Regulatory AlertsCrypto & Digital Assets regulation by country
75 jurisdictions, compiled from the primary-source documents we track and refreshed monthly. Open a country for the full picture — laws, licensing, restrictions — with every claim cited.
Asia-Pacific
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiji | Regulated | Reserve Bank of Fiji | Reserve Bank of Fiji (Budget Amendment) Act 2025 |
| Hong Kong | Regulated | Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) and Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) | Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO); Stablecoins Ordinance (2023); Banking Ordinance |
| Japan | Regulated | Financial Services Agency (FSA) | Payment Services Act (PSA) |
| South Korea | Regulated | Financial Services Commission (FSC) | Act on the Protection of Virtual Asset Users (2024) |
| Taiwan | Regulated | Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) | Virtual Asset Service Provider Act (2026) |
Central Asia
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Regulated | Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) | AIFC Rules on Digital Asset Activities (2025/2026) |
| Kyrgyzstan | Partially regulated | National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR) | Procedure for Providing Services Related to Virtual Assets (2023) |
Europe
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Armenia | Regulated | Central Bank of Armenia | Law 'On Digital Assets' (2024) |
| Austria | Regulated | Finanzmarktaufsicht (FMA) | MiCAR Enforcement Act (MiCA-VVG) 2026 |
| Azerbaijan | Regulated | Central Bank of Azerbaijan | Regulation on Transactions with Virtual Assets in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2023 |
| Belgium | Regulated | Law of 11 December 2025 implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 | |
| Bulgaria | Regulated | Financial Supervision Commission Bulgaria | Law on Crypto-Asset Markets, 2026 |
| Croatia | Regulated | Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency (HANFA) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 |
| Cyprus | Regulated | Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) | EU Regulation 2023/1113 (MiCA) |
| Denmark | Regulated | Finanstilsynet (Danish Financial Supervisory Authority) | Act on Investment Funds; Consolidated Order of the Act on Investment Broker Companies and Investment Services and Activities |
| European Union | Regulated | European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and National Competent Authorities | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 |
| France | Regulated | Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) |
| Germany | Regulated | Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) | German Banking Act (KWG) Section 64y |
| Gibraltar | Regulated | Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (GFSC) | Proceeds of Crime Act 2015 and DLT Regulations 2020 |
| Guernsey | Regulated | Guernsey Financial Services Commission | Proceeds of Crime (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 2007 |
| Ireland | Regulated | Central Bank of Ireland | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) |
| Isle of Man | Regulated | Isle of Man Financial Services Authority | Financial Services Act 2008 |
| Italy | Regulated | Bank of Italy | Legislative Decree No. 129 of 5 September 2024 |
| Kosovo | Regulated | Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo (CBK) | Regulation on Licensing of Crypto-Assets Service Operators Providing Exchange Services (2025) |
| Lithuania | Regulated | Bank of Lithuania | MiCA (EU Regulation 2023/1114) |
| Luxembourg | Regulated | Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) |
| Malta | Regulated | Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) | Financial Instruments and Related Activities Act (FIRA) 2018 |
| Montenegro | Partially regulated | Central Bank of Montenegro | Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (2023) |
| Netherlands | Regulated | Autoriteit Financiele Markten (AFM) | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) |
| Norway | Regulated | Finanstilsynet (Norwegian Financial Supervisory Authority) | Money Laundering Act (2018) |
| Portugal | Regulated | Banco de Portugal | Law No. 83/2017 |
| San Marino | Regulated | Banca Centrale della Repubblica di San Marino | Regulation No. 2024-03 on Crypto-Assets (2024) |
| Serbia | Regulated | National Bank of Serbia | Law on Digital Assets (2021) |
| Slovenia | Regulated | Banka Slovenije | Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA) |
| Spain | Regulated | Comision Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV) | Law 6/2023 of March 17 on Securities Markets and Investment Services |
| Turkey | Regulated | Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB) | Law No. 7518 on Regulation of Digital Assets (2024) |
| United Kingdom | Regulated | Financial Conduct Authority | Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 |
