basel Framework, CRE 20.80 and 20.84]

102. The primary source of these cash flows would generally be lease or rental payments, or
     the sale of the residential property. The distinguishing characteristic of these exposures compared to other residential real estate exposures is that both the servicing of the loan and the prospects for recovery in the event of default depend materially on the cash flows generated by the property securing the exposure. The loan should be considered materially dependent on cash flows generated by the property and subject to the risk weights in Table 11, if more than 50% of the borrower’s income used in the institution’s assessment of the borrower’s ability to service the loan is from cash flows generated from the residential property. Income generated from other residential real estate properties should not be considered when determining whether the loan is materially dependent on the borrower's income. In cases where the borrower has multiple mortgages, the income used for this assessment should be adjusted by removing income used to validate the borrower's ability to service mortgages on other properties. Institutions may alternatively categorize all investment or rental properties, as identified using their internal property purpose indicators, as income producing and subject to the risk-weights in Table 11, provided that their internal policies for investment and rental properties can be shown, at OSFI's request, to require that less than 50% of the gross income from the property be used in the institution's assessment of the borrower's ability to service the loan. [Basel Framework, 20.79]
103. The following types of exposures are excluded from the treatment described in paragraph
     101 and are subject to the treatment described in paragraphs 99 to 100:

• An exposure secured by a property that is the borrower’s primary residence;
• An exposure secured by residential real estate property to associations or cooperatives of
  individuals that are regulated under national law and exist with the only purpose of granting its members the use of a primary residence in the property securing the loans; and
• An exposure secured by residential real estate property to public housing companies and
  not-for-profit associations regulated under national law that exist to serve social purposes and to offer tenants long-term housing.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 31 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe [Basel Framework, CRE 20.81]
4.1.12 Exposures secured by commercial real estate
104. A commercial real estate exposure is an exposure secured by any immovable property
that is not a residential real estate as defined in paragraph 95. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.78]
105. Category I and II SMSBs may apply a risk weight of 100% to all commercial real estate
exposures, provided that these exposures meet the criteria set out in paragraph 90 and do not cumulatively exceed $500 million.
106. Commercial real estate exposures are divided into two categories:
(i) General commercial real estate: exposures where paragraphs 109 (income-producing real estate), and 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) are not applicable. (ii) Income producing commercial real estate: exposures where the criteria in paragraph 109 are met, but those in paragraph 111 (land acquisition, development and construction) are not applicable.
107. Where the requirements in paragraph 90 are met and provided that paragraphs 109 and
111 are not applicable, the risk weight to be assigned to the total exposure amount will be determined based on the exposure’s LTV ratio in Table 12. For the purpose of paragraphs 107 to 108, “risk weight of the counterparty” refers to 75% for exposures to individuals and SBEs (as defined in paragraph 80), 85% for exposures to SMEs and for exposures to other counterparties, the risk weight applied is the risk weight that would be assigned to an unsecured exposure to that counterparty.
Table 12: Risk weights for general commercial real estate exposures
(Repayment is not materially dependent on cash flows generated by property) LTV ≤ 60% LTV > 60% Risk weight Min (60%, RW of counterparty) RW of counterparty [Basel Framework, CRE 20.85]
108. Where any of the requirements in paragraph 90 are not met and paragraphs 109 to 114
are not applicable, the risk weight applied will be the risk weight of the counterparty. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.88-20.89]
109. When the prospects for servicing the loan materially depend50 on the cash flows
generated by the property securing the loan rather than on the underlying capacity of the 50 It is expected that the material dependence condition would predominantly apply to loans to corporates, SMEs or SPVs, but is not restricted to those borrower types.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 32 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe borrower to service the debt from other sources,51 and provided that paragraph 111 is not applicable, the exposure will be risk-weighted as follows:

• If the requirements in paragraph 90 are met, according to the LTV ratio as set out in the
  risk-weight Table 13 below; and
• If any of the requirements of paragraph 90 are not met, at 150%.
  Table 13: Risk weights for income-producing commercial real estate exposures
  (Repayment is materially dependent on cash flows generated by property) LTV ≤ 60% 60% < LTV ≤ 80% LTV > 80% Risk weight 70% 90% 110% [Basel Framework, CRE 20.87-20.89]

110. The primary source of these cash flows would generally be lease or rental payments, or
     the sale, of the commercial property. The distinguishing characteristic of these exposures compared to other commercial real estate exposures is that both the servicing of the loan and the recovery in the event of default depend materially on the cash flows generated by the property securing the exposure. The loan should be considered materially dependent on cash flows from the property if more than 50% of the borrower’s income used in the institution’s assessment of the borrower’s ability to service the loan is from cash flows generated by the commercial property. Income generated from other commercial real estate properties should not be considered when determining whether the loan is materially dependent on the borrower’s income. Institutions may alternatively categorize all investment or rental properties, as identified using their internal property purpose indicators, as income producing and subject to the risk￾weights in Table 13, provided that their internal policies for investment and rental properties can be shown, at OSFI’s request, to require that less than 50% of the gross income from the property be used in the institution's assessment of the borrower’s ability to service the loan. [Basel Framework CRE 20.79 and CRE 20.80]
     4.1.13 Land acquisition, development and construction exposures
111. Land acquisition, development and construction (ADC) exposures52 refers to loans to
     companies or SPVs financing any of the land acquisition for development and construction purposes, or development and construction of any residential or commercial property. ADC 51 For such exposures, institutions may apply the treatment described in paragraph 107 subject to the following conditions: (i) the losses stemming from commercial real estate lending up to 60% of LTV must not exceed 0.3% of the outstanding loans in any given year and (ii) overall losses stemming from commercial real estate lending must not exceed 0.5% of the outstanding loans in any given year. If either of these tests are not satisfied in a given year, the eligibility of the exemption will cease and the exposures where the prospect for servicing the loan materially depend on cash flows generated by the property securing the loan rather than the underlying capacity of the borrower to service the debt from other sources will again be risk weighted according to paragraph 109until both tests are satisfied again in the future. Institutions applying such treatment must publicly disclose whether these conditions are met. 52 ADC exposures do not include the acquisition of forest or agricultural land, where there is no planning consent or intention to apply for planning consent.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 33 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe exposures will be risk-weighted at 150%, unless they meet the criteria in paragraph 113. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.90]
112. An ADC exposure is one for which the source of repayment is either the future uncertain
sale of the property or cash flows which are substantially uncertain. Loans to corporates or SPVs where repayment of the loan depends on the credit quality of the corporate and not on the future income generated by the property, will be out of scope for the ADC treatment, and should be treated as a corporate exposure. Accordingly, ADC loans may be treated as corporate exposures provided any of the following criteria are met: (i) the property is being developed for the borrower’s own use, with a reasonable expectation that no more than 50% of the total property will be leased; or (ii) based on a 3-year average, and for either the borrower or guarantor of an ADC loan, revenue generated from all ADC activities does not total more than 25% of the total revenue of the borrower or guarantor of the ADC loan.
113. ADC exposures to residential real estate projects may be risk weighted at 100%, provided
that the following criteria are met:

• Prudential underwriting standards meet the requirements in paragraph 91 where
  applicable;
• For construction projects, pre-sale contracts amount to over 50% of total contracts or
  equity at risk equivalent to at least 25% of the real estate’s appraised as-completed value has been contributed by the borrower. Pre-sale contracts must be legally binding written contracts and the purchaser/renter must have made a substantial cash deposit which is subject to forfeiture if the contract is terminated.
• For land acquisition, LTV does not exceed 60%.
  In the event the institution holds the exposure in a subordinated or a mezzanine tranche of an ADC loan structure, the exposure should be risk-weighted at 300%. If an institution holds both the senior and the subordinated/mezzanine tranche(s) in the same ADC loan structure, the institution may treat the entire risk exposure as a single loan and use the risk weights in this
  section.
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.91]

114. High-rise residential construction projects (defined here as a building with five or more
     storeys) are only eligible for the 100% risk weight if the 50% pre-sale requirement is met. Purpose-built rental construction projects are excluded from this requirement and may continue to be eligible for the 100% risk weight if it meets the criteria set out in paragraph 113. A construction or development property can be considered residential if at least 50% of its square footage is intended for residential purposes. For mixed-use high-rise development projects, the percentage of total contracts that have been pre-sold should be based on the percentage of the overall project that has been pre-sold (i.e. residential and commercial combined). For mixed use low-rise projects, equity at risk should be calculated on a total project basis.
     4.1.14 Reverse mortgages
115. The Standardized Approach must be used for reverse mortgage exposures. Reverse

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 34 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe mortgages are non-recourse loans secured by property that have no defined term and no monthly repayment of principal and interest. The amount owing on a reverse mortgage grows with time as interest is accrued and deferred. The loan is generally repaid from the net proceeds of the sale (i.e. net of disposition costs) after the borrower has vacated the property. Reverse mortgage lenders are repaid the lesser of the fair market value of the home (less disposition costs) at the time it is sold and the amount of the loan. Assuming there is no event of default (for example, failure to pay property taxes and insurance, or failure to keep the home in a good state of repair), reverse mortgage lenders have no recourse to the borrower if the amount realized on the sale of the home is less than the amount owing on the reverse mortgage.
116. A reverse mortgage exposure includes all advances, plus accrued interest and 40% of
undrawn amounts, net of specific allowances. Undrawn amounts on reverse mortgages do not include future loan growth due to capitalizing interest. Undrawn amounts are treated as undrawn commitments and are subject to a credit conversion factor of 40%. A reverse mortgage exposure qualifies for the risk weights set out in Table 14 provided that all of the following conditions are met:

• Disposition costs on the mortgaged property and risk of appraisal error are not expected
  to exceed 15%-20% of the current appraised value
• The criteria for qualifying residential mortgages set out in section 4.1.11 are met
  (except that there is no requirement for recourse to the borrower for a deficiency)
• The value of the property must be appraised independently using prudently
  conservative valuation criteria. The valuation must be done independently from the institution’s mortgage acquisition, loan processing and loan decision process. To ensure that the value of the property is appraised in a prudently conservative manner, the valuation must exclude expectations on price increases and must be adjusted to take into account the potential for the current market price to be significantly above the value that would be sustainable over the life of the loan.53 In addition, institutions should assess and adjust, as appropriate, the value of the property for the purposes of calculating the LTV by considering relevant risk factors that make the underlying property more vulnerable to a significant house price correction or that may significantly affect the marketability of the property. If a market value can be determined, the valuation should not be higher than the market value.

117. Further, for a reverse mortgage to qualify for the risk weights set out in Table 14, the
     underwriting institution must have, at mortgage inception and at the time such risk weight is being considered, each of the following:
     53 In line with OSFI’s Guideline B-20: Residential Mortgage Insurance Underwriting Practices and Procedures, FRFIs should have clear and transparent property valuation policies and procedures including a framework for critically reviewing and, where appropriate, effectively challenging the assumptions and methodologies underlying valuations and property appraisals. In assessing the value of a property, FRFIs should take a risk￾based approach, and consider a combination of valuation tools and appraisal processes appropriate to the risk being undertaken. FRFIs should have robust processes in place for regularly monitoring, reviewing and updating their LTV ratio frameworks. The valuation process can include various methods such as on-site inspections, third-party appraisals and/or automated valuation tools.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 35 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Documented and prudent underwriting standards, including systematic methods for
  estimating expected occupancy term (which should at minimum refer to standard mortality tables), future real estate appreciation / depreciation, future interest rates on the reverse mortgage and determining appropriate levels for maximum initial LTVs and a maximum dollar amount that may be lent
• Documented procedures for monitoring loan to value ratios on an ongoing basis, based
  on outstanding loan amounts, including accrued interest, undrawn balances and up to date property values
• Documented procedures for obtaining independent reappraisals of the properties at
  regular intervals, not less than once every five years, with more frequent appraisals as loan to value ratios approach 80%
• A documented process to ensure timely reappraisal of properties in a major urban
  centre where resale home prices in that urban centre decline by more than 10%
• Documented procedures for ensuring that borrowers remain in compliance with loan
  conditions
• A rigorous method for stress testing the reverse mortgage portfolio that addresses
  expected occupancy, property value and interest rate assumptions
• Ongoing monitoring of reverse mortgage stress testing that is incorporated in the
  institution’s Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process and capital planning process.

118. For purposes of calculating risk weighted assets, current LTV is defined as:

• The reverse mortgage exposure (as defined in paragraph 116) divided by:
• The most recently appraised value of the property.

