Regulatory AlertsCrypto & Digital Assets regulation by country
75 jurisdictions, compiled from the primary-source documents we track and refreshed monthly. Open a country for the full picture — laws, licensing, restrictions — with every claim cited.
FJ FijiHK Hong KongJP JapanKR South KoreaTW TaiwanKZ KazakhstanKG KyrgyzstanAM ArmeniaAT AustriaAZ AzerbaijanBE BelgiumBG BulgariaHR CroatiaCY CyprusDK DenmarkEU European UnionFR FranceDE GermanyGI GibraltarGG GuernseyIE IrelandIM Isle of ManIT ItalyXK KosovoLT LithuaniaLU LuxembourgMT MaltaME MontenegroNL NetherlandsNO NorwayPT PortugalSM San MarinoRS SerbiaSI SloveniaES SpainTR TurkeyGB United KingdomAW ArubaBS BahamasBR BrazilVG British Virgin IslandsSV El SalvadorJM JamaicaTT Trinidad and TobagoDZ AlgeriaBH BahrainEG EgyptIL IsraelLB LebanonOM OmanPK PakistanPS PalestineAE United Arab EmiratesCA CanadaID IndonesiaMY MalaysiaMM MyanmarPH PhilippinesSG SingaporeTH ThailandBW BotswanaDJ DjiboutiCD DR CongoGH GhanaGN GuineaKE KenyaMU MauritiusMZ MozambiqueNG NigeriaRW RwandaSC SeychellesZA South AfricaUG UgandaZM ZambiaUS US Federal
Asia-Pacific
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiji | Reserve Bank of Fiji | Reserve Bank of Fiji (Budget Amendment) Act 2025 | — | Banned |
| Hong Kong | Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) and Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) | Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO) and Stablecoins Ordinance | HKD 10m (Type 1 dealer) | Regulated |
| Japan | Financial Services Agency (FSA) | Payment Services Act (PSA) 2017 (amended 2023) | JPY 500m (Exchange) | Regulated |
| South Korea | Financial Services Commission (FSC) | Act on the Protection of Virtual Asset Users (2024) | KRW 1 billion (VASP) | Regulated |
| Taiwan | Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) | Virtual Asset Service Provider Act (2026) | — | Regulated |
Central Asia
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) | AIFC Rules on Digital Asset Activities (2024/2026) | — | Partially regulated |
| Kyrgyzstan | National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR) | Procedure for Providing Services Related to Virtual Assets (2023) | — | Partially regulated |
Europe
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenia | Central Bank of Armenia | Law of the Republic of Armenia on Crypto Assets (2023) | AMD 50,000,000 (CASPs) | Regulated |
| Austria | Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA) | MiCAR Enforcement Act (MiCA-VVG) 2026 | EUR 350,000 (VASP) | Regulated |
| Azerbaijan | Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan (CBA) | Regulation on Transactions with Virtual Assets (2023) | — | Regulated |
| Belgium | Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) · National Bank of Belgium (NBB) | Law of 11 December 2025 implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 | — | Regulated |
| Bulgaria | Financial Supervision Commission (FSC) | Law on Crypto-Asset Markets (2026) | Depends on activity tier under MiCA | Regulated |
| Croatia | Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency (HANFA) | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) | Uncertain (MiCA sets capital requirements but specific Croatian implementation figures not provided in source documents) | Regulated |
| Cyprus | Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) | EU Regulation 2023/1113 (MiCA) | — | Regulated |
| Denmark | Finanstilsynet (Danish Financial Supervisory Authority) | Act on Investment Broker Companies and Investment Services and Activities (consolidated) | EUR 125,000 (CASPs under MiCA) | Regulated |
| European Union | ESMA (supervisory coordination) / National Competent Authorities (licensing) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) | Varies by token type; ARTs/EMTs require reserve funds; CASPs have no EU-wide fixed capital floor | Regulated |
| France | Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) | EUR 125,000 (CASP) | Regulated |
| Germany | BaFin (Federal Financial Supervisory Authority) | KWG (Banking Act) & WpIG (Securities Trading Act) | EUR 50,000 (Securities Firm) or EUR 125,000 (Credit Institution) | Regulated |