Latin America & Caribbean
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aruba | Partially regulated | Centrale Bank van Aruba | State Ordinance on the Prevention and Combating of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (2024) |
| Bahamas | Regulated | Central Bank of The Bahamas | |
| Brazil | Regulated | Banco Central do Brasil | Complementary Law No. 105 of January 10, 2001 |
| British Virgin Islands | Regulated | British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission | Virtual Assets Service Providers Act, 2022 |
| El Salvador | Regulated | Comision Nacional de Activos Digitales (CNAD) | Digital Asset Issuance Law |
| Jamaica | Unregulated | Bank of Jamaica | Bank of Jamaica (Amendment) Act 2022 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Regulated | Trinidad and Tobago Securities and Exchange Commission | Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers Act 2025 |
Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Banned | Algerian Cell for Identifying Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Risks | |
| Bahrain | Regulated | Central Bank of Bahrain | Crypto-Asset Module |
| Egypt | Restricted | Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) | CBE General Organization and Supervision Law (No. 88 of 2003) |
| Israel | Partially regulated | Bank of Israel | Anti-money Laundering Law (2000) |
| Lebanon | Restricted | Banque du Liban (Central Bank of Lebanon) | Circular No. 750 (2026) and CMA/BDL Joint Prohibition (2018) |
| Oman | Regulated | Capital Market Authority (CMA) | Instructions on Registration of Virtual Asset Service Providers and AML/CFT Requirements (2023) |
| Pakistan | Regulated | Pakistan Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (PVARA) | Pakistan Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority Act (2025) |
| Palestine | Restricted | Palestine Monetary Authority | Law No. 41 of 2022 Concerning National Payments |
| United Arab Emirates | Regulated | Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) | Federal Decree-Law No. 10 of 2025 |
North America
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | Regulated | ||
| United States | Regulated | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | Securities Exchange Act of 1934; Bank Secrecy Act (1970) |
Southeast Asia
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | Regulated | Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) | Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Act (UU P2SK) |
| Malaysia | Regulated | Securities Commission Malaysia | Capital Markets and Services Act 2007 (CMSA) |
| Myanmar | Banned | Central Bank of Myanmar | Central Bank of Myanmar Notification No. 9/2020 |
| Philippines | Partially regulated | Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) | Manual of Regulations for Non-Bank Financial Institutions (MORNBFI) and SEC CASP Rules |
| Singapore | Regulated | Monetary Authority of Singapore | Payment Services Act 2019 |
| Thailand | Regulated | Securities and Exchange Commission Thailand | Emergency Decree on Digital Asset Businesses B.E. 2561 (2018) as amended |
Sub-Saharan Africa
| Jurisdiction | Stance | Lead regulator | Key law |
|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana | Regulated | Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) | Virtual Assets Act |
| Djibouti | Regulated | Banque Centrale de Djibouti | Law No. 178/AN/25/9ème L (2025) |
| DR Congo | Partially regulated | Banque Centrale du Congo (BCC) | Instruction No. 15 (Modification No. 3) (2023) |
| Ghana | Regulated | Securities and Exchange Commission Ghana | Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 |
| Guinea | Unregulated | Banque Centrale de la Republique de Guinee (BCRG) | Instruction No. 111/DGSIF/DSB of January 11, 2023 |
| Kenya | Regulated | Capital Markets Authority | Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 |
| Mauritius | Regulated | Financial Services Commission | Virtual Asset and Initial Token Offerings Services Act 2021 |
| Mozambique | Regulated | Banco de Moçambique | Notice No. 4/GBM/2023 |
| Nigeria | Regulated | Securities and Exchange Commission Nigeria | SEC Rules on Issuance, Offering Platforms and Custody of Digital Assets (2022) and CBN Guidelines on Operations of Bank Accounts for Virtual Assets Service Providers (VASPs) (2024) |
| Rwanda | Regulated | National Bank of Rwanda | Law No. 023/2026 Regulating Virtual Asset Business |
| Seychelles | Regulated | Financial Services Authority (FSA) | Virtual Asset Services Providers Act |
| South Africa | Regulated | Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) | Financial Sector Regulation Act (FSRA) / Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services (FAIS) Act |
| Uganda | Unregulated | Capital Markets Authority Uganda | None |
| Zambia | Regulated | Bank of Zambia | Mandatory Registration of Virtual Assets and Stablecoin Service Providers Operating in Zambia (2026) |