119. Table 14 sets out the risk weights that apply to reverse mortgage exposures:
     Table 14: Risk weights for reverse mortgage exposures
     Current LTV Risk Weight
     ≤ 35% 30%

35% and ≤ 55% 35%
55% and ≤ 65% 45%
65% and ≤ 80% 60%
80% Partial deduction

120. In particular:

• A reverse mortgage exposure that has a current LTV less than or equal to 35% is risk
  weighted at 30%.
• A reverse mortgage exposure that has a current LTV greater than 35%, but less than or
  equal to 55%, is risk weighted at 35%.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 36 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• A reverse mortgage exposure that has a current LTV greater than 55%, but less than or
  equal to 65%, is risk weighted at 45%.
• A reverse mortgage exposure that has a current LTV greater than 65%, but less than or
  equal to 80%, is risk weighted at 60%.
• Where a reverse mortgage exposure has a current LTV greater than 80%, the exposure
  amount that exceeds 80% LTV is deducted from Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital. The remaining amount is risk-weighted at 100%.
• If a reverse mortgage exposure fails to meet the criteria set out in paragraphs 116 and
  117, the exposure amount that exceeds 80% LTV is deducted from CET1 capital. The remaining amount is risk-weighted at 150%.
  4.1.15 Mortgage-backed securities

121. Mortgage backed securities (MBS) will be risk-weighted as follows:54

• National Housing Act (NHA) MBS that are guaranteed by the Canada Mortgage and
  Housing Corporation (CMHC), will receive a risk weight of 0% in recognition of the fact that obligations incurred by CMHC are legal obligations of the Government of Canada.
• Pass-through mortgage-backed securities that are fully and specifically secured against
  residential mortgages (see section 4.1.11) that meet the requirements for real estate exposures in paragraph 90, and provided that the treatment for ADC exposures in
  section 4.1.13 is not applicable, will be risk weighted based on the underlying
  exposures’ LTV ratios according to Tables 10 and 11. Risk weights of IPRE exposures as set out in Table 11 would only need to be included in the calculation of the risk weight of the MBS if IPRE exposures form a material portion of the underlying assets of the MBS.
• Pass-through mortgage-backed securities that are fully and specifically secured against
  commercial mortgages (see section 4.1.12) that meet the requirements for real estate exposures in paragraph 90, and provided that the treatment for ADC exposures in
  section 4.1.13 is not applicable, will be risk weighted based on the underlying
  exposures’ LTV ratios according to Tables 12 and 13. Risk weights of IPRE exposures as set out in Table 13 would only need to be included in the calculation of the risk weight of the MBS if IPRE exposures form a material portion of the underlying assets of the MBS.
• Amounts receivable resulting from the sale of mortgages under NHA MBS programs
  should be risk-weighted at 250% according the treatment of other assets (see section 4.1.23). Where the underlying pool of assets is comprised of assets that would attract different risk weights, the risk weight of the securities will be the highest risk weight associated with the underlying assets. If an institution does not have access to the LTVs of all underlying mortgages, 54 For the treatment of mortgage-backed securities issued in tranches, refer to Chapter 6 – Securitization.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 37 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe but only to the range of LTVs, then the risk weight for the MBS would be based on the upper bound of that range.
122. Mortgage-backed securities that are of pass-through type and are effectively a direct
holding of the underlying assets shall receive the risk-weight of the underlying assets, provided that all the following conditions are met:

• The underlying mortgage pool contains only mortgages that are fully performing when
  the mortgage-backed security is created.
• The securities must absorb their pro-rata share of any losses incurred.
• A special-purpose vehicle should be established for securitization and administration of
  the pooled mortgage loans.
• The underlying mortgages are assigned to an independent third party for the benefit of
  the investors in the securities who will then own the underlying mortgages.
• The arrangements for the special-purpose vehicle and trustee must provide that the
  following obligations are observed:
  o If a mortgage administrator or a mortgage servicer is employed to carry out administration functions, the vehicle and trustee must monitor the performance of the administrator or servicer. o The vehicle and/or trustee must provide detailed and regular information on structure and performance of the pooled mortgage loans. o The vehicle and trustee must be legally separate from the originator of the pooled mortgage loans. o The vehicle and trustee must be responsible for any damage or loss to investors created by their own or their mortgage servicer's mismanagement of the pooled mortgages. o The trustee must have a first priority charge on underlying assets on behalf of the holders of the securities. o The agreement must provide for the trustee to take clearly specified steps in cases when the mortgagor defaults. o The holder of the security must have a pro-rata share in the underlying mortgage assets or the vehicle that issues the security must have only liabilities related to the issuing of the mortgage-backed security. o The cash flows of the underlying mortgages must meet the cash flow requirements of the security without undue reliance on any reinvestment income. o The vehicle or trustee may invest cash flows pending distribution to investors only in short-term money market instruments (without any material reinvestment risk) or in new mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities that do not meet these conditions will receive the risk-weight of the originating entity or SPV.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 38 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.1.16 Risk weight multiplier to certain exposures with currency mismatch
123. For unhedged residential real estate exposures to individuals where the lending
currency differs from the currency of the borrower’s source of income, and where more than 10% of the borrower’s income used to qualify for the loan is denominated in foreign currency, institutions will apply a 1.5 times multiplier to the applicable risk weight according to paragraphs 95 to 103, subject to a maximum risk weight of 150%. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.92]
124. For the purposes of paragraph 123, an unhedged exposure refers to an exposure to a
borrower that has no natural or financial hedge against the foreign exchange risk resulting from the currency mismatch between the currency of the borrower’s income and the currency of the loan. A natural hedge exists where the borrower, in its normal operating procedures, receives foreign currency income that matches the currency of a given loan (e.g. remittances, rental incomes, salaries). A financial hedge generally includes a legal contract with a financial institution (e.g. forward contract). For the purposes of application of the multiplier, only these natural or financial hedges are considered sufficient where they cover at least 90% of the total loan instalment, regardless of the number of hedges. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.93]
4.1.17 Commitments
125. Commitments are arrangements that obligate an institution, at a client's request, to
extend credit, purchase assets or issue credit substitutes. It includes any such arrangement that can be unconditionally cancelled by the institution at any time without prior notice to the obligor. It also includes any such arrangement that can be cancelled by the institution if the obligor fails to meet conditions set out in the facility documentation, including conditions that must be met by the obligor prior to any initial or subsequent drawdown under the arrangement. Counterparty risk weightings for OTC derivative transactions will not be subject to any specific ceiling. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.94]
126. Normally, commitments involve a written contract or agreement and some form of
consideration, such as a commitment fee. Note that unfunded mortgage commitments are treated as commitments for risk-based capital purposes when the borrower has accepted the commitment extended by the institution and all conditions related to the commitment have been fully satisfied.
4.1.18 Off-balance sheet items
127. Off-balance sheet items will be converted into credit exposure equivalent amounts
through the use of credit conversion factors (CCF). In the case of commitments, the committed but undrawn amount of the exposure would be multiplied by the CCF. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.94]
128. A 100% CCF will be applied to the following items:
(1) Direct credit substitutes, e.g. general guarantees of indebtedness or equivalent instruments backing financial claims (including standby letters of credit serving as

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 39 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe financial guarantees for loans and securities). With a direct credit substitute, the risk of loss to the institution is directly dependent on the creditworthiness of the counterparty. (2) Sale and repurchase agreements and asset sales with recourse where the credit risk remains with the institution. A repurchase agreement is a transaction that involves the sale of a security or other asset with the simultaneous commitment by the seller that, after a stated period of time, the seller will repurchase the asset from the original buyer at a pre-determined price. A reverse repurchase agreement consists of the purchase of a security or other asset with the simultaneous commitment by the buyer that, after a stated period of time, the buyer will resell the asset to the original seller at a pre￾determined price. (3) The lending of an institution’s securities or the posting of securities as collateral by an institution, including instances where these arise out of repo-style transactions (i.e. repurchase/reverse repurchase and securities lending/securities borrowing transactions). The risk-weighting treatment for counterparty credit risk must be applied in addition to the credit risk charge on the securities or posted collateral, where the credit risk of the securities lent or posted as collateral remains with the institution. This paragraph does not apply to posted collateral related to derivative transactions that is treated in accordance with the counterparty credit risk standards. (4) Forward asset purchases. A forward asset purchase is a commitment to purchase a loan, security, or other asset at a specified future date, usually on prearranged terms. (5) Forward forward deposits. Forward forward deposits are agreements between two parties whereby one will pay and other receive an agreed rate of interest on a deposit to be placed by one party with the other at some pre-determined date in the future. Such deposits are distinct from future forward rate agreements in that, with forward/forwards, the deposit is actually placed. (6) Partly paid shares and securities.55 Partly paid shares and securities are transactions where only a part of the issue price or notional face value of a security purchased has been subscribed and the issuer may call for the outstanding balance (or a further installment), either on a date pre-determined at the time of issue or at an unspecified future date. These items are to be weighted according to the type of asset and not according to the type of counterparty with whom the transaction has been entered into. (7) Off-balance sheet items that are credit substitutes not explicitly included in any other category. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.95]
129. A 50% CCF will be applied to note issuance facilities (NIFs) and revolving
underwriting facilities (RUFs) regardless of the maturity of the underlying facility. These are arrangements whereby a borrower may issue short-term notes, typically three to six months in maturity, up to a prescribed limit over an extended period of time, commonly by means of 55 These items are to be weighted according to the type of asset and not according to the type of counterparty with whom the transaction has been entered into.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 40 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe repeated offerings to a tender panel. If at any time the notes are not sold by the tender at an acceptable price, an underwriter (or group of underwriters) undertakes to buy them at a prescribed price. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.96]
130. A 50% CCF will be applied to certain transaction-related contingent items
(e.g. performance-related guarantees). Transaction-related contingencies relate to the ongoing business activities of a counterparty, where the risk of loss to the reporting institution depends on the likelihood of a future event that is independent of the creditworthiness of the counterparty. Essentially, transaction-related contingencies are guarantees that support particular performance of non- financial or commercial contracts or undertakings, rather than supporting customers' general financial obligations. Performance-related guarantees specifically exclude items relating to non- performance of financial obligations. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.97]
131. Performance-related and non-financial guarantees include items such as:

• Performance bonds, warranties and indemnities. Performance standby letters of credit
  represent obligations backing the performance of non-financial or commercial contracts or undertakings. These include arrangements backing:
  o Subcontractors’ and supplies’ performance o Labour and material contracts o Delivery of merchandise, bids or tender bonds o Guarantees of repayment of deposits or prepayments in cases of non￾performance
• Customs and excise bonds. The amount recorded for such bonds should be the reporting
  institution’s maximum liability.

132. A 40% CCF will be applied to commitments, regardless of the maturity of the
     underlying facility, unless they qualify for a lower CCF. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.98]
133. A 25% CCF will be applied to undrawn balances of credit card and charge card
     exposures even if they meet the criteria in paragraph 135.
134. A 20% CCF will be applied to both the issuing and confirming institutions of short-term
     (i.e. with a maturity below one year) self-liquidating trade letters of credit arising from the movement of goods (e.g. commercial and documentary letters of credit issued by the institution that are, or are to be, collateralized by the underlying shipment). Letters of credit issued on behalf of a counterparty back-to-back with letters of credit of which the counterparty is a beneficiary ("back-to-back" letters) should be reported as documentary letters of credit. Letters

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 41 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe of credit advised by the institution for which the institution is acting as reimbursement agent should not be considered as a risk asset. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.99]
135. A 10% CCF will be applied to commitments that are unconditionally cancellable at any
time by the institution without prior notice, or that effectively provide for automatic cancellation due to deterioration in a borrower’s creditworthiness. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.100]
136. Where there is an undertaking to provide a commitment on an off-balance sheet item,
institutions are to apply the lower of the two applicable CCFs.56 [Basel Framework, CRE 20.101]
4.1.19 Exposures that give rise to counterparty credit risk
137. The credit equivalent amount of SFTs that expose an institution to counterparty credit
risk is to be calculated under the comprehensive approach in paragraphs 231 to 256. The credit equivalent amount of OTC derivatives that expose an institution to counterparty credit risk is to be calculated under the rules for counterparty credit risk in paragraph 257. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.102]
138. Institutions must closely monitor securities, commodities and foreign exchange
transactions that have failed, starting from the first day they fail. A capital charge on failed transactions must be calculated in accordance with section 7.2 of Chapter 7 of this guideline. [Basel Framework, CRE 70.2]
139. Institutions are exposed to the risk associated with unsettled securities, commodities,
and foreign exchange transactions from trade date. Irrespective of the booking or the accounting of the transaction, unsettled transactions must be taken into account for regulatory capital requirements purposes. Where they do not appear on the balance sheet (ie settlement date accounting), the unsettled exposure amount will receive a 100% CCF. Institutions are encouraged to develop, implement and improve systems for tracking and monitoring the credit risk exposure arising from unsettled transactions as appropriate so that they can produce management information that facilitates timely action. Furthermore, when such transactions are not processed through a delivery-versus-payment (DvP) or payment-versus-payment (PvP) mechanism, institutions must calculate a capital charge as set forth in section 7.2 in Chapter 7 of this guideline. [Basel Framework, CRE 70.1, CRE 70.2, CRE 70.6, and CRE 70.10]
4.1.20 Credit derivatives
140. An institution providing credit protection through a first-to-default or second-to-default
credit derivative is subject to capital requirements on such instruments. For first-to-default credit 56 For example if an institution has a commitment to open short-term self liquidating trade letters of credit arising from the movement of goods, a 20% CCF will be applied (instead of a 40% CCF); and if an institution has an unconditionally cancellable commitment described in paragraph 135 to issue direct credit substitutes, a 10% CCF will be applied (instead of a 100% CCF).

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 42 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe derivatives, the risk weights of the assets included in the basket must be aggregated up to a maximum of 1250% and multiplied by the nominal amount of the protection provided by the credit derivative to obtain the risk-weighted asset amount. For second-to-default credit derivatives, the treatment is similar; however, in aggregating the risk weights, the asset with the lowest risk-weighted amount can be excluded from the calculation. This treatment applies respectively for nth-to-default credit derivatives, for which the n-1 assets with the lowest risk￾weighted amounts can be excluded from the calculation. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.103]
4.1.21 Defaulted exposures
141. For risk-weighting purposes under the standardized approach, a defaulted exposure is
defined as one that is past due for more than 90 days, or is an exposure to a defaulted borrower. A defaulted borrower is a borrower in respect of whom any of the following events have occurred:
(1) Any material credit obligation that is past due for more than 90 days. Overdrafts will be considered as being past due once the customer has breached an advised limit or been advised of a limit smaller than current outstandings; (2) Any material credit obligation is on non-accrued status (e.g. the lending institution no longer recognizes accrued interest as income or, if recognized, makes an equivalent amount of provisions); (3) A write-off or account-specific provision is made as a result of a significant perceived decline in credit quality subsequent to the institution taking on any credit exposure to the borrower; (4) Any credit obligation is sold at a material credit-related economic loss; (5) A distressed restructuring of any credit obligation (ie a restructuring that may result in a diminished financial obligation caused by the material forgiveness, or postponement, of principal, interest or (where relevant) fees) is agreed by the institution; (6) The borrower’s bankruptcy or a similar order in respect of any of the borrower’s credit obligations to the banking group has been filed; (7) The borrower has sought or has been placed in bankruptcy or similar protection where this would avoid or delay repayment of any of the credit obligations to the banking group; or (8) Any other situation where the institution considers that the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations in full without recourse by the institution to actions such as realizing security. Additional guidance on indications of unlikeliness to pay can be found in OSFI Implementation Notes, IFRS 9 Guidance and applicable accounting standards. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.104]
142. For retail exposures, the definition of default can be applied at the level of a particular
facility, rather than at the level of the borrower. As such, default by a borrower on one facility does not require an institution to treat all other facilities from that borrower to the banking group as defaulted. All products secured by the same property issued as part of the same combined loan