| Gibraltar | Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (GFSC) | Proceeds of Crime Act 2015 (Transfer of Virtual Assets) Regulations 2021 | — | Regulated |
| Guernsey | Guernsey Financial Services Commission (GFSC) | Proceeds of Crime (Supervision of Bodies and Arrangements) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 2020 | No statutory minimum capital specified | Regulated |
| Ireland | Central Bank of Ireland | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) | EUR 125,000 (CASP) | Regulated |
| Isle of Man | Isle of Man Financial Services Authority (FSA) | Financial Services Act 2008 | — | Regulated |
| Italy | Bank of Italy (Banca d'Italia) | Legislative Decree No. 129/2024 (implementing EU MiCAR) | EUR 350,000 (CASPs) | Regulated |
| Kosovo | Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo (CBK) | Regulation on Licensing of Crypto-Assets Service Operators Providing Exchange Services (2025) | EUR 125,000 (Exchange Services) | Regulated |
| Lithuania | Financial Crime Investigation Service (VMI) | Law on Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing | EUR 125,000 (VASP) | Regulated |
| Luxembourg | Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) | EUR 125,000 (CASP) | Regulated |
| Malta | Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) | Financial Instruments and Related Activities Act (FIRA) 2018 | EUR 125,000 (VASP) | Regulated |
| Montenegro | Central Bank of Montenegro (CBN) / Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) | Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (2023) | — | Partially regulated |
| Netherlands | Autoriteit Financiele Markten (AFM) | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) | EUR 350,000 (CASPs) | Regulated |
| Norway | Finanstilsynet (The Norwegian Financial Supervisory Authority) | Money Laundering Act (2018) | — | Regulated |
| Portugal | Banco de Portugal | Law No. 83/2017 (AML/CFT) | — | Regulated |
| San Marino | Banca Centrale della Repubblica di San Marino (BCRSM) | Regulation No. 2024-03 on Crypto-Assets (2024) | — | Regulated |
| Serbia | National Bank of Serbia | Law on Digital Assets (2021) | EUR 20,000 (VASP) | Regulated |
| Slovenia | Banka Slovenije | Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) | — | Regulated |
| Spain | Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV) | Law 6/2023 on Securities Markets and Investment Services | — | Regulated |
| Turkey | Capital Markets Board of Turkey (SPK) | Law No. 7518 on Regulation of Activities Related to Digital Assets (2024) | — | Regulated |
| United Kingdom | Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) | Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) | No statutory minimum capital specified in source documents | Regulated |
Latin America & Caribbean
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aruba | Centrale Bank van Aruba (CBA) | State Ordinance on the Prevention and Combating of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (2024) | — | Partially regulated |
| Bahamas | Financial Services Commission (FSC) | Virtual Assets and Initial Token Offering Act 2020 | USD 150,000 (VASP) | Regulated |
| Brazil | Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) | Law No. 14,478/2022 (Cryptoassets Law) | BRL 10m (VASP) | Regulated |
| British Virgin Islands | Financial Services Commission (FSC) | Virtual Assets Service Providers Act, 2022 | Unspecified in source documents | Regulated |
| El Salvador | Comisión Nacional de Activos Digitales (CNAD) | Ley Reguladora de los Activos Digitales (2021) | USD 100,000 (Digital Asset Issuer) | Regulated |
| Jamaica | Bank of Jamaica | Bank of Jamaica Act (Amendment) 2022 | — | Unregulated |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Trinidad and Tobago Securities and Exchange Commission (TTSEC) | Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers Act 2025 | — | Regulated |
Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Bank of Algeria | Monetary and Banking Law No. 23-09 (2023) | — | Banned |
| Bahrain | Central Bank of Bahrain (CBA) | CBA Crypto-Asset Module (Module CRA) | BHD 500,000 (Investment Firm) | Regulated |