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 43 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe product (CLP) are to be considered a single facility. That is, if a retail borrower is deemed to have defaulted on any product within a CLP, it is deemed to have defaulted on all products in the CLP. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.104 and CRE 36.71]
143. With the exception of residential real estate exposures treated under paragraph 144, the
unsecured or unguaranteed portion of a defaulted exposure shall be risk-weighted net of specific provisions and partial write-offs as follows:

• 150% risk weight when specific provisions are less than 20% of the outstanding amount
  of the loan; and
• 100% risk weight when specific provisions are equal or greater than 20% of the
  outstanding amount of the loan.
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.106]

144. Defaulted residential real estate exposures where repayments do not materially depend
     on cash flows generated by the property securing the loan shall be risk-weighted net of specific provisions and partial write-offs at 100%. Guarantees or financial collateral which are eligible according to the credit risk mitigation framework might be taken into account in the calculation of the exposure in accordance with paragraph 94. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.107]
145. For the purpose of defining the secured or guaranteed portion of the defaulted exposure,
     eligible collateral and guarantees will be the same as for credit risk mitigation purposes (see
     section 4.3). [Basel Framework, CRE 20.108]
     4.1.22 Equity Investments in Funds
146. Chapter 2 of this guideline requires institutions to deduct certain direct and indirect
     investments in financial institutions from regulatory capital. Exposures, including underlying exposures held by funds, that are required to be deducted according to Chapter 2 should not be risk weighted and therefore are excluded from the treatment in paragraphs 147 to 164 below.
147. Equity investments in funds that are held in the banking book must be treated in a
     manner consistent with one or more of the following three approaches, which vary in their risk sensitivity and conservatism: the “look-through approach” (LTA), the “mandate-based approach” (MBA), and the “fall-back approach” (FBA). The requirements set out in this section apply to institutions’ equity investments in all types of funds, including off-balance sheet exposures (e.g. unfunded commitments to subscribe to a fund’s future capital calls). [Basel Framework, CRE 60.1] (i) The look-through approach
148. The LTA requires an institution to risk weight the underlying exposures of a fund as if
     the exposures were held directly by the institution. This is the most granular and risk-sensitive approach. It must be used when:
     (a) there is sufficient and frequent information provided to the institution regarding the underlying exposures of the fund; and

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 44 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (b) such information is verified by an independent third party. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.2]
149. To satisfy condition (a) above, the frequency of financial reporting of the fund must be
the same as, or more frequent than, that of the institution’s and the granularity of the financial information must be sufficient to calculate the corresponding risk weights. To satisfy condition (b) above, there must be verification of the underlying exposures by an independent third party, such as the depository or the custodian institution or, where applicable, the management company.57 [Basel Framework, CRE 60.3]
150. Under the LTA institutions must risk weight all underlying exposures of the fund as if
those exposures were directly held. This includes, for example, any underlying exposure arising from the fund’s derivatives activities (for situations in which the underlying receives a risk weighting treatment under the calculation of the minimum risk-based capital requirements) and the associated counterparty credit risk (CCR) exposure. Instead of determining a credit valuation adjustment (CVA) charge associated with the fund’s derivatives exposures in accordance with
section 7.1.7 of Chapter 7, institutions must multiply the CCR exposure by a factor of 1.5 before
applying the risk weight associated with the counterparty.
58 [Basel Framework, CRE 60.4]
151. Institutions may rely on third-party calculations for determining the risk weights
associated with their equity investments in funds (i.e. the underlying risk weights of the exposures of the fund) if they do not have adequate data or information to perform the calculations themselves. In such cases, the applicable risk weight shall be 1.2 times higher than the one that would be applicable if the exposure were held directly by the institution. 59[Basel Framework, CRE 60.5]
152. The following is an example of the calculation of RWA using the LTA:
Consider a fund that replicates an equity index. Moreover, assume the following:

• The institution uses the Standardized Approach for credit risk when calculating its capital
  requirements;
• The institution owns 20% of the shares of the fund;
• The fund presents the following balance sheet:
  Assets:
• Cash: $20;
• Government bonds (AAA rated): $30; and
  57 An external audit is not required. 58 An institution is not required to apply the 1.5 factor for situations in which the CVA capital charge would not otherwise be applicable. This includes: (i) transactions with a central counterparty and (ii) securities financing transactions (SFTs), unless OSFI determines that the institution’s CVA loss exposure arising from SFTs are material. 59 For instance, any exposure that is subject to a 20% risk weight under the Standardized Approach would be weighted at 24% (1.2 × 20%) when the look through is performed by a third party.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 45 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Non-significant equity investments in commercial entities: $50
  Liabilities:
• Notes payable $5
  Equity
• Shares $95
  Balance sheet exposures of $100 will be risk-weighted according to the risk weights applied for cash (RW=0%), government bonds (RW=0%), and non-significant equity holdings of commercial entities (RW = 250%). The leverage of the fund is 100/95≈1.05. Therefore, the risk-weighted assets for the institution’s equity investment in the fund are calculated as follows:
  𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = ((𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐 ℎ + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 equities)/TotalAssetsfund) × 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = (($20×0% + $30×0% + $50×250%)/$100) × 1.05 × (20%×$95) = $24.9375 (ii) The mandate-based approach

153. The second approach, the MBA, provides a method for calculating regulatory capital
     that can be used when the conditions for applying the LTA are not met. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.6]
154. Under the MBA institutions may use the information contained in a fund’s mandate or
     in the national regulations governing such investment funds.
     60 To ensure that all underlying risks are taken into account (including CCR) and that the MBA renders capital requirements no less than the LTA, the risk-weighted assets for the fund’s exposures are calculated as the sum of the following three items:
     a. Balance sheet exposures (i.e. the funds’ assets) are risk weighted assuming the underlying portfolios are invested to the maximum extent allowed under the fund’s mandate in those assets attracting the highest capital requirements, and then progressively in those other assets implying lower capital requirements. If more than one risk weight can be applied to a given exposure, the maximum risk weight applicable must be used. 61 60 Information used for this purpose is not strictly limited to a fund’s mandate or national regulations governing like funds. It may also be drawn from other disclosures of the fund. 61 For instance, for investments in corporate bonds with no ratings restrictions, a risk weight of 150% must be applied.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 46 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe b. Whenever the underlying risk of a derivative exposure or an off-balance-sheet item receives a risk weighting treatment under the risk-based capital requirements , the notional amount of the derivative position or of the off-balance sheet exposure is risk weighted accordingly. 62 63
c. The CCR associated with the fund’s derivative exposures is calculated using the
Standardized Approach for measuring Counterparty Credit Risk (SACCR), set out in
section 7.1.7 of Chapter 7 of this guideline. SACCR calculates the counterparty credit
risk exposure of a netting set of derivatives by multiplying (i) the sum of the replacement cost and aggregate add-on for potential future exposure (PFE); by (ii) a multiplier set at
1.4. Whenever the replacement cost is unknown, the exposure measure for CCR will be
calculated in a conservative manner by using the notional amount of the derivatives in each netting set as a proxy for the replacement cost. Whenever the aggregate add-on for PFE is unknown, it will be calculated as 15% of the sum of the notional values of the derivatives in the netting set. 64 The risk weight associated with the counterparty is applied to the counterparty credit risk exposure. Instead of determining a CVA charge associated with the fund’s derivative exposures in accordance with Chapter 8 of this guideline, institutions must multiply the CCR exposure by a factor of 1.5 before applying the risk weight associated with the counterparty. 65 [Basel Framework, CRE 60.7]
155. The following is an example of the calculation of the RWA using the MBA
Consider a fund with assets of $100, where it is stated in the mandate that the fund replicates an equity index. In addition to being permitted to invest its assets in either cash or listed equities, the mandate allows the fund to take long positions in equity index futures up to a maximum nominal amount equivalent to the size of the fund’s balance sheet ($100). This means that the total on balance sheet and off balance sheet exposures of the fund can reach $200. Consider also that a maximum financial leverage (fund assets/fund equity) of 1.1 applies according to the mandate. The bank holds 20% of the shares of the fund, which represents an investment of $18.18. First, the on-balance sheet exposures of $100 will be risk weighted according to the risk weights applied to listed equity exposures (RW=250%), i.e. RWAon-BS = $100 × 250% = $250. Second, we assume that the fund has exhausted its limit on derivative positions, ie $100 notional amount. The RWA for the maximum notional amount of underlying the derivatives positions calculated by multiplying the following three amounts: (1) the SA credit conversion factor of 100% that is applicable to forward purchases; (2) the maximum exposure to the notional of $100; 62 If the underlying is unknown, the full notional amount of derivative positions must be used for the calculation. 63 If the notional amount of derivatives mentioned in paragraph 153 is unknown, it will be estimated conservatively using the maximum notional amount of derivatives allowed under the mandate. 64 For instance, if both replacement cost and add-on components are unknown, the CCR exposure will be calculated as 1.4 × (sum of the notionals in the netting set + 0.15 × sum of the notionals in the netting set). 65 A bank is not required to apply the 1.5 factor for situations in which the CVA capital charge would not otherwise be applicable. This includes: (i) transactions with a central counterparty and (ii) securities financing transactions (SFTs), unless OSFI determines that the bank’s CVA loss exposure arising from SFTs is material.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 47 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe and (3) the applicable risk weight for listed equities under the SA which is 250%. Thus, RWAunderlying = 100% × $100 × 250% = $250. Third, we would calculate the counterparty credit risk associated with the derivative contract. As set out in paragraph 154:
(i) If we do not know the replacement cost related to the futures contract, we would approximate it by the maximum notional amount, i.e. $100. (ii) If we do not know the aggregate add-on for potential future exposure, we would approximate this by 15% of the maximum notional amount (i.e. 15% of $100 = $15). (iii) The CCR exposure is calculated by multiplying (i) the sum of the replacement cost and aggregate add-on for potential future exposure; by (ii) 1.4, which is the prescribed value of alpha. The counterparty credit risk exposure in this example, assuming the replacement cost and aggregate add-on amounts are unknown, is therefore $161 (= 1.4 × ($100+$15)). Assuming the futures contract is cleared through a qualifying CCP, a risk weight of 2% applies, so that RWACCR = $161 × 2% = $3.2. There is no CVA charge assessed since the futures contract is cleared through a CCP. The RWA of the fund is hence obtained by adding RWAon-BS, RWAunderlying and RWACCR, i.e. $503.2 (=$250 + $250 + $3.2). The RWA ($503.2) will be divided by the total assets of the fund ($100) resulting in an average risk-weight of 503.2%. The bank’s total RWA associated with its equity investment is calculated as the product of the average risk weight of the fund, the fund’s maximum leverage and the size of the bank’s equity investment. That is the bank’s total associated RWA are 503.2% × 1.1 × $18.18 = $100.6. (iii) The fall-back approach
156. Where neither the LTA nor the MBA is feasible, institutions are required to apply the
FBA. Under the FBA, the institution’s equity investment in the fund is to be deducted from CET1 capital. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.8] (iv) Treatment of funds that invest in other funds
157. When an institution has an investment in a fund (e.g. Fund A) that itself has an
investment in another fund (e.g. Fund B), which the institution identified by using either the LTA or the MBA, the risk weight applied to the investment of the first fund (i.e. Fund A’s investment in Fund B) can be determined by using one of the three approaches set out above. For all subsequent layers (e.g. Fund B’s investments in Fund C and so forth), the risk weights applied to an investment in another fund (Fund C) can be determined by using the LTA under the condition

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 48 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe that the LTA was also used for determining the risk weight for the investment in the fund at the previous layer (Fund B). Otherwise, the FBA must be applied. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.9] (v) Partial use of an approach
158. An institution may use a combination of the three approaches when determining the
capital requirements for an equity investment in an individual fund, provided that the conditions set out in paragraphs 148 to 157 are met. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.10] (vi) Exclusions to the look-through, mandate-based and fall-back approaches
159. Equity holdings in entities whose debt obligations qualify for a zero risk weight are
excluded from the LTA, MBA and FBA approaches (including those publicly sponsored entities where a zero risk weight can be applied). [Basel Framework, CRE 60.11]
160. Equity investments made pursuant to the Specialized Financing (Banks) Regulations of
the Bank Act qualify for the exclusion contained in paragraph 77 and are risk weighted at 100%. Equity holdings made under legislated programmes can only be excluded up to an aggregate of 10% of an institution’s total regulatory capital. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.12 (vii) Leverage adjustment
161. Leverage is defined as the ratio of total assets to total equity. Leverage is taken into
account in the MBA by using the maximum financial leverage permitted in the fund’s mandate or in the national regulation governing the fund. [Basel Framework, CRE 60.13]
162. When determining the capital requirement related to its equity investment in a fund, an
institution must apply a leverage adjustment to the average risk weight of the fund, as set out in paragraph 163, subject to a cap of 1,250%.[Basel Framework, CRE 60.14]
163. After calculating the total risk-weighted assets of the fund according to the LTA or the
MBA, institutions will calculate the average risk weight of the fund (Avg RWfund) by dividing the total risk-weighted assets by the total assets of the fund. Using Avg RWfund and taking into account the leverage of a fund (Lvg), the risk-weighted assets for an institution’s equity investment in a fund can be represented as follows:
RWAinvestment = Avg RWfund × Lvg × equity investment [Basel Framework, CRE 60.15]
164. The effect of the leverage adjustments depends on the underlying riskiness of the
portfolio (ie the average risk weight) as obtained by applying the Standardized Approach or the IRB approaches for credit risk. The formula can therefore be re-written as:
RWAinvestment = RWAfund × percentage of shares [Basel Framework, CRE 60.16]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 49 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.1.23 Other assets
165. Other assets will be risk weighted as follows:
0% Risk weight

• cash and gold bullion held in the institution's own vaults or on an allocated basis to
  the extent backed by bullion liabilities,
• unrealized gains and accrued receivables on foreign exchange and interest rate￾related off-balance sheet transactions where they have been included in the off￾balance sheet calculations.
  20% Risk weight
• cheques and other items in transit.
  100% Risk weight
• premises, plant and equipment and other fixed assets,
• real estate and other investments (including non-consolidated investment
  participation in other companies),
• prepaid expenses,
• deferred charges,
• non-credit enhancing interest-only strips on transactions that are not subject to
  prepayment risk,
• right-of-use (ROU) assets where the leased asset is a tangible asset,66
• corporate and retail receivables for which the counterparty cannot be identified,67
• prepaid portfolio insurance (unamortized portion), subject to the following
  amortization expectations: the lesser of 5 years or the expected life (assuming no renewals) of the first term of the underlying mortgage loans or MBS pool, and
• all other assets.
  250% Risk weight
• Items described as Threshold Deductions (basket) in Chapter 2 - Definition of
  Capital, section 2.3.1 which fall below the applicable thresholds.
  66 ROU assets where the leased asset is an intangible asset are subject to the same capital treatment as if the leased asset was owned, as specified in section 2.3.1 of this guideline. 67 When the counterparty for a receivable can be identified, receivables (including from related entities) should be included under the appropriate asset class rather than in “other assets.”

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 50 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Deferred placement fees receivable, non-credit-enhancing interest-only strips, and
  any other assets that represent the present value of future spread income subject to prepayment risk. 1250% Risk weight
• The following securitization exposures:
  o Credit-enhancing interest-only strips, net of any related gain on sale deducted from capital o Certain unrated securitization exposures (refer to Chapter 6 – Securitization) Deduction from CET1 capital
• Non-payment/delivery on non-DvP and non-PvP transactions (refer to section
  2.3.4 of Chapter 2 – Definition of Capital),
• Significant investments in commercial entities (refer to section 2.3.4 of Chapter 2
  – Definition of Capital), and
• Intangible assets (refer to section 2.3.1 of Chapter 2 – Definition of Capital)
• Exposures to non-qualifying central counterparties (refer to section 7.1.9.2 of
  Chapter 7 – Settlement and Counterparty Risk)
• Any other assets that are required to be deducted from CET1 capital pursuant to
  Chapter 2 of this guideline.
  [Basel Framework, CRE 20.109-20.110 ]
  4.1.24 Treatment of purchased receivables

166. Purchased retail receivables that meet the four criteria for regulatory retail exposures, as
     specified in paragraph 83, are risk weighted at 75%. Purchased receivables to corporate entities or exposures that do not meet the retail definition, are risk-weighted as corporate exposures as per section 4.1.7.
167. In addition, as part of the institution’s risk management processes, it should establish
     underwriting criteria and monitoring procedures for all purchased assets/receivables, particularly where an institution regularly purchases assets from a seller pursuant to a facility or program. Therefore, an institution is expected to:

• establish quality criteria both for receivables to be purchased and for the seller/servicer of
  the receivables,
• regularly monitor the purchased receivables to ensure they meet the criteria,
• regularly monitor the financial condition of the seller/servicer of the receivables,

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 51 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• have legal certainty that the institution has ownership of the receivables and all associated
  cash remittances,
• have confidence that current and future advances or purchases can be repaid from the
  liquidation or collections from the receivables pool,
• periodically verify the accuracy of reports related to both the seller/servicer and the
  receivables/obligors,
• periodically verify the credit and collection policies of the seller/servicer, and
• establish procedures for monitoring adherence to all contractual terms by the
  seller/servicer and regular audits of critical phases of the program.
  4.2 External credit assessments and the mapping process
  4.2.1 The recognition process

168. For purposes of using external ratings for regulatory purposes, only credit assessments
     from credit rating agencies recognized by OSFI as external credit assessment institutions (ECAIs) will be allowed. OSFI’s review of applicants in determining ECAI eligibility is consistent with the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies.68 As part of its recognition process,69 OSFI determines whether a rating agency initially meets and subsequently continues to meet the criteria listed in paragraph 170. OSFI’s recognition is provided only in respect of ECAI ratings for types of exposures where all criteria and conditions are met. As such, ECAIs may be recognized on a limited basis, e.g. by type of exposure or by jurisdiction. OSFI will communicate changes to recognized ECAIs through this guideline. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.1]
169. OSFI will permit institutions to recognize credit ratings from the following rating
     agencies for capital adequacy purposes:

• DBRS
• Moody’s Investors Service
• Standard and Poor’s (S&P)
• Fitch Rating Services
• Kroll Bond Rating Agency, Inc. (KBRA)
  68 Available at Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies 69 The recognition process included completion of a self-assessment template and submission of data required to complete a mapping exercise (see paragraph 174).

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 52 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.2.2 Eligibility criteria
170. An ECAI must satisfy each of the following eight criteria.

1. Objectivity: The methodology for assigning credit assessments must be rigorous, systematic,
   and subject to some form of validation based on historical experience. Moreover, assessments must be subject to ongoing review and responsive to changes in financial condition. Before being recognized by OSFI, an assessment methodology for each market segment, including rigorous backtesting, must have been established for at least one year and preferably three years.
2. Independence: An ECAI should be independent and should not be subject to political or
   economic pressures that may influence the rating. In particular, an ECAI should not delay or refrain from taking a rating action based on its potential effect (economic, political or otherwise). The rating process should be as free as possible from any constraints that could arise in situations where the composition of the board of directors or the shareholder structure of the CRA may be seen as creating a conflict of interest. Furthermore, an ECAI should separate operationally, legally and, if practicable, physically its rating business from other businesses and analysts.
3. International access/transparency: The individual ratings, the key elements underlining the
   assessments and whether the issuer participated in the assessment process should be publically available on a non-selective basis, unless they are private ratings, which should be at least available to both domestic and foreign insitutions with legitimate interest and on equivalent terms. In addition, the ECAI’s general procedures, methodologies and assumptions for arriving at ratings should be publicly available.
4. Disclosure: An ECAI should disclose the following information: its code of conduct; the
   general nature of its compensation arrangements with assessed entities; any conflict of interest,70 the ECAI's compensation arrangements,71 its rating assessment methodologies, 70 At a minimum, the following situations and their influence on the ECAI’s credit rating methodologies or credit rating actions shal be disclosed:

• The ECAI is being paid to issue a credit rating by the rated entity or by the obligor, originator,
  underwriter, or arranger of the rated obligation;
• The ECAI is being paid by subscribers with a financial interest that could be affected by a credit rating
  action of the ECAI;
• The ECAI is being paid by rated entities, obligors, originators, underwriters, arrangers, or subscribers for
  services other than issuing credit ratings or providing access to the ECAI’s credit ratings;
• The ECAI is providing a preliminary indication or similar indication of credit quality to an entity, obligor,
  originator, underwriter, or arranger prior to being hired to determine the final credit rating for the entity, obligor, originator, underwriter, or arranger; and
• The ECAI has a direct or indirect ownership interest in a rated entity or obligor, or a rated entity or obligor
  has a direct or indirect ownership interest in the ECAI.
  71 An ECAI should disclose the general nature of its compensation arrangements with rated entities, obligors, lead underwriters, or arrangers. When the ECAI receives from a rated entity, obligor, originator, lead underwriter, or arranger compensation unrelated to its credit rating services, the ECAI should disclose such unrelated

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 53 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe including the definition of default, the time horizon, and the meaning of each rating; the actual default rates experienced in each assessment category; and the transitions of the ratings, e.g. the likelihood of AA ratings becoming A over time. A rating should be disclosed as soon as practicably possible after issuance. When disclosing a rating, the information should be provided in plain language, indicating the nature and limitation of credit ratings and the risk of unduly relying on them to make investments.
5. Resources: An ECAI should have sufficient resources to carry out high quality credit
assessments. These resources should allow for substantial ongoing contact with senior and operational levels within the entities assessed in order to add value to the credit assessments. In particular, ECAIs should assign analysts with appropriate knowledge and experience to assess the creditworthiness of the type of entity or obligation being rated. Such assessments should be based on methodologies combining qualitative and quantitative approaches.
6. Credibility: To some extent, credibility is derived from the criteria above. In addition, the
reliance on an ECAI’s external credit assessments by independent parties (investors, insurers, trading partners) is evidence of the credibility of the assessments of an ECAI. The credibility of an ECAI is also underpinned by the existence of internal procedures to prevent the misuse of confidential information. In order to be eligible for recognition, an ECAI does not have to assess firms in more than one country.
7. No abuse of unsolicited ratings: ECAIs must not use unsolicited ratings to put pressure on
entities to obtain solicited ratings. OSFI may initiate a review of an ECAI’s continued recognition as eligible for capital adequacy purposes, if such behaviour is identified.
8. Cooperation with OSFI: ECAIs should notify OSFI of any significant changes to
methodologies and provide access to external ratings and other relevant data in order to support initial and continued determination of eligibility. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.2]
171. Regarding the disclosure of conflicts on interest referenced in criterion (4) in paragraph
170 above, at a minimum, the following situations and their influence on the ECAI’s credit rating methodologies or credit rating actions shall be disclosed:
(1) The ECAI is being paid to issue a credit rating by the rated entity or by the obligor, originator, underwriter, or arranger of the rated obligation; (2) The ECAI is being paid by subscribers with a financial interest that could be affected by a credit rating action of the ECAI; compensation as a percentage of total annual compensation received from such rated entity, obligor, lead underwriter, or arranger in the relevant credit rating report or elsewhere, as appropriate. An ECAI should disclose in the relevant credit rating report or elsewhere, as appropriate, if it receives 10% or more of its annual revenue from a single client (eg a rated entity, obligor, originator, lead underwriter, arranger, or subscriber, or any of their affiliates).

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 54 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (3) The ECAI is being paid by rated entities, obligors, originators, underwriters, arrangers, or subscribers for services other than issuing credit ratings or providing access to the ECAI’s credit ratings; (4) The ECAI is providing a preliminary indication or similar indication of credit quality to an entity, obligor, originator, underwriter, or arranger prior to being hired to determine the final credit rating for the entity, obligor, originator, underwriter, or arranger; and (5) The ECAI has a direct or indirect ownership interest in a rated entity or obligor, or a rated entity or obligor has a direct or indirect ownership interest in the ECAI. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.3]
172. Regarding the disclosure of conflicts on interest referenced in criterion (4) in paragraph
170 above:
(1) An ECAI should disclose the general nature of its compensation arrangements with rated entities, obligors, lead underwriters, or arrangers. (2) When the ECAI receives from a rated entity, obligor, originator, lead underwriter, or arranger compensation unrelated to its credit rating services, the ECAI should disclose such unrelated compensation as a percentage of total annual compensation received from such rated entity, obligor, lead underwriter, or arranger in the relevant credit rating report or elsewhere, as appropriate. (3) An ECAI should disclose in the relevant credit rating report or elsewhere, as appropriate, if it receives 10% or more of its annual revenue from a single client (e.g. a rated entity, obligor, originator, lead underwriter, arranger, or subscriber, or any of their affiliates). [Basel Framework, CRE 21.4]
173. In addition to the above criteria, OSFI requires that an ECAI be recognized as a
designated rating organization by the Canadian Securities Administrators National Instrument 25-101 in order to be an eligible ECAI in Canada.
4.2.3 Implementation considerations
4.2.3.1 The mapping process
174. As part of the mapping process, OSFI will assign eligible ECAIs’ ratings to the risk
weights available under the standardized approach (i.e. deciding which rating categories correspond to which risk weights). The objective of this mapping process is a risk weight assignment consistent with that of the level of credit risk reflected in Tables 1 through 14 in this
chapter. This process is intended to cover the full spectrum of risk weights. [Basel Framework,
CRE 21.5]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 55 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Long-term rating Standardized risk weight category DBRS Moody’s S&P Fitch KBRA 1 (AAA to AA-) AAA to AA(low) Aaa to Aa3 AAA to AA- AAA to AA- AAA to AA￾2 (A+ to A-) A(high) to A(low) A1 to A3 A+ to A- A+ to A- A+ to A￾3 (BBB+ to BBB-) BBB(high) to BBB(low) Baa1 to Baa3 BBB+ to BBB￾BBB+ to BBB￾BBB+ to BBB￾4 (BB+ to BB-) BB(high) to BB(low) Ba1 to Ba3 BB+ to BB- BB+ to BB- BB+ to BB￾5 (B+ to B-) B(high) to B(low) B1 to B3 B+ to B- B+ to B- B+ to B￾6 Below B￾CCC or lower Below B3 Below B- Below B- Below B￾175. For mapping purposes OSFI considers factors such as: the size and scope of the pool of issuers that each ECAI covers, the range and meaning of the assessments that it assigns, and the definition of default used by the ECAI. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.6]
176. The OSFI process for mapping of ratings into risk weights is intended to be consistent
with BCBS guidance published in the Standardized approach – implementing the mapping process (April 2019).72 [Basel Framework, CRE 21.7]
177. Institutions must use the chosen ECAIs and their ratings consistently for each type of
exposure where they have been recognized by OSFI as an eligible ECAI, for both risk weighting and risk management purposes. Institutions will not be allowed to “cherry-pick” the assessments provided by different ECAIs and to arbitrarily change the use of ECAIs. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.8]
4.2.3.2 Multiple external ratings
178. If there is only one rating by an ECAI chosen by an institution for a particular exposure,
that rating should be used to determine the risk weight of the exposure. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.9]
179. If there are two ratings by ECAIs chosen by an institution which map into different risk
weights, the higher risk weight will be applied. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.10]
180. If there are three or more ratings with different risk weights, the two ratings that
correspond to the lowest risk weights should be referred to. If these give rise to the same risk 72 Standardised approach – implementing the mapping process

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 56 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe weight, that risk weight should be applied. If different, the higher risk weight should be applied. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.11]
4.2.3.3 Determination of whether an exposure is rated: Issue-specific and issuer-specific
ratings
181. Where an institution invests in a particular issue that has an issue-specific rating, the
risk weight of the exposure will be based on this rating. Where the institution’s exposure is not an investment in a specific rated issue, the following general principles apply.