| Egypt | Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) & Financial Regulatory Authority (FRA) | CBE Circulars 27/2016 & 80/2017; FRA Draft Crypto Regulation | — | Restricted |
| Israel | Bank of Israel | Proper Conduct Directive No. 310 (2023) | — | Partially regulated |
| Lebanon | Banque du Liban (BDL) | BDL Circular No. 750 (2026) / CMA Prohibition (2018) | — | Restricted |
| Oman | Capital Market Authority (CMA) | Instructions on Registration of Virtual Asset Service Providers and AML/CFT Requirements (2023) | — | Regulated |
| Pakistan | Pakistan Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (PVARA) | Virtual Assets Act (2025/2026) | PKR 500m (VASP) | Regulated |
| Palestine | Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) | Law No. 41 of 2022 Concerning National Payments | — | Regulated |
| United Arab Emirates | VARA (Dubai) · FSRA (ADGM) · DFSA (DIFC) · Central Bank of UAE | Federal Decree-Law No. 10 of 2025 (AML/CFT) · Law No. 4 of 2022 (Dubai) | AED 500,000 (VARA VASP); US$2m (FSRA Category 3C) | Regulated |
North America
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) / Provincial Securities Commissions | Securities Legislation (Provincial) · Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA) | — | Regulated |
Southeast Asia
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) | Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Act (UU P2SK) | IDR 10 billion (Digital Financial Asset Trading Operator) | Regulated |
| Malaysia | Securities Commission Malaysia | Capital Markets and Services Act 2007 | MYR 10m (DAX) | Regulated |
| Myanmar | Central Bank of Myanmar (CBN) | CBN Notification No. 9/2020 on Digital Currency | — | Banned |
| Philippines | Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) & Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | SEC Rules on Crypto-Asset Service Providers (2025) & BSP Circulars | PHP 100m (SEC CASP) | Partially regulated |
| Singapore | Monetary Authority of Singapore | Payment Services Act 2019 | SGD 500,000 (Standard Payment Institution) | Regulated |
| Thailand | Securities and Exchange Commission Thailand (SEC Thailand) | Emergency Decree on Digital Asset Businesses B.E. 2561 (2018) as amended | — | Regulated |
Sub-Saharan Africa
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana | Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) | Virtual Assets Act 2024 | — | Regulated |
| Djibouti | Banque Centrale de Djibouti | Circular No. 2025-01 on Virtual Asset Service Providers | 100,000,000 DJF (CASPs) | Regulated |
| DR Congo | Banque Centrale du Congo (CBC) | Instruction No. 15 (Modification No. 3) 2023 | — | Restricted |
| Ghana | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 | — | Regulated |
| Guinea | Banque Centrale de la Republique de Guinee (BCRG) | No specific crypto legislation identified | — | Unregulated |
| Kenya | Capital Markets Authority (CMA) | Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 | — | Regulated |
| Mauritius | Financial Services Commission (FSC) | Virtual Asset and Initial Token Offerings Services Act 2021 | MUR 5m (VASP) | Regulated |
| Mozambique | Bank of Mozambique (Banco de Moçambique) | Notice No. 4/GBM/2023 (2023) | — | Regulated |
| Nigeria | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | Investment and Securities Act 2022 | NGN 500m (VASP) | Partially regulated |
| Rwanda | National Bank of Rwanda | Law No. 023/2026 Regulating Virtual Asset Business | — | Regulated |
| Seychelles | Financial Services Authority (FSA) | Virtual Asset Services Providers Act, 2020 | — | Regulated |
| South Africa | Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) | Financial Sector Regulation Act (FSRA) / FAIS Act | — | Regulated |
| Uganda | Capital Markets Authority Uganda (CMA) | Capital Markets Act (Cap 286) | — | Partially regulated |
| Zambia | Bank of Zambia | Mandatory Registration of Virtual Assets and Stablecoin Service Providers (2026) | — | Regulated |
United States
| Market | Lead regulator | Core law | Entry capital | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Federal | SEC (securities) / CFTC (commodities) / FinCEN (AML) | Securities Exchange Act of 1934; Bank Secrecy Act | None (federal) | Partially regulated |