• In circumstances where the borrower has a specific rating for an issued debt – but the
  institution’s exposure is not an investment in this particular debt – a high-quality credit rating (one which maps into a risk weight lower than that which applies to an unrated exposure) on that specific debt may only be applied to the institution’s unrated exposure if this exposure ranks in all respects pari passu or senior to the exposure with a rating. If not, the external rating cannot be used and the unassessed exposure will receive the risk weight for unrated exposures.
• In circumstances where the borrower has an issuer rating, this rating typically applies
  to senior unsecured exposures to that issuer. Consequently, only senior exposures to that issuer will benefit from a high-quality issuer rating. Other unassessed exposures of a highly rated issuer will be treated as unrated. If either the issuer or a single issue has a low-quality rating (mapping into a risk weight equal to or higher than that which applies to unrated exposures), an unassessed exposure to the same counterparty that ranks pari passu or is subordinated to either the senior unsecured issuer rating or the exposure with a low-quality rating will be assigned the same risk weight as is applicable to the low-quality rating.
• In circumstances where the issuer has a specific high-quality rating (one which maps
  into a lower risk weight) that only applies to a limited class of liabilities (such as a deposit rating or a counterparty risk rating), this may only be used in respect of exposures that fall within that class. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.12]

182. Whether the institution intends to rely on an issuer- or an issue-specific rating, the rating
     must take into account and reflect the entire amount of credit risk exposure the institution has with regard to all payments owed to it. For example, if an institution is owed both principal and interest, the assessment must fully take into account and reflect the credit risk associated with repayment of both principal and interest. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.13]
183. In order to avoid any double counting of credit enhancement factors, OSFI will not take
     into account any credit risk mitigation techniques if the credit enhancement is already reflected in the issue specific rating (see paragraph 195). [Basel Framework, CRE 21.14]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 57 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.2.3.4 Domestic currency and foreign currency assessments
184. Where unrated exposures are risk weighted based on the rating of an equivalent
exposure to that borrower, the general rule is that foreign currency ratings would be used for exposures in foreign currency. Domestic currency ratings, if separate, would only be used to risk weight exposures denominated in the domestic currency.73 [Basel Framework, CRE 21.15]
4.2.3.5 Short-term/long-term assessments
185. For risk-weighting purposes, short-term ratings are deemed to be issue-specific. They
can only be used to derive risk weights for exposures arising from the rated facility. They cannot be generalized to other short-term exposures, except under the conditions of paragraph 187. In no event can a short-term rating be used to support a risk weight for an unrated long-term exposure. Short-term ratings may only be used for short-term exposures against banks and corporates. The
table below provides a framework for institutions’ exposures to specific short-term facilities,
such as a particular issuance of commercial paper:
Table 15: Risk weights for issue-specific short-term ratings
External rating
A-1/P-174 A-2/P-2 A-3/P-3 Others75
Risk weight 20% 50% 100% 150%
[Basel Framework, CRE 21.16]
73 However, when an exposure arises through an institution's participation in a loan that has been extended, or has been guaranteed against convertibility and transfer risk, by certain MDBs, its convertibility and transfer risk can be considered to be effectively mitigated. To qualify, MDBs must have preferred creditor status recognized in the market and be included in section 4.1.3. In such cases, for risk weighting purposes, the borrower's domestic currency rating may be used instead of its foreign currency rating. In the case of a guarantee against convertibility and transfer risk, the local currency rating can be used only for the portion that has been guaranteed. The portion of the loan not benefiting from such a guarantee will be risk-weighted based on the foreign currency rating. 74 The notations follow the methodology used by S&P and by Moody’s Investors Service. The A-1 rating of S&P includes both A-1+ and A-1-. 75 The “others” category includes all non-prime and B or C ratings.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 58 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Short-term rating Standardized Risk Weight Category DBRS Moody’s S&P Fitch KBRA 1 (A-1/P-1) R-1(high) to R-1(low) P-1 A-1+, A-1 F1+, F1 K1+, K1 2 (A-2/P-2) R-2(high) to R-2(low) P-2 A-2 F2 K2 3 (A-3/P-3) R-3 P-3 A-3 F3 K3 4 Others Below R-3 NP All short-term ratings below A-3 Below F3 Below K3
186. If a short-term rated facility attracts a 50% risk-weight, unrated short-term exposures
cannot attract a risk weight lower than 100%. If an issuer has a short-term facility with an assessment that warrants a risk weight of 150%, all unrated exposures, whether long-term or short-term, should also receive a 150% risk weight, unless the institution uses recognized credit risk mitigation techniques for such exposures. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.17]
187. In cases where short-term ratings are available, the following interaction with the
general preferential treatment for short-term exposures to banks as described in paragraph 29 will apply:
(1) The general preferential treatment for short-term exposures applies to all exposures to banks of up to three months original maturity when there is no specific short-term exposure assessment. (2) When there is a short-term rating and such a rating maps into a risk weight that is more favourable (i.e. lower) or identical to that derived from the general preferential treatment, the short-term rating should be used for the specific exposure only. Other short-term exposures would benefit from the general preferential treatment. (3) When a specific short-term rating for a short term exposure to a bank maps into a less favourable (higher) risk weight, the general short-term preferential treatment for interbank exposures cannot be used. All unrated short-term exposures should receive the same risk weighting as that implied by the specific short-term rating. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.18]
188. When a short-term rating is to be used, the institution making the assessment needs to
meet all of the eligibility criteria for recognizing ECAIs, as described in paragraph 170, in terms of its short-term ratings. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.19]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 59 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
4.2.3.6 Level of application of the rating
189. External ratings for one entity within a corporate group cannot be used to risk weight
other entities within the same group. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.20]
4.2.3.7 Unsolicited ratings
190. As a general rule, institutions should use solicited ratings from eligible ECAIs.
Institutions can use unsolicited ratings in the same way as solicited ratings for sovereign ratings in cases were solicited ratings are not available. [Basel Framework, CRE 21.21]
4.3 Credit Risk Mitigation – Standardized Approach
4.3.1 Overarching Issues
(i) Introduction
191. Institutions use a number of techniques to mitigate the credit risks to which they are
exposed. For example, exposures may be collateralized by first priority claims, in whole or in
part with cash or securities, a loan exposure may be guaranteed by a third party, or an institution
may buy a credit derivative to offset various forms of credit risk. Additionally institutions may agree to net loans owed to them against deposits from the same counterparty.76 [Basel Framework, CRE 22.1]
192. The framework set out in this section is applicable to banking book exposures that are
risk-weighted under the standardized approach. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.2] (ii) General requirements
193. No transaction in which credit risk mitigation (CRM) techniques are used shall receive a
higher capital requirement than an otherwise identical transaction where such techniques are not used. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.3]
194. The requirements set out in OSFI’s Pillar 3 Disclosure Requirements Guideline77 must
be fulfilled for institutions to obtain capital relief in respect of any CRM techniques. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.4]
195. The effects of CRM must not be double-counted. Therefore, no additional supervisory
recognition of CRM for regulatory capital purposes will be granted on exposures for which the risk weight already reflects that CRM. Consistent with paragraph 182, principal-only ratings will also not be allowed within the CRM framework. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.5] 76 In this section, “counterparty” is used to denote a party to whom a bank has an on- or off-balance sheet credit exposure. That exposure may, for example, take the form of a loan of cash or securities (where the counterparty would traditionally be called the borrower), of securities posted as collateral, of a commitment or of exposure under an over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives contract. 77 Pillar 3 Disclosure Requirements

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 60 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
196. While the use of CRM techniques reduces or transfers credit risk, it may simultaneously
increase other risks (i.e. residual risks). Residual risks include legal, operational, liquidity and market risks. Therefore, institutions must employ robust procedures and processes to control these risks, including strategy; consideration of the underlying credit; valuation; policies and procedures; systems; control of roll-off risks; and management of concentration risk arising from the institution’s use of CRM techniques and its interaction with the institution’s overall credit risk profile. Where these risks are not adequately controlled, OSFI may impose additional capital charges or take other supervisory actions as outlined in OSFI’s Supervisory Framework78. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.6]
197. In order for CRM techniques to provide protection, the credit quality of the counterparty
must not have a material positive correlation with the employed CRM technique or with the resulting residual risks (as defined in paragraph 196). For example, securities issued by the counterparty (or by any counterparty-related entity) provide little protection as collateral and are thus ineligible. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.7]
198. In the case where an institution has multiple CRM techniques covering a single
exposure (e.g. an institution has both collateral and a guarantee partially covering an exposure), the institution must subdivide the exposure into portions covered by each type of CRM technique (e.g. portion covered by collateral, portion covered by guarantee) and the risk-weighted assets of each portion must be calculated separately. When credit protection provided by a single protection provider has differing maturities, they must be subdivided into separate protection as well. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.8] (iii) Legal requirements
199. In order for institutions to obtain capital relief for any use of CRM techniques, all
documentation used in collateralized transactions, on-balance sheet netting agreements, guarantees and credit derivatives must be binding on all parties and legally enforceable in all relevant jurisdictions. Institutions must have conducted sufficient legal review to verify this and have a well-founded legal basis to reach this conclusion, and undertake such further review as necessary to ensure continuing enforceability. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.9] (iv) General treatment of maturity mismatches
200. For the purposes of calculating risk-weighted assets, a maturity mismatch occurs when
the residual maturity of a credit protection arrangement (e.g. hedge) is less than that of the underlying exposure. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.10]
201. In the case of financial collateral, maturity mismatches are not allowed under the simple
approach (see paragraph 224). [Basel Framework, CRE 22.11]
202. Under the other approaches, when there is a maturity mismatch the credit protection
arrangement may only be recognized if the original maturity of the arrangement is greater than or 78 OSFI’s Supervisory Framework

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 61 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe equal to one year, and its residual maturity is greater than or equal to three months. In such cases, credit risk mitigation may be partially recognized as detailed below in paragraph 203. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.12]
203. When there is a maturity mismatch with recognized credit risk mitigants, the following
adjustment applies
Pa = P ∗ t − 0.25
T − 0.25
Where:
Pa = value of the credit protection adjusted for maturity mismatch P = credit protection amount (e.g. collateral amount, guarantee amount) adjusted for any haircuts t = min {T, residual maturity of the credit protection arrangement expressed in years} T = min {five years, residual maturity of the exposure expressed in years} [Basel Framework, CRE 22.13]
204. The maturity of the underlying exposure and the maturity of the hedge must both be
defined conservatively. The effective maturity of the underlying must be gauged as the longest possible remaining time before the counterparty is scheduled to fulfil its obligation, taking into account any applicable grace period. For the hedge, (embedded) options that may reduce the term of the hedge must be taken into account so that the shortest possible effective maturity is used. For example: where, in the case of a credit derivative, the protection seller has a call option, the maturity is the first call date. Likewise, if the protection buyer owns the call option and has a strong incentive to call the transaction at the first call date, for example because of a step-up in cost from this date on, the effective maturity is the remaining time to the first call date. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.14] (v) Currency mismatches
205. Currency mismatches are allowed under all approaches. Under the simple approach
there is no specific treatment for currency mismatches, given that a minimum risk weight of 20% (floor) is generally applied. Under the comprehensive approach and in case of guarantees and credit derivatives, a specific adjustment for currency mismatches is prescribed in paragraphs 241 and 278, respectively. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.15]
4.3.2 Overview of Credit Risk Mitigation Techniques
(i) Collateralized transactions
206. A collateralized transaction is one in which:
(1) institutions have a credit exposure or potential credit exposure; and

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 62 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (2) that credit exposure or potential credit exposure is hedged in whole or in part by collateral posted by a counterparty or by a third party on behalf of the counterparty. [Basel framework, CRE 22.16] Where institutions take eligible financial collateral, they may reduce their regulatory capital requirements through the application of CRM techniques. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.17]
207. Institutions may opt for either:
(i) The simple approach, which replaces the risk weight of the counterparty with the risk weight of the collateral for the collateralized portion of the exposure (generally subject to a 20% floor as per paragraph 224); or (ii) The comprehensive approach, which allows a more precise offset of collateral against exposures, by effectively reducing the exposure amount by a volatility-adjusted value ascribed to the collateral. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.18]
208. Detailed operational requirements for the simple approach and comprehensive approach
are given in paragraphs 223 to 256. Institutions may operate under either, but not both, approaches in the banking book. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.19]
209. For collateralized OTC transactions, exchange traded derivatives and long settlement
transactions, institutions may use the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk (SA￾CCR) or the Internal Models Method to calculate the exposure amount, in accordance with paragraph 257. Only those institutions that are subject to the market risk requirements as defined in section 1.3.2 of Chapter 1 of this guideline are eligible to apply to use IMM to calculate counterparty credit risk exposure amounts. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.20] (ii) On-balance sheet netting
210. Where institutions have legally enforceable netting arrangements for loans and deposits
that meet the conditions in paragraph 258 they may calculate capital requirements on the basis of net credit exposures as set out in that paragraph. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.21] (iii) Guarantees and credit derivatives
211. Where guarantees or credit derivatives fulfil the minimum operational conditions set out
in paragraphs 260 to 262, institutions may take account of the credit protection offered by such credit risk mitigation techniques in calculating capital requirements. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.22]
212. A range of guarantors and protection providers are recognized and a substitution
approach applies for capital requirement calculations. Only guarantees issued by or protection provided by entities with a lower risk weight than the counterparty lead to reduced capital charges for the guaranteed exposure, since the protected portion of the counterparty exposure is assigned the risk weight of the guarantor or protection provider, whereas the uncovered portion retains the risk weight of the underlying counterparty. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.23]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 63 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
213. Detailed conditions and operational requirements for guarantees and credit derivatives
are given in paragraphs 260 to 281. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.24]
4.3.3 Collateralized transactions
(i) General Requirements
214. Before capital relief is granted in respect of any form of collateral, the standards set out
below in paragraphs 215 to 222 must be met, irrespective of whether the simple or the comprehensive approach is used. Institutions that lend securities or post collateral must calculate capital requirements for both of the following: (i) the credit risk or market risk of the securities, if this remains with the institution; and (ii) the counterparty credit risk arising from the risk that the borrower of the securities may default. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.25]
215. The legal mechanism by which collateral is pledged or transferred must ensure that the
institution has the right to liquidate or take legal possession of it, in a timely manner, in the event of the default, insolvency or bankruptcy (or one or more otherwise-defined credit events set out in the transaction documentation) of the counterparty (and, where applicable, of the custodian holding the collateral). Additionally, institutions must take all steps necessary to fulfil those requirements under the law applicable to the institution’s interest in the collateral for obtaining and maintaining an enforceable security interest, e.g. by registering it with a registrar, or for exercising a right to net or set off in relation to the title transfer of the collateral. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.26]
216. For property taken as collateral, institutions may use title insurance in place of a title
search to achieve compliance with paragraph 215. OSFI expects institutions that rely on title insurance to reflect the risk of non-performance on these insurance contracts in their estimates of LGD if this risk is material.
217. Institutions must have clear and robust procedures for the timely liquidation of collateral
to ensure that any legal conditions required for declaring the default of the counterparty and liquidating the collateral are observed, and that collateral can be liquidated promptly. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.27]
218. Institutions must ensure that sufficient resources are devoted to the orderly operation of
margin agreements with OTC derivative and securities-financing counterparties, as measured by the timeliness and accuracy of its outgoing margin calls and response time to incoming margin calls. Institutions must have collateral risk management policies in place to control, monitor and report:
(1) the risk to which margin agreements expose them (such as the volatility and liquidity of the securities exchanged as collateral); (2) the concentration risk to particular types of collateral; (3) the reuse of collateral (both cash and non-cash) including the potential liquidity shortfalls resulting from the reuse of collateral received from counterparties; and

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 64 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (4) the surrender of rights on collateral posted to counterparties [Basel Framework, CRE 22.28]
219. Where the collateral is held by a custodian, institutions must take reasonable steps to
ensure that the custodian segregates the collateral from its own assets. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.29]
220. A capital requirement must be applied on both sides of a transaction. For example, both
repos and reverse repos will be subject to capital requirements. Likewise, both sides of a securities lending and borrowing transaction will be subject to explicit capital charges, as will the posting of securities in connection with derivatives exposures or with any other borrowing transaction. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.30]
221. Where an institution, acting as an agent, arranges a repo-style transaction (ie
repurchase/reverse repurchase and securities lending/borrowing transactions) between a customer and a third party and provides a guarantee to the customer that the third party will perform on its obligations, then the risk to the institution is the same as if the institution had entered into the transaction as a principal. In such circumstances, an institution must calculate capital requirements as if it were itself the principal. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.31]
222. Transactions where an institution acts as an agent and provides a guarantee to the
customer should be treated as a direct credit substitute (i.e. a separate netting set) unless the transaction is covered by a master netting arrangement. (ii) The simple approach (a) General requirements for the simple approach
223. Under the simple approach, the risk weight of the counterparty is replaced by the risk
weight of the collateral instrument collateralizing or partially collateralizing the exposure. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.32]
224. For collateral to be recognized in the simple approach, it must be pledged for at least the
life of the exposure and it must be marked to market and revalued with a minimum frequency of six months. Those portions of exposures collateralized by the market value of recognized collateral receive the risk weight applicable to the collateral instrument. The risk weight on the collateralized portion is subject to a floor of 20% except under the conditions specified in paragraphs 227 to 230. The remainder of the exposure must be assigned the risk weight appropriate to the counterparty. Maturity mismatches are not allowed under the simple approach (see paragraphs 200 and 201). [Basel Framework, CRE 22.33] (b) Eligible financial collateral under the simple approach
225. The following collateral instruments are eligible for recognition in the simple approach:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 65 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (a) Cash (as well as certificates of deposit or comparable instruments issued by the lending institution) on deposit with the institution which is incurring the counterparty exposure.79 80 (b) Gold (c) Debt securities rated by a recognized ECAI where these are either:
(i) at least BB- when issued by sovereigns or PSEs that are treated as sovereigns by the national regulatory authority; or (ii) at least BBB- when issued by other entities (including banks and securities firms); or (iii)at least A-3/P-3 for short-term debt instruments. (d) Debt securities not rated by a recognized ECAI where these are:
(i) issued by a bank; and
(ii) listed on a recognized exchange; and
(iii) classified as senior debt; and
(iv) all rated issues of the same seniority by the issuing institution must be rated at least BBB- or A-3/P-3 by a recognized ECAI; and (v) the institution holding the securities as collateral has no information to suggest that the issue justifies a rating below BBB- or A-3/P-3 (as applicable) and (vi) OSFI is sufficiently confident about the market liquidity of the security. (e) Equities (including convertible bonds) that are included in a main index. (f) Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities (UCITS) and mutual funds where:
(i) a price for the units is publicly quoted daily; and (ii) the UCITS/mutual fund is limited to investing in the instruments listed in this paragraph. 81 [Basel Framework, CRE 22.34] 79 Cash-funded credit linked notes issued by the institution against exposures in the banking book which fulfil the criteria for credit derivatives will be treated as cash-collateralized transactions. 80 When cash on deposit, certificates of deposit or comparable instruments issued by the lending bank are held as collateral at a third-party bank in a non-custodial arrangement, if they are openly pledged/assigned to the lending bank and if the pledge/assignment is unconditional and irrevocable, the exposure amount covered by the collateral (after any necessary haircuts for currency risk) will receive the risk weight of the third-party bank. 81 However, the use or potential use by a UCITS/mutual fund of derivative instruments solely to hedge investments listed in this paragraph and paragraph 236 shall not prevent units in that UCITS/mutual fund from being eligible financial collateral.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 66 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
226. Resecuritizations as defined in Chapter 6 of this guideline are not eligible collateral.
(c) Exemptions under the simple approach to the risk-weight floor
227. Repo-style transactions that fulfil all of the following conditions are exempted from the
risk-weight floor under the simple approach:
(1) Both the exposure and the collateral are cash or a sovereign security or PSE security qualifying for a 0% risk weight under the standardized approach; (2) Both the exposure and the collateral are denominated in the same currency; (3) Either the transaction is overnight or both the exposure and the collateral are marked to market daily and are subject to daily remargining; (4) Following a counterparty’s failure to remargin, the time that is required between the last mark-to-market before the failure to remargin and the liquidation of the collateral is considered to be no more than four business days; (5) The transaction is settled across a settlement system proven for that type of transaction; (6) The documentation covering the agreement is standard market documentation for repo-style transactions in the securities concerned; (7) The transaction is governed by documentation specifying that if the counterparty fails to satisfy an obligation to deliver cash or securities or to deliver margin or otherwise defaults, then the transaction is immediately terminable; and (8) Upon any default event, regardless of whether the counterparty is insolvent or bankrupt, the institution has the unfettered, legally enforceable right to immediately seize and liquidate the collateral for its benefit. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.36]
228. Core market participants include, the following entities:
(a) Sovereigns, central banks and PSEs;
(b) Banks and securities firms;
(c) Other financial companies (including insurance companies) eligible for a 20% risk weight in the standardized approach; (d) Regulated mutual funds that are subject to capital or leverage requirements; (e) Regulated pension funds; and (f) Qualifying central counterparties (QCCPs). [Basel Framework, CRE 22.37]
229. Repo transactions that fulfil the requirement in paragraph 227 receive a 10% risk
weight, as an exemption to the risk weight floor described in paragraph 224. If the counterparty

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 67 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe to the transaction is a core market participant, institutions may apply a risk weight of 0% to the transaction. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.38]
230. The 20% floor for the risk weight on a collateralized transaction does not apply and a
0% risk weight may be applied where the exposure and the collateral are denominated in the same currency, and either:
(1) the collateral is cash on deposit as defined in paragraph 225(a); or (2) the collateral is in the form of sovereign/PSE securities eligible for a 0% risk weight, and its market value has been discounted by 20%. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.39] (iii) The comprehensive approach (a) General requirements for the comprehensive approach
231. In the comprehensive approach, when taking collateral, institutions must calculate their
adjusted exposure to a counterparty in order to take account of the risk mitigating effect of that collateral. Institutions must use the applicable supervisory haircuts to adjust both the amount of the exposure to the counterparty and the value of any collateral received in support of that counterparty to take account of possible future fluctuations in the value of either, 82 as occasioned by market movements. Unless either side of the transaction is cash or a zero haircut is applied, the volatility-adjusted exposure amount is higher than the nominal exposure and the volatility￾adjusted collateral value is lower than the nominal collateral value. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.40]
232. The size of the haircuts that banks must use depends on the prescribed holding period
for the transaction. For the purposes of this guideline, the holding period is the period of time over which exposure or collateral values are assumed to move before the bank can close out the transaction. The supervisory prescribed minimum holding period is used as the basis for the calculation of the standard supervisory haircuts. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.41]
233. The holding period, and thus the size of the individual haircuts depends on the type of
instrument, type of transaction, residual maturity and the frequency of marking to market and remargining as provided in paragraphs 240 and 241. For example, repo-style transactions subject to daily marking-to-market and to daily remargining will receive a haircut based on a 5-business day holding period and secured lending transactions with daily mark-to-market and no remargining clauses will receive a haircut based on a 20-business day holding period. Haircuts must be scaled up using the square root of time formula depending on the frequency of remargining or marking to market. This formula is included in paragraph 249. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.42]
234. Additionally, where the exposure and collateral are held in different currencies,
institutions must apply an additional haircut to the volatility-adjusted collateral amount in 82 Exposure amounts may vary where, for example, securities are being lent

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 68 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe accordance with paragraphs 241 and 278 to take account of possible future fluctuations in exchange rates. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.43]
235. The effect of master netting agreements covering securities financing transactions can
be recognized for the calculation of capital requirements subject to the conditions and requirements in paragraphs 253 to 256. Where SFTs are subject to a master netting agreement whether they are held in the banking book or trading book, an institution may choose not to recognize the netting effects in calculating capital. In that case, each transaction will be subject to a capital charge as if there were no master netting agreement. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.44] (b) Eligible financial collateral under the comprehensive approach
236. The following collateral instruments are eligible for recognition in the comprehensive
approach:
(1) All of the instruments in paragraph 225;
(2) Equities and convertible bonds which are not included in a main index but which are listed on a recognized exchange; (3) UCITS/mutual funds which include the instruments in point (2) above. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.45] (c) Calculation of capital requirement for transactions secured by financial collateral
237. For a collateralized transaction, the exposure amount after risk mitigation is calculated
as follows:
𝐸𝐸′
⬚ = max�0,�𝐸𝐸 × (1 + 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒) − 𝐶𝐶 × �1 − 𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐 − 𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓��� where:
E′ = the exposure value after risk mitigation
E = current value of the exposure
He = haircut appropriate to the exposure
C = the current value of the collateral received Hc = haircut appropriate to the collateral Hfx = haircut appropriate for currency mismatch between the collateral and exposure [Basel Framework, CRE 22.46]
238. In the case of maturity mismatches, the value of the collateral received (collateral
amount) must be adjusted in accordance with paragraphs 200 to 203. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.47]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 69 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
239. The exposure amount after risk mitigation (E′) must be multiplied by the risk weight of
the counterparty to obtain the risk-weighted asset amount for the collateralized transaction. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.48] Standard supervisory haircuts for comprehensive approach
240. These are the standard supervisory haircuts (assuming daily mark-to-market, daily
remargining and a 10-business day holding period), expressed as percentages:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 70 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Issue rating for debt securities Residual Maturity Sovereigns83 Other issuers84 Securitization Exposures85 AAA to AA-/A-1 ≤ 1 year 0.5 1 2 >1 year, ≤ 3 years 2 3 8 >3 year, ≤ 5 years 2 4 8 >5 year, ≤ 10 years 4 6 16

10 years 4 12 16
A+ to BBB-/
A-2/A-3/P-3 and unrated institution securities per para.
225
≤ 1 year 1 2 4
1 year, ≤ 3 years 3 4 12
3 year, ≤ 5 years 3 6 12
5 year, ≤ 10 years
6 12 24
10 years 6 20 24
BB+ to BB- All 15 Not eligible Not eligible
Main index equities (including convertible bonds) and Gold 20 Other equities and convertible bonds listed on a recognized exchange 30 UCITS/Mutual funds Highest haircut applicable to any security in which the fund can invest, unless the institution can apply the look-through approach (LTA) for equity investments in funds, in which case the institution may use a weighted average of haircuts applicable to instruments held by the fund. Cash in the same currency86 0 [Basel Framework, CRE 22.49] 83 “Sovereigns” includes PSEs that are treated as sovereigns by the national supervisor as well MDBs receiving a 0% risk weight. 84 “Other issuers” includes PSEs which are not treated as sovereigns by the national supervisor. 85 “Securitization exposures” are defined as those exposures that meet the definition set forth in Chapter 6. 86 “Cash in the same currency” refers to eligible cash collateral specified in paragraph 225.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 71 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
241. The haircut for currency risk (Hfx) where exposure and collateral are denominated in
different currencies is 8% (also based on a 10-business day holding period and daily mark-to￾market). [Basel Framework, CRE 22.52]
242. For SFTs and secured lending transactions, a haircut adjustment may need to be applied
in accordance with paragraphs 246 to 249. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.53]
243. Cash variation margin (VM) is not subject to any additional haircut provided the
variation margin is posted in a currency that is agreed to and listed in the applicable contract. 87 Cash initial margin (IM) that is exchanged in a currency other than the termination currency (that is, the currency in which the institution will submit its claim upon a counterparty default) is subject to the additional haircut for foreign currency risk.
244. For SFTs in which the institution lends, or posts as collateral, non-eligible instruments,
the haircut to be applied on the exposure must be 30%. For transactions in which the institution borrows non-eligible instruments, credit risk mitigation may not be applied. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.54]
245. Where the collateral is a basket of assets, the haircut (H) on the basket must be
calculated as follows:
𝐻𝐻 = � 𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
Where:
ai is the weight of the asset (as measured by units of currency) in the basket and Hi the haircut applicable to that asset. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.55] (d) Adjustment for different holding periods and non-daily mark-to-market or re-margining
246. For some transactions, depending on the nature and frequency of the revaluation and
remargining provisions, different holding periods are appropriate and thus different haircuts must be applied. The framework for collateral haircuts distinguishes between repo-style transactions (i.e. repo/reverse repos and securities lending/borrowing), “other capital-market-driven transactions” (i.e. OTC derivatives transactions and margin lending) and secured lending. In capital-market-driven transactions and repo-style transactions, the documentation contains remargining clauses; in secured lending transactions, it generally does not. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.56]
247. The minimum holding period for various products is summarized in the following table.
Transaction type Minimum holding period Condition Repo-style transaction five business days daily remargining Other capital market transactions 10 business days daily remargining 87 Currencies listed in the CSA are not subject to additional haircuts.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 72 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Secured lending 20 business days daily revaluation [Basel Framework, CRE 22.57]
248. Regarding the minimum holding periods set out in paragraph 247, if a netting set
includes both repo-style and other capital market transactions, the minimum holding period of ten business days must be used. Furthermore, a higher minimum holding period must be used in the following cases:
i. For all netting sets where the number of trades exceeds 5,000 at any point during a
quarter, a 20 business day minimum holding period for the following quarter must be used.
ii. For netting sets containing one or more trades involving illiquid collateral, a minimum
holding period of 20 business days must be used. “Illiquid collateral” must be determined in the context of stressed market conditions and will be characterized by the absence of continuously active markets where a counterparty would, within two or fewer days, obtain multiple price quotations that would not move the market or represent a price reflecting a market discount. Examples of situations where trades are deemed illiquid for this purpose include, but are not limited to, trades that are not marked daily and trades that are subject to specific accounting treatment for valuation purposes (eg repo-style transactions referencing securities whose fair value is determined by models with inputs that are not observed in the market).
iii. If a bank has experienced more than two margin call disputes on a particular netting set
over the previous two quarters that have lasted longer than the bank’s estimate of the margin period of risk (as defined in CRE50.19), then for the subsequent two quarters the bank must use a minimum holding period that is twice the level that would apply excluding the application of this sub-paragraph.
249. When the frequency of remargining or revaluation is longer than the minimum, the
minimum haircut numbers will be scaled up depending on the actual number of business days between remargining or revaluation. The 10-business day haircuts provided in paragraph 240 are the default haircuts and these haircuts must be scaled up or down using the formula below:
𝐻𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻10�𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 + (𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 − 1)
10 where:
H = haircut
H10 = 10-business day haircut for instrument
NR = actual number of business days between remargining for capital market transactions or revaluation for secured transactions.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 73 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe TM = minimum holding period for the type of transaction [Basel Framework, CRE 22.59] (e) Exemptions under the comprehensive approach for qualifying repo-style transactions involving core market participants
250. For repo-style transactions with core market participants as defined in paragraph 228
and that satisfy the conditions in paragraph 227 OSFI will permit a haircut of zero. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.60]
251. Under the comprehensive approach, OSFI applies a specific carve-out to repo-style
transactions in securities issued by the Government of Canada and securities issued by Canadian provinces and territories. This carve out is available, provided the following conditions are satisfied:

• Both the exposure and the collateral are cash or a sovereign security or PSE security
  qualifying for a 0% risk weight in the standardized approach;88
• Both the exposure and the collateral are denominated in the same currency;
• Either the transaction is overnight or both the exposure and the collateral are marked-to￾market daily and are subject to daily remargining;
• Following a counterparty’s failure to remargin, the time that is required between the last
  mark-to-market before the failure to remargin and the liquidation89 of the collateral is considered to be no more than four business days;
• The transaction is settled across a settlement system proven for that type of transaction;
• The documentation covering the agreement is standard market documentation for repo￾style transactions in the securities concerned;
  Institutions applying this carve-out must be able to confirm that the above criteria are met. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.61]

252. Canadian institutions may apply carve-outs permitted by other G-1090 supervisors to
     repo-style transactions in securities issued by their domestic governments to business in those markets. For the purposes of the carve out core market participants are defined in paragraph 228. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.61] 88 Note that where a national regulatory authority has designated domestic-currency claims on its sovereign or central bank to be eligible for a 0% risk weight in the standardized approach, such claims will satisfy this condition. 89 This does not require the institution to always liquidate the collateral but rather to have the capability to do so within the given time frame. 90 For the purposes of this paragraph, G-10 refers to participants in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) agreement.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 74 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (f) Treatment under the comprehensive approach of SFTs covered by master netting agreements
253. The effects of bilateral netting agreements covering securities financing transactions
will be recognized on a counterparty-by-counterparty basis if the agreements are legally enforceable in each relevant jurisdiction upon the occurrence of an event of default and regardless of whether the counterparty is insolvent or bankrupt. In addition, netting agreements must:
(1) provide the non-defaulting party the right to terminate and close-out in a timely manner all transactions under the agreement upon an event of default, including in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty; (2) provide for the netting of gains and losses on transactions (including the value of any collateral) terminated and closed out under it so that a single net amount is owed by one party to the other; (3) allow for the prompt liquidation or set-off of collateral upon the event of default; and (4) be, together with the rights arising from the provisions required in (1) to (3) above, legally enforceable in each relevant jurisdiction upon the occurrence of an event of default and regardless of the counterparty's insolvency or bankruptcy. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.62]
254. Netting across positions in the banking and trading book will only be recognized when
the netted transactions fulfil the following conditions:
(1) All transactions are marked to market daily;91 and (2) The collateral instruments used in the transactions are recognized as eligible financial collateral in the banking book. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.63]
255. The formula in paragraph 256 will be used to calculate the counterparty credit risk
capital requirements for SFTs with netting agreements. This formula includes the current exposure, an amount for systematic exposure of the securities based on the net exposure, an amount for the idiosyncratic exposure of the securities based on the gross exposure, and an amount for currency mismatch. All other rules regarding the calculation of haircuts under the comprehensive approach stated in paragraphs 231 to 252 equivalently apply for institutions using bilateral netting agreements for SFTs. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.64]
256. For institutions using the standard supervisory haircuts for SFTs conducted under a
master netting agreement must calculate their amount amount using the following formula:

• E′ is the exposure value of the netting set after risk mitigation
• Ei is the current value of all cash and securities lent, sold with an agreement to
  repurchase or otherwise posted to the counterparty under the netting agreement 91 The holding period for the haircuts will depend as in other repo-style transactions on the frequency of margining.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 75 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Cj is the current value of all cash and securities borrowed, purchased with an agreement
  to resell or otherwise held by the bank under the netting agreement
• 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = |∑𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 x 𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠|
• 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = ∑ 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 x |𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠| 𝑠𝑠
• Es is the net current value of each security issuance under the netting set (always a
  positive value)
• Hs is the haircut appropriate to Es as described in table of paragraph 240
  a. Hs has a positive sign if the security is lent, sold with an agreement to repurchased, or transacted in manner similar to either securities lending or a repurchase agreement b. Hs has a negative sign if the security is borrowed, purchased with an agreement to resell, or transacted in a manner similar to either a securities borrowing or reverse repurchase agreement
• N is the number of security issues contained in the netting set (except that issuances where
  the value Es is less than one tenth of the value of the largest Es in the netting set are not included the count)
• Efx is the absolute value of the net position in each currency fx different from the
  settlement currency
• Hfx is the haircut appropriate for currency mismatch of currency fx
  𝐸𝐸′ = max �0;�𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 − �𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 + 0.4 × 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 0.6 × 𝑗𝑗 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 √𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖 +��𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓� 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � 92 [Basel Framework, CRE 22.65] (iv) Collateralized OTC derivatives transactions

257. Under the Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR) described in
     section 7.1.7 of Chapter 7, the counterparty credit risk charge for an individual contract will be
     calculated using the following formula, where:
     (1) Alpha = 1.4;
     (2) RC = the replacement cost calculated according to section 7.1.7.1 (3) PFE = the potential future exposure calculated according to section 7.1.7.2 92 The starting point for this formula is the formula in paragraph 237 which can also be presented as the following: E’ = (E-C) +( E × He) + (C × Hc) + (C × Hfx).

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 76 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Exposure amount = alpha × (RC + PFE) [Basel Framework, CRE 22.66]
4.3.4 On-balance sheet netting
258. An institution may use the net exposure of loans and deposits as the basis for its capital
adequacy calculation in accordance with the formula in paragraph 237, when the institution:
(1) has a well-founded legal basis for concluding that the netting or offsetting agreement is enforceable in each relevant jurisdiction regardless of whether the counterparty is insolvent or bankrupt; (2) is able at any time to determine those assets and liabilities with the same counterparty that are subject to the netting agreement; (3) monitors and controls its roll-off risks; and (4) monitors and controls the relevant exposures on a net basis. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.68]
259. When calculating the net exposure described in the paragraph above, assets (loans) are
treated as exposure and liabilities (deposits) as collateral. The haircuts will be zero except when a currency mismatch exists. A 10-business day holding period will apply when daily mark-to￾market is conducted and all the requirements contained in paragraphs 240, 249, and 200 to 203 will apply. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.69]
4.3.5 Guarantees and credit derivatives
(i) Operational requirements for guarantees and credit derivatives
260. If conditions set below are met, institutions can substitute the risk weight of the
counterparty with the risk weight of the guarantor. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.70]
261. A guarantee (counter-guarantee) or credit derivative must satisfy the following
requirements:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 77 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (1) it represents a direct claim on the protection provider; (2) it is explicitly referenced to specific exposures or a pool of exposures, so that the extent of the cover is clearly defined and incontrovertible; (3) other than non-payment by a protection purchaser of money due in respect of the credit protection contract it is irrevocable; (4) there is no clause in the contract that would allow the protection provider unilaterally to cancel the credit cover, change the maturity agreed ex-post, or that would increase the effective cost of cover as a result of deteriorating credit quality in the hedged exposure; (5) it must be unconditional; there should be no clause in the protection contract outside the direct control of the institution that could prevent the protection provider from being obliged to pay out in a timely manner in the event that the underlying counterparty fails to make the payment(s) due. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.71]
262. In the case of maturity mismatches, the amount of credit protection that is provided
must be adjusted in accordance with paragraphs 200 to 203. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.72] (ii) Specific operational requirements for guarantees
263. In addition to the legal certainty requirements in paragraphs 199, in order for a
guarantee to be recognized, the following conditions must be satisfied:
(1) On the qualifying default/non-payment of the counterparty, the institution may in a timely manner pursue the guarantor for any monies outstanding under the documentation governing the transaction. The guarantor may make one lump sum payment of all monies under such documentation to the institution, or the guarantor may assume the future payment obligations of the counterparty covered by the guarantee. The institution must have the right to receive any such payments from the guarantor without first having to take legal actions in order to pursue the counterparty for payment. (2) The guarantee is an explicitly documented obligation assumed by the guarantor. (3) Except as noted in the following sentence, the guarantee covers all types of payments the underlying obligor is expected to make under the documentation governing the transaction, for example notional amount, margin payments etc. Where a guarantee covers payment of principal only, interests and other uncovered payments should be treated as an unsecured amount in accordance with the rules for proportional cover in paragraph 276. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.73] (iii) Specific operational requirements for mortgage insurance
264. A protection purchaser must establish internal policies and procedures to implement and
ensure compliance with the protection provider(s) credit underwriting and other contractual

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 78 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe requirements. In addition, institutions are expected to have appropriate policies and procedures in place to originate, underwrite and administer insured mortgages.
265. If, as part of its supervisory work, OSFI determines that there is evidence that an
institution has not implemented the required policies and procedures from paragraph 264, a supervisory assessment will be made to determine whether recognition of the mortgage insurance as a guarantee for credit risk mitigation purposes should be reduced by OSFI. As part of this assessment, OSFI may use, but will not rely on, information available from third parties. In determining the size of the reduction of the risk mitigating impact of mortgage insurance, OSFI will take into account the scope and severity of the deficiencies identified as well as the time required to address deficiencies noting that contractual obligations of the protection provider are not a substitute for inadequate policies and/or procedures on the part of the institution. This does not preclude OSFI from imposing additional capital requirements under Pillar 2 as per paragraph 196 of this chapter. (iv) Specific operational requirements for credit derivatives
266. In addition to the legal certainty requirements in paragraph 199, in order for a credit
derivative contract to be recognized, the following conditions must be satisfied:
(1) The credit events specified by the contracting parties must at a minimum cover:
(a)failure to pay the amounts due under terms of the underlying obligation that are in effect at the time of such failure (with a grace period that is closely in line with the grace period in the underlying obligation); (b)bankruptcy, insolvency or inability of the obligor to pay its debts, or its failure or admission in writing of its inability generally to pay its debts as they become due, and analogous events; and (c)restructuring93 of the underlying obligation involving forgiveness or postponement of principal, interest or fees that results in a credit loss event (i.e. charge-off, specific provision or other similar debit to the profit and loss account). When restructuring is not specified as a credit event, refer to paragraph 267. (2) If the credit derivative covers obligations that do not include the underlying obligation,
section (7) below governs whether the asset mismatch is permissible.
(3) The credit derivative shall not terminate prior to expiration of any grace period required for a default on the underlying obligation to occur as a result of a failure to pay. In the case of a maturity mismatch, the provisions of paragraphs 200 to 203 must be applied. (4) Credit derivatives allowing for cash settlement are recognized for capital purposes insofar as a robust valuation process is in place in order to estimate loss reliably. There must be a 93 When hedging corporate exposures, this particular credit event is not required to be specified provided that: (i) A 100% vote is needed to amend maturity, principal, coupon, currency or seniority status of the underlying corporate exposure; and (ii) The legal domicile in which the corporate exposure is governed has a well￾established bankruptcy code that allows for a company to reorganize/restructure and provides for an orderly settlement of creditor claims. If these conditions are not met, then the treatment in paragraph 267 may be eligible.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 79 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe clearly specified period for obtaining post-credit-event valuations of the underlying obligation. If the reference obligation specified in the credit derivative for purposes of cash settlement is different than the underlying obligation, section (7) below governs whether the asset mismatch is permissible. (5) If the protection purchaser’s right/ability to transfer the underlying obligation to the protection provider is required for settlement, the terms of the underlying obligation must provide that any required consent to such transfer may not be unreasonably withheld. (6) The identity of the parties responsible for determining whether a credit event has occurred must be clearly defined. This determination must not be the sole responsibility of the protection seller. The protection buyer must have the right/ability to inform the protection provider of the occurrence of a credit event. (7) A mismatch between the underlying obligation and the reference obligation under the credit derivative (i.e. the obligation used for purposes of determining cash settlement value or the deliverable obligation) is permissible if (a) the reference obligation ranks pari passu with or is junior to the underlying obligation, and (b) the underlying obligation and reference obligation share the same obligor (i.e. the same legal entity) and legally enforceable cross-default or cross-acceleration clauses are in place. (8) A mismatch between the underlying obligation and the obligation used for purposes of determining whether a credit event has occurred is permissible if (a) the latter obligation ranks pari passu with or is junior to the underlying obligation, and (b) the underlying obligation and reference obligation share the same obligor (i.e. the same legal entity) and legally enforceable cross-default or cross-acceleration clauses are in place. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.74]
267. When the restructuring of the underlying obligation is not covered by the credit
derivative, but the other requirements in paragraph 266 are met, partial recognition of the credit derivative will be allowed. If the amount of the credit derivative is less than or equal to the amount of the underlying obligation, 60% of the amount of the hedge can be recognized as covered. If the amount of the credit derivative is larger than that of the underlying obligation, then the amount of eligible hedge is capped at 60% of the amount of the underlying obligation. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.75] (v) Range of eligible guarantors (counter-guarantors)/protection providers and credit derivatives
268. Credit protection given by the following entities can be recognized when they have a
lower risk weight than the counterparty:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 80 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe

• Sovereign entities,
  94 PSEs, multilateral developments banks, banks, securities firms and other prudentially regulated financial institutions with a lower risk weight than the counterparty; 95
• Other entities that are externally rated except when credit protection is provided to a
  securitzation exposure. This would include credit protection provided by a parent, subsidiary, and affiliate companies when they have a lower risk weight than the obligor.
• When credit protection is provided to a securitization exposure, other entities that
  currently are externally rated BBB- or better and that were externally rated A- or better at the time the credit protection was provided. This would include credit protection provided by parent, subsidiary, and affiliate companies when they have a lower risk weight than the obligor. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.76]

269. An institution may not reduce the risk weight of an exposure to a third party because of
     a guarantee or credit protection provided by a related party (parent, subsidiary or affiliate) of the lending institution. This treatment follows the principle that guarantees within a corporate group are not a substitute for capital in the regulated Canadian institution. An exception is made for self-liquidating trade-related transactions that have a tenure of 360 days or less, are market￾driven and are not structured to avoid the requirements of this guideline. The requirement that the transaction be "market-driven" necessitates that the guarantee or letter of credit is requested and paid for by the customer and/or that the market requires the guarantee in the normal course of business.
270. Only credit default swaps and total return swaps that provide credit protection
     equivalent to guarantees are eligible for recognition.
     96 The following exception applies: where an institution buys credit protection through a total return swap and records the net payments received on the swap as net income, but does not record offsetting deterioration in the value of the asset that is protected (either through reductions in fair value or by an addition to reserves), the credit protection will not be recognized. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.77]
271. First-to-default and all other nth-to-default credit derivatives (i.e. by which an
     institution obtains credit protection for a basket of reference names and where the first- or nth– to-default among the reference names triggers the credit protection and terminates the contract) are not eligible as a credit risk mitigation technique and therefore cannot provide any regulatory 94 This includes the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank, the European Union, the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), as well as MDBs eligible for 0% risk weight as defined in section 4.1.3. 95 A prudentially regulated financial institution is defined as: a legal entity supervised by a regulator that imposes prudential requirements consistent with international norms or a legal entity (parent company or subsidiary) included in a consolidated group where any substantial legal entity in the consolidated group is supervised by a regulator that imposes prudential requirements consistent with international norms. These include, but are not limited to, prudentially regulated insurance companies, broker/dealers, thrifts and futures commission merchants, and qualifying central counterparties as defined in Chapter 7 of this guideline. 96 Cash-funded credit-linked notes issued by the bank against exposures in the banking book that fulfil all minimum requirements for credit derivatives are treated as cash-collateralized transactions. However, in this case the limitations regarding the protection provider as set out in paragraph 268 do not apply.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 81 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe capital relief. In transactions in which an institution provided credit protection through such instruments, it shall apply the treatment described in paragraph 140. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.78] (vi) Risk-weight treatment of transactions in which eligible credit protection is provided General risk weight treatment
272. The general risk weight treatment for transactions in which eligible credit protection is
provided is as follows:
(1) The protected portion is assigned the risk weight of the protection provider. The uncovered portion of the exposure is assigned the risk weight of the underlying counterparty. (2) Materiality thresholds on payments below which the protection provider is exempt from payment in the event of loss are equivalent to retained first-loss positions. The portion of the exposure that is below a materiality threshold must be deducted from CET1 capital by the institution purchasing the credit protection. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.79]
273. Residential mortgages insured under the NHA or equivalent provincial mortgage
insurance programs may be assigned the risk weight of the guarantor, that is, the Government of Canada risk weight of 0%. Where a mortgage is comprehensively insured by a private sector mortgage insurer that has a backstop guarantee provided by the Government of Canada (for example, a guarantee made pursuant to section 22 of the Protection of Residential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act), institutions may recognize the risk-mitigating effect of the government guarantee by reporting the portion of the exposure that is covered by the Government of Canada backstop as if this portion were directly guaranteed by the Government of Canada. The remainder of the exposure should be treated as an insured mortgage in accordance with the rules set out in this chapter.
274. To reflect the effect of the Government of Canada backstop guarantee on a privately
insured mortgage exposure, institutions may separate the full amount of the privately insured mortgage exposure into a deductible portion and a backstop portion:

• the deductible portion is calculated as 10% of the original loan amount (i.e. the
  deductible portion grows as a percentage of the full amount of the total exposure as the mortgage amortizes), and is to be risk weighted according to paragraph 275;
• the backstop portion is the amount covered by the government guarantee (i.e. the total
  outstanding amount less the deductible portion), and is to be treated as a sovereign exposure as set out in section 4.1.

275. For residential mortgages insured by a private mortgage insurer having a Government of
     Canada backstop guarantee, institutions may choose not to recognize the mortgage insurance and/or the Government of Canada backstop guarantee if doing so would result in a higher capital requirement. Accordingly, the loan should be risk weighted in one of the following three ways:

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 82 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe (1) As a loan to the private mortgage insurer recognizing the Government of Canada backstop. In this case, the deductible exposure defined in paragraph 274 can be risk weighted as either i) an exposure to the private mortgage insurer (according to paragraph 56) or ii) an exposure to the mortgage borrower (according to paragraphs 95 to 103), multiplied by a factor of 2.2.97 The backstop exposure is treated as an exposure to the Governmnet of Canada. (2) As an uninsured residential mortgage according to paragraphs 95 to 103. (3) As a loan to the private mortgage insurer (without a Government of Canada backstop) according to paragraph 56.
276. Where losses are shared pari passu on a pro rata basis between the institution and the
guarantor, capital relief is afforded on a proportional basis, i.e. the protected portion of the exposure receives the treatment applicable to eligible guarantees/credit derivatives, with the remainder treated as unsecured. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.80]
277. Where the institution transfers a portion of the risk of an exposure in one or more
tranches to a protection seller or sellers and retains some level of risk of the loan and the risk transferred and the risk retained are of different seniority, institutions may obtain credit protection for either the senior tranches (e.g. second loss portion) or the junior tranche (e.g. first loss portion). In this case the rules as set out in Chapter 6 - Securitization will apply. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.81] (vii) Currency mismatches
278. Where the credit protection is denominated in a currency different from that in which
the exposure is denominated – i.e. there is a currency mismatch – the amount of the exposure deemed to be protected will be reduced by the application of a haircut HFX, using the formula:
𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴 = 𝐺𝐺 ∗ (1 − 𝐻𝐻𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹) where:
GA = adjusted amount of the credit protection
G = nominal amount of the credit protection
HFX = haircut appropriate for currency mismatch between the credit protection and underlying obligation.
279. The currency mismatch haircut for a 10-business day holding period (assuming daily
marking-to-market) is 8%. This haircut must be scaled up using the square root of time formula, depending on the frequency of revaluation of the credit protection as described in paragraph 249. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.82] 97 The 2.2 factor aligns the private mortgage insurer and mortgage borrower risk-weights with the application of a 100% LGD as prescribed under the IRB approach in section 5.4.2 of this guideline.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 83 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
280. A currency mismatch occurs when the currency an institution receives differs from the
currency of the collateral held. A currency mismatch always occurs when an institution receives payments in more than one currency under a single contract. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.83] (viii) Sovereign guarantees and counter-guarantees
281. Institutions may apply a lower risk weight to an exposures to the sovereign (or central
bank) where the institution is incorporated and where the exposure is denominated in domestic currency and funded in that currency. This treatment applies to an exposure that is covered by a guarantee which is indirectly counter-guaranteed by a sovereign, provided that the following conditions are met:
(1) the sovereign counter-guarantee covers all credit risk elements of the exposure; (2) both the original guarantee and the counter-guarantee meet all operational requirements for guarantees, except that the counter-guarantee need not be direct and explicit to the original exposure; and (3) OSFI is satisfied that the cover is robust and that no historical evidence suggests that the coverage of the counter-guarantee is less than effectively equivalent to that of a direct sovereign guarantee. [Basel Framework, CRE 22.84]

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 84 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
Appendix I – Summary of the simplified treatment under the standardized approach
Category I and II institutions as defined in OSFI’s SMSB Guideline98 will be eligible to apply a simplified treatment to certain asset classes provided the total exposure to the asset class grouping to which the simplified treatment is being applied does not exceed $500 million. The following table provides a list of all of the asset classes outlined in this chapter and identifies those for which there is a simplified treatment available. For the remaining asset classes, there is no distinction between a simplified treatment and the more risk-sensitive treatment.
Section Asset Class Simplified
treatment
4.1.1 Sovereigns and central banks N/A
4.1.2 Non-central government public sector entities (PSEs) N/A
4.1.3 Multilateral development banks (MDBs) N/A
4.1.4 Banks Paragraph 26
4.1.5 Covered bonds Paragraph 47
4.1.6 Securities firms and other financial institutions Paragraph 26
4.1.7 Corporates Paragraph 58
4.1.8 Subordinated debt, equity and other capital instruments N/A
4.1.9 Retail exposures Paragraph 81
4.1.10 Real estate exposures N/A
4.1.11 Exposures secured by residential real estate Paragraph 96
4.1.12 Exposures secured by commercial real estate Paragraph 105
4.1.13 Land acquisition, development and construction N/A
4.1.14 Reverse mortgages N/A
4.1.15 Mortgage-backed securities N/A
4.1.16 Currency mismatch N/A
4.1.17 Commitments N/A
4.1.18 Off-balance sheet items N/A
4.1.19 Counterparty credit risk exposures N/A
4.1.20 Credit derivatives N/A
4.1.21 Defaulted exposures N/A
4.1.22 Equity investment in funds N/A
4.1.23 Other assets N/A
4.1.24 Purchased receivables N/A
98 SMSB Capital and Liquidity Guideline.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 85 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
Appendix II –Use of the Simplified Treatment for Credit Risk for Category I and II
SMSBs
As per paragraph 2 of this chapter, Category I and II SMSBs are eligible to use a simplified treatment for certain asset classes where they have less than $500 million in total exposure.99 The exposure amount is based on an average of the end-of-quarter amounts calculated at fiscal year-end using data points from the BCAR100 regulatory return. The threshold calculation is performed on an annual basis.101 If a Category I or II SMSB’s position relative to the thresholds has changed from the previous year, the institution would be given one year to implement the applicable treatment. For example, if an asset class that was considered material becomes immaterial (by falling below the $500 million threshold), the Category I or II SMSB has the option to use the simplified treatment for the asset class effective Q1 of the following year. Conversely, if an asset class that was previously considered immaterial becomes material (by rising above the $500 million threshold), the Category I or II SMSB would be required to use the more risk sensitive treatment for the asset class effective Q1 of the following year. In addition, to ensure some stability in the capital treatment, once a Category I or II SMSB treats a portfolio as material or immaterial, it would be required to maintain that treatment for two years. The following examples illustrate how the exposure for an asset class would be calculated to determine if it is above or below the $500 million threshold. For Q2 2023, the threshold for Corporate exposures would be assessed using fiscal 2021 data:102
Table 1
Total (measure 500 in BCAR Schedule 40.080)
Q1 2021 Q2 2021 Q3 2021 Q4 2021 Average
$510M $505M $507M $515M $509M
Since the average using fiscal 2021 data is above $500 million, the Category I or II SMSB’s Corporate exposures would be deemed material and capital requirements would need to be calculated using the regular treatment for fiscal years 2023 and 2024. In Q1 2024, the calculation would be performed again using fiscal 2023 data:
Table 2
99 Total exposures includes both on and off balance sheet, net of Stage 3 allowances but before taking into account credit risk mitigation. 100 Basel Capital Adequacy Reporting 101 For the initial implementation in Q2 2023, the threshold calculation would be performed based on data from fiscal 2021 (using quarter-end data from Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 of 2021). 102 In 2023 only, materiality threshold calculations are to be performed using two year old data (i.e, using fiscal 2021 data) to allow institutions to identify whether they are eligible to use the simplified treatment upon implementation of this guideline. Starting in Q1 2024, and for every year afterwards, data for the previous year is to be used to perform the materiality threshold calculations, with any changes only being implemented the following fiscal year.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 86 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe Total (measure 500 in BCAR Schedule 40.080) Q1 2023 Q2 2023 Q3 2023 Q4 2023 Average $490M $480M $485M $500M $489M Since the average exposure amount is below the $500 million threshold, the Category I or II SMSB would have the option of using the simplified treatment effective Q1 2025. If the Category I or II SMSB switched to the simplified treatment for 2025, it would be required to use this treatment for fiscal 2026 as well.

Banks/BHC/T&L Credit Risk-Standardized Approach September 2025 Chapter 4 - Page 87 Protected B - External / Protégé B - Externe
Appendix III – List of risk weight tables
Section Asset Class Table
4.1.1 Sovereigns and central banks Table 1
Table 2
4.1.2 Non-central government public sector entities (PSEs) Table 3
4.1.3 Multilateral development banks (MDBs) Table 4
4.1.4 Banks Table 5
Table 6
4.1.5 Covered bonds Table 7
Table 8
4.1.7 Corporates Table 9
4.1.11 Exposures secured by residential real estate Table 10
Table 11
4.1.12 Exposures secured by commercial real estate Table 12
Table 13
4.1.14 Reverse mortgages Table 14
4.2.3.5 Issue-specific short-term ratings Table 15